Os autores gostariam de agradecer a Nancy Mora por sua assistência técnica. Este trabalho foi financiado por bolsas de investigação 48573-M e 168098 do Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia, do México, e por doações e IN212308 IN205311-2 da Dirección General de Asuntos del Academico Pessoal, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.

1. Isolamento de Neutrófilos (PMN) a partir de Sangue Humano <ol><li> Usar cerca de 20 ml de sangue humano com heparina (10 U / ml) como anti-coagulante. O sangue foi coletado de voluntários adultos saudáveis ​​por venopuntura. Todos os experimentos foram realizados com a aprovação da Comissão de Bioética no Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - UNAM. </li><li> Coloque 2 ml de 6% de dextrana T500 em PBS num tubo de centrífuga de 15 ml e adicionar 10 ml de sangue. Misturar invertendo o tubo de duas ou três vezes e deixar repousar durante 45 minutos para permitir a sedimentação de eritrócitos. </li><li> Num tubo de centrífuga de fresco 15 mL cónico colocar 5 ml de Ficoll-Paque. </li><li> Levar o plasma rico em leucócitos que se formou por cima eritrócitos sedimentados, e cuidadosamente pipetar-o em cima do Ficoll-Paque formar uma segunda camada. Certifique-se de duas fases. </li><li> Centrifugar a 516 xg durante 20 min a 4 ° C. Após a centrifugação, a interfase de plasma e de Ficoll-Paque, há uma camada de células mononucleares. Neutrophils estão na parte inferior do tubo. </li><li> Elimine o sobrenadante, romper o pellet celular tocando o tubo contra uma prateleira, e ressuspender as células por adição de 10 ml de frio (4 ° C) Nota PBS:. Ressuspender as células pipetando para cima e para baixo não é recomendada uma vez que este está demasiado prejudiciais para as células. </li><li> Transferir a suspensão de células para um tubo de centrífuga de 50 ml e centrifugar a 290 xg durante 5 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> Quebrar o sedimento de células, como antes e adicionam-se 10 ml de frio (4 ° C) uma solução hipotónica (0,2% de NaCl, 1% de BSA, Hepes 20 mM, pH = 7,4) para lisar os eritrócitos. Misture agitando o tubo suavemente com a mão por exatamente um minuto. </li><li> Adicionar 10 ml de frio (4 ° C) a solução hipertónica (1,6% de NaCl, 1% de BSA, HEPES 20 mM, pH = 7,4), misturar e contar as células utilizando um hemocitómetro (geralmente&gt; 95% são PMN). Nota: Mantenha o tubo com a suspensão de células sobre gelo durante a contagem de células. </li><li> Centrifugar como antes e ressuspender PMN em 107 células / ml em frio (4 ° C) PBS. Manter em gelo. Nota: Os neutrófilos permanecer viável e funcional, a 4 ° C durante cerca de 6 a 8 horas. </li></ol> 2. Ativando PMN <ol><li> Coloque 100 ul de suspensão de PMN (1 x 10 7 células / ml) para um tubo Eppendorf de 1,5 ml. Nota: os tubos de amostras deve ser feito pelo menos em duplicata. Habituais controles negativos deve incluir primeiro anticorpo somente, e anticorpo secundário. </li><li> Adicionar o anticorpo para o receptor anti-integrina correspondente ou anti-Fc de anticorpo monoclonal (mAb) a 10 ng / ml e incuba-se em gelo durante 15 min. </li><li> Lavar PMN por adição de 1 ml de frio (4 ° C) PBS, centrifugação a 1743 xg (4500 rpm) numa microcentrífuga, e aspiração do sobrenadante. </li><li> Romper o pellet celular tocando no fundo do tubo contra um rack, adicionar 1 ml de PBS frio, e lavar mais duas vezes como no passo anterior. Nota: Estes lava remover o anticorpo não ligado. </li><li> Ressuspender PMN na mesma (emvolume) mador inicial de água morna (37 ° C) de PBS contendo 60 ug / ml de F (ab &#39;) 2 de cabra anti-IgG de ratinho. Nota: O anticorpo secundário anti-rato IgG que se ligam ao anticorpo anti-receptor da primeira e fará com que a reticulação do receptor. </li><li> Incubar a 37 ° C durante 1 a 20 minutos, dependendo do factor nuclear de interesse. Por min geralmente NF-kB 15, e para Elk-1 geralmente 5 min. Nota: A incubação das células a 37 ° C reticulação do receptor induz, que não pode ter lugar a 4 ° C. </li><li> Adicionar 1 ml de PBS frio e centrifugar 3 min a 1743 xg em microcentrífuga. </li><li> Remover o sobrenadante </li><li> PMN congelar imediatamente em banho dry-ice/ethanol e mantê-los lá por 10 min. </li></ol> 3. Isolamento e Fixação de Núcleos <ol><li> Ressuspender o pellet congelado PMN em 100 ul de frio (4 ° C) de tampão hipotónico (10 mM HEPES, 10 mM de KCl, 1,5 mM MgCl 2, e 1 mM frescamente agregado DL-ditiotreitol [DTT], PH = 7,9). Recomenda-se a levar os tubos fora do banho dry-ice/ethanol um por um, e para limpar a parte inferior do tubo, antes de adicionar o tampão hipotónico. </li><li> Colocar em gelo, e verificar a integridade núcleos por coloração de uma aliquota da suspensão de núcleos com azul de tripano. Núcleos de olhar em volta e azul. PMN intacto não ficam manchadas e os detritos de célula aparece como partículas azuis de forma irregular. Nota: Se a suspensão contém muitos núcleos de células intactas ou fragmentos, é melhor para descartar a preparação e repetir o procedimento com outra amostra. </li><li> Centrifugar a 775 xg núcleos (3000 rpm) em microcentrífuga durante 10 minutos dentro de uma câmara fria. Neste ponto são núcleos de atendimento muito frágeis e devem ser levados em manter as amostras frio e não centrifugação a forças excessivas. </li><li> Remover o sobrenadante por pipetagem muito cuidado. </li><li> Adicionar 100 uL de paraformaldeído a 4% em PBS frio para fixar núcleos. Nota: O sedimento é muito solta umd adicionando o tampão é suficiente para ressuspender os núcleos. Pipetando para cima e para baixo, deve ser evitada. </li><li> Incubar em gelo durante 20 min. </li><li> Immunolabel núcleos por citometria de fluxo, ou mantê-los durante até 24 horas a 4 ° C. </li></ol> 4. Imunomarcação Núcleos de Análise de Citometria de Fluxo <ol><li> Centrifugar a 1.743 xg núcleos (4500 rpm) em microcentrífuga durante 1 minuto, e remover o sobrenadante por pipetagem suave muito. </li><li> Adicionar 100 ul de frio (4 ° C) 0,1% de Triton X-100, paraformaldeído a 4% em PBS para permeabilizar núcleos. Incubar em gelo durante 10 min. </li><li> Centrífuga permeabilizadas núcleos em 1743 xg em microcentrífuga e remova cuidadosamente o sobrenadante. Neste ponto, os núcleos aglomerados não atribuem bem na parte inferior do tubo. Recomenda-se a centrifugar de novo se o sedimento se solta. </li><li> Núcleos ressuspender em 500 ul de frio de 4% de soro fetal bovino (FBS) em PBS para bloquear locais de ligação não específicos, e incubar em gelo durante 20 min. Centrifugadornúcleos em 1743 xg durante 3 minutos em microcentrifuga e remover cuidadosamente o sobrenadante. </li><li> Ressuspender núcleos em 100 ul de PBS frio contendo 4% de FBS e 2,5 ng / ml do mAb contra o factor nuclear de interesse. Incubar em gelo durante 20 min. Nota: Usual controlos negativos devem incluir anti-nuclear anticorpo único factor, e FITC marcado com anticorpo secundário apenas. </li><li> Lavar duas vezes com 500 ul de PBS frio com 4% de FBS e centrifugação a 1743 xg durante 3 min. </li><li> Remover o sobrenadante cuidadosamente, núcleos ressuspender em 100 ul de PBS frio contendo 4% de FBS e 10 ng / ml de anticorpo marcado com FITC derivado correspondente, e incubar em gelo durante 20 min. </li><li> Lave os núcleos duas vezes com 500 ul de PBS frio com FBS a 4% como no passo anterior. </li><li> Ressuspender núcleos em 400 uL de paraformaldeído a 4% em PBS frio. Nota: Os núcleos são colocados em paraformaldeído para permitir que a amostra a ser armazenadas durante vários dias sem contaminaçãoproblemas que podem ocorrer na presença de soro. </li><li> Analisar por citometria de fluxo imediatamente ou armazenar no escuro a 4 ° C durante um máximo de três dias. </li></ol> 5. Análise por Citometria de Fluxo <ol><li> Analise núcleos immunolabeled num citómetro de fluxo tal FACScan (Becton Dickinson; Franklin Lakes, NJ) ou aparelho semelhante. </li><li> Ajustar as configurações de aquisição para: FSC no log-balança a 10-1, SSC, log-balança a 196, e núcleos portão em um ponto-enredo. </li><li> Adquirir 10 mil núcleos por amostra. </li><li> Analisar a fluorescência do FITC manchado de núcleos através do canal FL-1 (506 nm), fixado em log-balança a 400. </li></ol>

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Os autores declaram que não têm interesses conflitantes financeiros.

O método de purificação descrito aqui permite o isolamento dos neutrófilos não estimulados (PMN) com pureza superior a 95% (avaliada por observação microscópica), num curto período de tempo. Por vezes, os neutrófilos podem ser contaminados por eritrócitos, se este não estiver completamente lisadas. Isso geralmente não afetam a técnica, uma vez que os eritrócitos e PMN pode facilmente ser distinguido como populações de células distintas por citometria de fluxo. PMN isolado pode então ser estimulada pel...

Os neutrófilos são os leucócitos mais abundantes no sangue periférico 1. Durante neutrófilos inflamação e infecção são as primeiras células a aparecer no local afetado, onde eles agem como a primeira linha de defesa 2. Neutrófilos possuem vários mecanismos, incluindo antimicrobianos 3 fagocitose, produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio, liberação de enzimas líticas pela degranulação e produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias 4,5. Os neutrófilos são células de curta duração que são rapidamente ativadas através de sinalização de receptores de superfície vários celulares. Embora os neutrófilos foram consideradas células de terminal, devido à sua curta vida e porque eles sofrem apoptose, a menos que activada durante o processo inflamatório 6, é agora evidente que pode também modificar o seu fenótipo, alterando o nível de transcrição de genes específicos. A produção de citocinas 5 e a inibição da apoptose 7,8 são dois important funções de activação dependentes de células reguladas ao nível da transcrição dos neutrófilos. Factor nuclear kB (NF-kB) participa no controlo transcricional da produção de citoquina e 4 na regulação da sobrevivência celular e apoptose 9-11 em vários tipos de células. As vias de sinalização que levam à ativação do fator nuclear são estudados por ensaios de gene repórter ou por ensaios de mobilidade eletroforética turno (EMSA). No entanto, porque os neutrófilos são células de vida curta, o estudo das respostas transcricionalmente regulados nestas células não pode ser realizada com os ensaios de gene repórter, uma vez que não existem técnicas eficazes para a transfecção de neutrófilos. Ensaios de EMSA foram usados ​​em neutrófilos para explorar activação do factor nuclear 12,13, no entanto, esta metodologia é complicada e dispendiosa uma vez que envolve a utilização de material radioactivo. Nucleofection é uma outra técnica que tem sido utilizada successfully para transfectar monócitos 14. Assim, pelo menos em teoria, a activação do factor nuclear pode ser detectado nos neutrófilos por transfecção (apesar de baixa eficiência). No entanto, esta técnica poderia ser mais dispendioso, demorado e provavelmente menos quantitativo. A análise microscópica de células imunomarcadas também poderia ser usado para detectar factores nucleares no núcleo. Com efeito, temos detectado translocação de NF-kB para o núcleo deste modo 15. Infelizmente, esta técnica também é demorada, menos quantitativos, e sujeita a viés do observador. Aqui, apresentamos um método simples e eficiente, que permite a detecção e quantificação de fatores nucleares em núcleos isolados e immunolabeled por citometria de fluxo. Descrevemos técnicas para isolar os neutrófilos a partir de sangue periférico humano, estimular estas células via integrinas ou receptores de Fc com anti-anticorpos do receptor, isolar e núcleos immunolabel, e analisar os núcleos por citometria de fluxo (Figura 1). O método tem sido utilizado com sucesso para detectar a NF-kB 15 e Elk-1 16 factores nucleares de núcleos de neutrófilos. A sensibilidade deste método permite a detecção de pequenas mudanças nos níveis do factor nuclear no núcleo. Este método também pode ser utilizado para analisar o nível de factores de transcrição no núcleo de outros tipos de células.

<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>REAGENTS</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Heparin </td>
 <td >PiSA (Mexico)</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Dextran T500</td>
 <td >Pharmacosmos A/S (Holbaek, Denmark) </td>
 <td>T1-Dextran T500</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Ficoll-Paque</td>
 <td >Pharmacia</td>
 <td>17-0320-01 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Sodium chloride </td>
 <td >Sigma</td>
 <td>S7653 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Sodium phosphate monobasic</td>
 <td >Sigma</td>
 <td>S9638</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Sodium phosphate dibasic</td>
 <td >Sigma</td>
 <td>S9390</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
 <td >Sigma</td>
 <td>A2153</td>
 <td>Cohn Fraction V</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >HEPES</td>
 <td >Sigma</td>
 <td>H3375 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Potassium chloride</td>
 <td >Sigma</td>
 <td>P9541 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Magnesium chloride anhydrous </td>
 <td >Sigma</td>
 <td>M8266 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >DL-dithiothreitol (DTT) </td>
 <td >Sigma</td>
 <td>D9163</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Trypan Blue (0.4 % solution)</td>
 <td >Sigma</td>
 <td>T8154</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Paraformaldehyde</td>
 <td >Sigma</td>
 <td>P6148 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Triton X-100 </td>
 <td >Sigma</td>
 <td>X100</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
 <td >GIBCO</td>
 <td>10437-028</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Monoclonal antibody IV.3</td>
 <td >Medarex (Annandale, NJ) </td>
 <td>025-1 </td>
 <td>Human-specific anti-FcRII (CD32) </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Monoclonal antibody 3G8</td>
 <td >Medarex (Annandale, NJ) </td>
 <td>028-2 </td>
 <td>Human-specific anti-FcRIII (CD16) </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Monoclonal antibody TS2/16</td>
 <td >Dana Farber Cancer Research Institute (Boston, MA) </td>
 <td>Donated by Dr. Martin Hemler </td>
 <td>Human-specific anti-&beta;1 integrin (CD29)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Monoclonal antibody IB4</td>
 <td >University of California, San Francisco </td>
 <td>Donated by Dr. Eric J. Brown </td>
 <td>Human-specific anti-&beta;2 integrin (CD18)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >F(ab')2 goat anti-mouse IgG </td>
 <td >Cappel (Aurora, OH)</td>
 <td>55468</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>FITC-conjugated F(ab')2 goat anti-mouse IgG</td>
 <td >Cappel (Aurora, OH)</td>
 <td>55522</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>FITC-conjugated F(ab')2 goat anti-rabbit IgG</td>
 <td >Cappel (Aurora, OH)</td>
 <td>55665</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Anti-NF-&kappa;B p50</td>
 <td >Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA)</td>
 <td>sc-114</td>
 <td>Rabbit polyclonal antibody</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Anti-NF-&kappa;B p65</td>
 <td >Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA)</td>
 <td>sc-109</td>
 <td>Rabbit polyclonal antibody</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>EQUIPMENT</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>15-ml centrifuge tube</td>
 <td >Corning</td>
 <td>430791</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>50-ml centrifuge tube</td>
 <td >Corning</td>
 <td>430291</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Centrifuge, Sorvall Tabletop</td>
 <td >Dupont Instruments</td>
 <td>RT 6000D</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>pH-meter</td>
 <td >Corning</td>
 <td>340</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Pipetman pipette P-20</td>
 <td >Gilson </td>
 <td>F123600</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Pipetman pipette P-200</td>
 <td >Gilson </td>
 <td>F123601</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Pipetman pipette P-1000</td>
 <td >Gilson </td>
 <td>F123602</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Hemocytometer</td>
 <td >Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>0267110</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Microscope</td>
 <td >Nikon </td>
 <td>Eclipse E600</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Inverted microscope</td>
 <td >Nikon </td>
 <td>TMS</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Water Bath Incubator</td>
 <td >Fisher Scientific </td>
 <td>2IS-M</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Microcentrifuge</td>
 <td >Eppendorf</td>
 <td>5414C</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Microcentrifuge</td>
 <td >Eppendorf</td>
 <td>5418</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Flow Cytometer</td>
 <td >Becton Dickinson (Franklin Lakes, NJ) </td>
 <td>FACScalibur </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

a simple and efficient method to detect nuclear factor activation in human neutrophils by flow cytometry

Os neutrófilos são os leucócitos mais abundantes no sangue periférico. Estas células são os primeiros a aparecer nos locais de inflamação e à infecção, tornando-se a primeira linha de defesa contra microorganismos invasores. Os neutrófilos possuem importantes funções antimicrobianas, tais como fagocitose, a libertação de enzimas líticas e produção de espécies reactivas de oxigénio. Em adição às funções de defesa importantes, os neutrófilos realizar outras tarefas, em resposta à infecção, tais como a produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e inibição da apoptose. Citocinas recrutar outros leucócitos que ajudam a eliminar a infecção, e a inibição da apoptose permite que o neutrófilo de viver mais tempo no local da infecção. Estas funções são reguladas ao nível da transcrição. No entanto, porque os neutrófilos são células de vida curta, o estudo das respostas transcricionalmente regulados nestas células não pode ser realizada com métodos convencionais de gene repórter já que não há eficientes para técnicas de transfecção de neutrófilos. Aqui, apresentamos um método simples e eficiente, que permite a detecção e quantificação de fatores nucleares em núcleos isolados e immunolabeled por citometria de fluxo. Descrevemos técnicas para isolar puros a partir de neutrófilos de sangue periférico humano, estimular estas células com anti-anticorpos do receptor, isolar e núcleos immunolabel, e analisar os núcleos por citometria de fluxo. O método tem sido utilizado com sucesso para detectar a NF-kB e Elk-1 factores nucleares de núcleos a partir de neutrófilos e de outros tipos de células. Assim, este método representa uma opção para a análise de activação de factores de transcrição no núcleo isolado a partir de uma variedade de tipos de células.

O método de purificação descrito aqui fornece geralmente neutrófilos não estimulados (PMN) com pureza superior a 95% (Figura 1A). PMN isolado pode então ser estimulada pelos receptores de reticulação específicos com anticorpos monoclonais específicos. Temos estimulado PMN através de receptores Fc e integrinas (Figura 1B). Uma vez estimulado, PMN são lisadas e os núcleos são isolados com rendimentos elevados. Os núcleos são então immunolabeled para um determinado factor ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple and Efficient Method to Detect Nuclear Factor Activation in Human Neutrophils by Flow Cytometry at JoVE.com

A Simple and Efficient Method to Detect Nuclear Factor Activation in Human Neutrophils by Flow Cytometry

Os neutrófilos são os leucócitos mais abundantes no sangue. Os neutrófilos possuem funções transcricionalmente regulados tais como a produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e inibição da apoptose. Estas funções podem ser estudadas com o método aqui apresentado, o que permite a detecção e quantificação dos factores nucleares por citometria de fluxo em núcleos isolados

Um método simples e eficiente para detectar ativação do fator nuclear em neutrófilos humanos por citometria de fluxo

Neutrophils  are the most abundant leukocytes in peripheral blood. These cells are the first  to appear at sites of inflammation and infection, thus ...

a-simple-efficient-method-to-detect-nuclear-factor-activation-human

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

17.7K visualizações.  University of Alberta. Os neutrófilos são os leucócitos mais abundantes no sangue. Os neutrófilos possuem funções transcricionalmente regulados tais como a produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e inibição da apoptose. Estas funções podem ser estudadas com o método aqui apresentado, o que permite a detecção e quantificação dos factores nucleares por citometria de fluxo em núcleos isolados

Vídeo: A Simple and Efficient Method to Detect Nuclear Factor Activation in Human Neutrophils by Flow Cytometry

Quantitative Assessment of Immune Cells in the Injured Spinal Cord Tissue by Flow Cytometry:  a Novel Use for a Cell Purification Method

Detection of immune cells in the injured central nervous system (CNS) using morphological or histological techniques has not always provided true quantitative analysis of cellular inflammation. Flow cytometry is a quick alternative method to quantify immune cells in the injured brain or spinal cord tissue. Historically, flow cytometry has been used to quantify immune cells collected from blood or dissociated spleen or thymus, and only a few studies have attempted to quantify immune cells in the injured spinal cord by flow cytometry using fresh dissociated cord tissue. However, the dissociated spinal cord tissue is concentrated with myelin debris that can be mistaken for cells and reduce cell count reliability obtained by the flow cytometer. We have advanced a cell preparation method using the OptiPrep gradient system to effectively separate lipid/myelin debris from cells, providing sensitive and reliable quantifications of cellular inflammation in the injured spinal cord by flow cytometry. As described in our recent study (Beck &amp; Nguyen et al., Brain. 2010 Feb; 133 (Pt 2): 433-47), the OptiPrep cell preparation had increased sensitivity to detect cellular inflammation in the injured spinal cord, with counts of specific cell types correlating with injury severity. Critically, novel usage of this method provided the first characterization of acute and chronic cellular inflammation after SCI to include a complete time course for polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs, neutrophils), macrophages/microglia, and T-cells over a period ranging from 2 hours to 180 days post-injury (dpi), identifying a surprising novel second phase of cellular inflammation. Thorough characterization of cellular inflammation using this method may provide a better understanding of neuroinflammation in the injured CNS, and reveal an important multiphasic component of neuroinflammation that may be critical for the design and implementation of rational therapeutic treatment strategies, including both cell-based and pharmacological interventions for SCI.

Quantification of cellular inflammation in the injured/pathological CNS by flow cytometry is complicated by lipid/myelin debris that can have similar size and granulation to cells, decreasing sensitivity/accuracy. We have advanced a cell preparation method to remove myelin debris and improve cell detection by flow cytometry in the injured spinal cord.

Avaliação quantitativa das células imunes no tecido medula lesionada por Citometria de Fluxo: um novo uso para um método de purificação celular

Detection of immune cells in the injured central nervous system (CNS) using morphological or histological techniques has not always provided true ...

Imunologia e Infecção

A Simple and Efficient Method to Isolate Macrophages from Mixed Primary Cultures of Adult Liver Cells

Kupffer cells are liver-specific resident macrophages and play an important role in the physiological and pathological functions of the liver1-3. Although the isolation methods of liver macrophages have been well-described4-6, most of these methods require sophisticated equipment, such as a centrifugal elutriator and technical skills. Here, we provide a novel method to obtain liver macrophages in sufficient number and purity from mixed primary cultures of adult rat liver cells, as schematically illustrated in Figure 1.
After dissociation of the liver cells by two-step perfusion method7,8,a fraction mostly composed of parenchymal hepatocytes is prepared and seeded into T75 tissue culture flasks with culture medium composed of DMEM and 10% FCS.Parenchymal hepatocytes lose the epithelial cell morphology within a few days in culture, degenerate or transform into fibroblast-like cells (Figure 2). As the culture proceeds, around day 6, phase contrast-bright, round macrophage-like cells start to proliferate on the fibroblastic cell sheet (Figure 2). The growth of the macrophage-like cells continue and reach to maximum levels around day 12, covering the cell sheet on the flask surface. By shaking of the culture flasks, macrophages are readily suspended into the culture medium. Subsequent transfer and short incubation in plastic dishes result in selective adhesion of macrophages(Figure 3), where as other contaminating cells remain suspended. After several rinses with PBS, attached macrophages are harvested. More than 106 cells can be harvested repeatedly from the same T75 tissue culture flask at two to three day intervals for more than two weeks(Figure 3).The purities of the isolated macrophages were 95 to 99%, as evaluated by flow cytometry or immunocytochemistry with rat macrophage-specific antibodies (Figure 4).The isolated cells show active phagocytosis of polystylene beads (Figure 5), proliferative response to recombinant GM-CSF, secretion of inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines upon stimulation with LPS, and formation of multinucleated giant cells9.
In conclusion, we provide a simple and efficient method to obtain liver macrophages in sufficient number and purity without complex equipment and skills.This method might be applicable to other mammalian species.

A novel method to obtain macrophages from primary culture of rat liver cells is described. This method utilizes the proliferation of macrophages in the culture, followed by shaking of culture flasks and purification by selective attachment to plastic dishes. This technique efficiently provides liver macrophages without complex equipment and skills.

Um método simples e eficiente para isolar Macrófagos de Mixed culturas primárias de células do fígado Adulto

Kupffer cells are liver-specific resident macrophages and play an important role in the physiological and pathological functions of the liver1-3. Although ...

Human In Vitro Suppression as Screening Tool for the Recognition of an Early State of Immune Imbalance

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical mediators of immune tolerance to self-antigens. In addition, they are crucial regulators of the immune response following an infection. Despite efforts to identify unique surface marker on Tregs, the only unique feature is their ability to suppress the proliferation and function of effector T cells. While it is clear that only in vitro assays can be used in assessing human Treg function, this becomes problematic when assessing the results from cross-sectional studies where healthy cells and cells isolated from subjects with autoimmune diseases (like Type 1 Diabetes-T1D) need to be compared. There is a great variability among laboratories in the number and type of responder T cells, nature and strength of stimulation, Treg:responder ratios and the number and type of antigen-presenting cells (APC) used in human in vitro suppression assays. This variability makes comparison between studies measuring Treg function difficult. The Treg field needs a standardized suppression assay that will work well with both healthy subjects and those with autoimmune diseases. We have developed an in vitro suppression assay that shows very little intra-assay variability in the stimulation of T cells isolated from healthy volunteers compared to subjects with underlying autoimmune destruction of pancreatic &beta;-cells. The main goal of this piece is to describe an in vitro human suppression assay that allows comparison between different subject groups. Additionally, this assay has the potential to delineate a small loss in nTreg function and anticipate further loss in the future, thus identifying subjects who could benefit from preventive immunomodulatory therapy1. Below, we provide thorough description of the steps involved in this procedure. We hope to contribute to the standardization of the in vitro suppression assay used to measure Treg function. In addition, we offer this assay as a tool to recognize an early state of immune imbalance and a potential functional biomarker for T1D.

Human In Vitro Suppression as Screening Tool for the Recognition of an Early State of Immune Imbalance

Tregs are potent suppressors of the immune system. There is a lack of unique surface markers to define them, hence, definitions of Tregs are primarily functional. Here we describe an optimized in vitro assay capable of identifying immune imbalance in subjects at risk to develop T1D.

Humano In Vitro Supressão como ferramenta de triagem para o reconhecimento de um Estado precoce de desequilíbrio imunológico

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical mediators of immune tolerance to self-antigens. In addition, they are crucial regulators of the immune response ...

Examination of Thymic Positive and Negative Selection by Flow Cytometry

A healthy immune system requires that T cells respond to foreign antigens while remaining tolerant to self-antigens. Random rearrangement of the T cell receptor (TCR) &alpha; and &beta; loci generates a T cell repertoire with vast diversity in antigen specificity, both to self and foreign. Selection of the repertoire during development in the thymus is critical for generating safe and useful T cells. Defects in thymic selection contribute to the development of autoimmune and immunodeficiency disorders1-4. 
T cell progenitors enter the thymus as double negative (DN) thymocytes that do not express CD4 or CD8 co-receptors. Expression of the &alpha;&beta;TCR and both co-receptors occurs at the double positive (DP) stage. Interaction of the &alpha;&beta;TCR with self-peptide-MHC (pMHC) presented by thymic cells determines the fate of the DP thymocyte. High affinity interactions lead to negative selection and elimination of self-reactive thymocytes. Low affinity interactions result in positive selection and development of CD4 or CD8 single positive (SP) T cells capable of recognizing foreign antigens presented by self-MHC5.
Positive selection can be studied in mice with a polyclonal (wildtype) TCR repertoire by observing the generation of mature T cells. However, they are not ideal for the study of negative selection, which involves deletion of small antigen-specific populations. Many model systems have been used to study negative selection but vary in their ability to recapitulate physiological events6. For example, in vitro stimulation of thymocytes lacks the thymic environment that is intimately involved in selection, while administration of exogenous antigen can lead to non-specific deletion of thymocytes7-9. Currently, the best tools for studying in vivo negative selection are mice that express a transgenic TCR specific for endogenous self-antigen. However, many classical TCR transgenic models are characterized by premature expression of the transgenic TCR&alpha; chain at the DN stage, resulting in premature negative selection. Our lab has developed the HYcd4 model, in which the transgenic HY TCR&alpha; is conditionally expressed at the DP stage, allowing negative selection to occur during the DP to SP transition as occurs in wildtype mice10.
Here, we describe a flow cytometry-based protocol to examine thymic positive and negative selection in the HYcd4 mouse model. While negative selection in HYcd4 mice is highly physiological, these methods can also be applied to other TCR transgenic models. We will also present general strategies for analyzing positive selection in a polyclonal repertoire applicable to any genetically manipulated mice.

We present a flow cytometry-based method to examine T cell development in vivo using genetically manipulated mice on a wildtype or T cell receptor transgenic background.

Exame de seleção positiva e negativa Tímico por citometria de fluxo

A healthy immune system requires that T cells respond to foreign  antigens while remaining tolerant to self-antigens. Random rearrangement of the  T cell ...

Studying Interactions of Staphylococcus aureus with Neutrophils by Flow Cytometry and Time Lapse Microscopy

We present methods to study the effect of phenol soluble modulins (PSMs) and other toxins produced and secreted by Staphylococcus aureus on neutrophils. To study the effects of the PSMs on neutrophils we isolate fresh neutrophils using density gradient centrifugation. These neutrophils are loaded with a dye that fluoresces upon calcium mobilization. The activation of neutrophils by PSMs initiates a rapid and transient increase in the free intracellular calcium concentration. In a flow cytometry experiment this rapid mobilization can be measured by monitoring the fluorescence of a pre-loaded dye that reacts to the increased concentration of free Ca2+. Using this method we can determine the PSM concentration necessary to activate the neutrophil, and measure the effects of specific and general inhibitors of the neutrophil activation.	
	To investigate the expression of the PSMs in the intracellular space, we have constructed reporter fusions of the promoter of the PSM&alpha; operon to GFP. When these reporter strains of S. aureus are phagocytosed by neutrophils, the induction of expression can be observed using fluorescence microscopy.

Studying Interactions of Staphylococcus aureus with Neutrophils by Flow Cytometry and Time Lapse Microscopy

We present methods to study the effect of PSMs and other toxins secreted by Staphylococcus aureus on neutrophils using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy.

Estudo das interacções de<em&gt; Staphylococcus aureus</em&gt; Com neutrófilos por citometria de fluxo e Time Lapse Microscopy

We present methods to study the effect of phenol soluble modulins (PSMs)  and other toxins produced and secreted by Staphylococcus  aureus on neutrophils. ...

A Simple and Rapid Protocol to Non-enzymatically Dissociate Fresh Human Tissues for the Analysis of Infiltrating Lymphocytes

The ability of malignant cells to evade the immune system, characterized by tumor escape from both innate and adaptive immune responses, is now accepted as an important hallmark of cancer. Our research on breast cancer focuses on the active role that tumor infiltrating lymphocytes play in tumor progression and patient outcome. Toward this goal, we developed a methodology for the rapid isolation of intact lymphoid cells from normal and abnormal tissues in an effort to evaluate them proximate to their native state. Homogenates prepared using a mechanical dissociator show both increased viability and cell recovery while preserving surface receptor expression compared to enzyme-digested tissues. Furthermore, enzymatic digestion of the remaining insoluble material did not recover additional CD45+ cells indicating that quantitative and qualitative measurements in the primary homogenate likely genuinely reflect infiltrating subpopulations in the tissue fragment. The lymphoid cells in these homogenates can be easily characterized using immunological (phenotype, proliferation, etc.) or molecular (DNA, RNA and/or protein) approaches. CD45+ cells can also be used for subpopulation purification, in vitro expansion or cryopreservation. An additional benefit of this approach is that the primary tissue supernatant from the homogenates can be used to characterize and compare cytokines, chemokines, immunoglobulins and antigens present in normal and malignant tissues. This protocol functions extremely well for human breast tissues and should be applicable to a wide variety of normal and abnormal tissues.

This protocol describes the rapid non-enzymatic dissociation of fresh human tissue fragments for qualitative and quantitative assessment of CD45+ cells (lymphocytes/leukocytes) present in various normal and malignant human tissues. Additionally, the supernatant obtained from the primary tissue homogenate can be collected and stored for further analysis or experimentation.

Um protocolo simples e rápido para não enzimática Separar frescos Tecidos Humanos para a Análise de infiltrar Linfócitos

The ability of malignant cells to evade the immune system, characterized by tumor escape from both innate and adaptive immune responses, is now accepted ...

A Simple and Efficient Approach to Construct Mutant Vaccinia Virus Vectors

The CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9 can edit particular genomic loci directed by a single guide RNA (gRNA). The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been successfully employed for editing genomes of various organisms. Here we describe a protocol for editing the vaccinia virus (VV) genome in the cytoplasm of VV-infected CV-1 cells using the RNA-guided Cas9. RNA-guided Cas9 induces double-stranded DNA breaks facilitating homologous recombination efficiently and specifically in the targeted site of VV and a transgene can be incorporated into these sites by homologous recombination. By using a site-specific homologous vector with transgene(s), a N1L gene-deleted VV with the red fluorescence protein (RFP) gene incorporated in this region was generated with a successful recombination efficiency 10 times greater than that obtained from the conventional homologous recombination method. This protocol demonstrates successful use of RNA-guided Cas9 system to generate mutant VVs with enhanced efficiency.

Vaccinia virus (VV) has been widely used in biomedical research and the improvement of human health. This article describes a simple, highly efficient method to edit the VV genome using a CRISPR-Cas9 system.

Uma abordagem simples e eficiente para construir vectores de vírus mutante Vaccinia

The CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9 can edit particular genomic loci directed by a single guide RNA (gRNA). The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been ...

Live Imaging of Antifungal Activity by Human Primary Neutrophils and Monocytes in Response to A. fumigatus

Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen causing invasive infections in immunocompromised hosts with a high case-fatality rate. Research investigating immunological responses against A. fumigatus has been limited by the lack of consistent and reliable assays for measuring the antifungal activity of specific immune cells in vitro. A new method is described to assess the antifungal activity of primary monocytes and neutrophils from human donors against A. fumigatus using FLuorescent Aspergillus REporter (FLARE) conidia. These conidia contain a genetically encoded dsRed reporter, which is constitutively expressed by live FLARE conidia, and are externally labeled with Alexa Fluor 633, which is resistant to degradation within the phagolysosome, thus allowing a distinction between live and dead A. fumigatus conidia. Video microscopy and flow cytometry are subsequently used to visualize the interaction between conidia and innate immune cells, assessing fungicidal activity whilst also providing a wealth of information on phagocyte migration, phagocytosis and the inhibition of fungal growth. This novel technique has already provided exciting new insights into the host-pathogen interaction of primary immune cells against A. fumigatus. It is important to note the laboratory setup required to perform this assay, including the necessary microscopy and flow cytometry facilities, and the capacity to work with human donor blood and genetically manipulated fungi. However, this assay is capable of generating large amounts of data and can reveal detailed insights into the antifungal response. This protocol has successfully been used to study the host-pathogen interaction of primary immune cells against A. fumigatus.
It is important to note the laboratory setup required to perform this assay, including the necessary microscopy and flow cytometry facilities, and the capacity to work with human donor blood and genetically manipulated fungi. However, this assay is capable of generating large amounts of data and can reveal detailed insights into the antifungal response. This protocol has successfully been used to study the host-pathogen interaction of primary immune cells against A. fumigatus.

Live Imaging of Antifungal Activity by Human Primary Neutrophils and Monocytes in Response to A. fumigatus

Here, we describe a protocol to assess antifungal activity of primary human immune cells in real-time using fluorescent Aspergillus reporter conidia in conjunction with live-cell video microscopy and flow cytometry. Generated data provide insight into host cell-Aspergillus interactions such as fungicidal activity, phagocytosis, cell migration and inhibition of fungal growth.

Imagens ao vivo de antifúngicos Atividade por neutrófilos humanos primários e monócitos em resposta à<em&gt; A. fumigatus</em

Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen causing invasive infections in immunocompromised hosts with a high case-fatality rate. Research ...

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

Alveolar macrophages are terminally differentiated, lung-resident macrophages of prenatal origin. Alveolar macrophages are unique in their long life and their important role in lung development and function, as well as their lung-localized responses to infection and inflammation. To date, no unified method for identification, isolation, and handling of alveolar macrophages from humans and mice exists. Such a method is needed for studies on these important innate immune cells in various experimental settings. The method described here, which can be easily adopted by any laboratory, is a simplified approach to harvesting alveolar macrophages from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or from lung tissue and maintaining them in vitro. Because alveolar macrophages primarily occur as adherent cells in the alveoli, the focus of this method is on dislodging them prior to harvest and identification. The lung is a highly vascularized organ, and various cell types of myeloid and lymphoid origin inhabit, interact, and are influenced by the lung microenvironment. By using the set of surface markers described here, researchers can easily and unambiguously distinguish alveolar macrophages from other leukocytes, and purify them for downstream applications. The culture method developed herein supports both human and mouse alveolar macrophages for in vitro growth, and is compatible with cellular and molecular studies.

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

This communication describes methodologies for isolation and culture of alveolar macrophages from humans and murine models for experimental purposes.

Isolamento e cultura In Vitro de macrófagos alveolares murino e humanos

Alveolar macrophages are terminally differentiated, lung-resident macrophages of prenatal origin. Alveolar macrophages are unique in their long life and ...

Characterization of Human Monocyte Subsets by Whole Blood Flow Cytometry Analysis

Monocytes are key contributors in various inflammatory disorders and alterations to these cells, including their subset proportions and functions, can have pathological significance. An ideal method for examining alterations to monocytes is whole blood flow cytometry as the minimal handling of samples by this method limits artifactual cell activation. However, many different approaches are taken to gate the monocyte subsets leading to inconsistent identification of the subsets between studies. Here we demonstrate a method using whole blood flow cytometry to identify and characterize human monocyte subsets (classical, intermediate, and non-classical). We outline how to prepare the blood samples for flow cytometry, gate the subsets (ensure contaminating cells have been removed), and determine monocyte subset expression of surface markers &#8212; in this example M1 and M2 markers. This protocol can be extended to other studies that require a standard gating method for assessing monocyte subset proportions and monocyte subset expression of other functional markers.

Here we present a protocol for characterizing monocyte subsets by whole blood flow cytometry. This includes outlining how to gate the subsets and assess their expression of surface markers and giving an example of the assessment of the expression of M1 (inflammatory) and M2 markers (anti-inflammatory).

Caracterização de subconjuntos de monócitos humanos por sangue total Flow Cytometry Analysis

Monocytes are key contributors in various inflammatory disorders and alterations to these cells, including their subset proportions and functions, can ...