O projeto descrito foi apoiado pelo Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Recursos, Grant UL1 RR024975-01, e agora está no Centro Nacional para a Promoção da Ciência Translacional, Grant 2 UL1 TR000445-06. O conteúdo é de responsabilidade exclusiva de seus autores e não representam, necessariamente, a posição oficial do NIH.

1. Avaliação da resposta ao toque de Luz <ol><li> Coloque a rede de eletrodo (por exemplo, 128 canais geodésica sensor de líquido) na criança ou na cabeça da criança. Ajustar os sensores de contato total com soro fisiológico morno. Se em uma criança, certifique-se criança está sentada confortavelmente em pai ou cuidador colo. Se por um bebê, garantir que o bebê está levemente enrolado e quer nos braços de cuidador ou em decúbito dorsal em um berço aberto. </li><li> Posicionar um orifício de 1 0,5 mM cm abaixo da ponta do dedo indicador da mão testado. Coloque o dedo para uma criança ou de palma para uma criança em um suporte de molde e prenda com fita de velcro proximal e distal à articulação para garantir a distância consistente de bico para o dedo ou a mão. É absolutamente essencial que a criança mantém a posição do dedo adequada durante toda a sessão de testes. Assegurar esta avaliando periodicamente dedo e colocação de mão e ter filho com cuidador se jovem. Se testar uma criança, parar de protocolose criança chora e proporcionar conforto antes de reiniciar. Se o teste criança, pergunte cuidador para proporcionar conforto e segurança durante todo o período de testes de curta duração. </li><li> Comece compressor de ar a 40 psi através de regulador para fornecer insumos de válvulas para estímulos táteis. </li><li> Execute o programa de entrega de estímulo. <ol><li> Para a mão testados, apresentam estímulos 60 sopro intercaladas aleatoriamente com 60 ensaios sham (um sopro de ar entregue através de um bocal separado apontou longe do dedo). </li><li> Não apresentar mais de duas repetições de um sopro ou simulada em uma fileira. Variar os intervalos inter-julgamento aleatoriamente entre 2.000-2.500 ms. O propósito disto é para reduzir a habituação, onde um estímulo não é mais percebida. O tempo total de uma sequência de 120 ensaios devem ser 4,5-5 min. </li><li> Execute o protocolo idêntico novamente para o outro lado, se a estudar distúrbios somatossensorial assimétricos. </li></ol></li><li> Para os protocolos não exigindo atenção ao estímulo mais nenhuma configuração é necessária. Tsua aplica-se a testes de criança. Para melhoria da atenção em crianças pequenas (o que resulta em maiores picos de ERP específicos na gravação), fornecem uma tarefa. <ol><li> Exemplo de tarefa para crianças de 5 anos: Descreva sopros de ar como &quot;bolhas&quot; soprado por &quot;peixe&quot; em um &quot;aquário&quot; (uma caixa decorada esconder o aparelho soprador). Peça às crianças que adivinhar se cada &quot;bolha&quot; é entregue por um azul ou um &quot;peixe&quot; vermelho. Diga à criança que não precisa e não deve dizer nada enquanto eles estão realizando esta tarefa (ver configurado com aquário simulada na Figura 1). </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Avaliação da resposta ao multisensorial Protocol (vs simultânea auditivo-tátil Resumiu respostas individuais) <ol><li> Traspasse passos 1,1-1,3, tal como descrito acima. Os estímulos são descritas na Tabela 1. </li><li> Execute o programa de entrega de estímulos (por exemplo, no software E-Prime). Para o lado testado, um auditivo-tátil<html> paradigma pode apresentar os seguintes quatro estímulos de forma aleatória, com 60 ensaios / estímulo: sopro, puff-/ga /, / ga / simulada, sham. Mais uma vez, para limitar a possibilidade de habituação, não apresentam mais de duas repetições de um sopro ou simulada em uma linha em qualquer condição, e variar os intervalos inter-julgamento aleatoriamente entre 2.000-2.500 ms. Cada seqüência de 240 testes deve levar entre 9-10 min. </li><li> Executar protocolo idêntico ao longo do outro lado. </li><li> Fornecer um cartoon-idade apropriada sem som no início do protocolo e continuá-lo durante todo o procedimento para evitar aumento de artefatos de motor de agitação, e para diminuir o fundo de grandes ondas delta gerado pelo paciente quando estão entediados. Por exemplo, em crianças de 5 anos, foi utilizado um circuito de 20 minutos de um vídeo comprado, jogado no mudo e reiniciado antes de cada sujeito foi testado. Não é necessária nenhuma atenção ao estímulo, pois o desenho animado em loop fornece um ambiente visual desconectado dos estímulos. </li></ol>e_title &quot;&gt; 3. software e equipamentos Set Up <ol><li> Para programar o software, configurar dois comandos seriais enviados pelo aplicativo de controle de estímulo. Um identifica o sopro, o outro a farsa. Ter o aplicativo de controle de estímulo enviar os comandos para um microcontrolador. </li><li> Ter o microcontrolador gerar um pulso TTL (por exemplo, 20 ms de duração) para o canal de saída digital correspondente. Esta saída tem de ser dividido em duas linhas, uma para a entrada digital para o sistema de registo de EEG e um para as válvulas de ar fechado por solenóide. Marque a abertura de ambas as válvulas no fluxo de dados de EEG. </li><li> Medir o pulso à latência sopro para ambas as condições reais e simuladas com um osciloscópio e um microfone. Estes devem ser uniforme, e na ordem de 10-15 ms. Ajuste para a latência pós-gravação. </li><li> Calcular a força exercida no bocal em PSI usando um manómetro e medindo o diâmetro do bocal. Use a fórmula F (N) = Pressão * Área. Por exemplo, a força exercida from um bocal raio de 1 mm a 6 psi produz F (N) = 0,03 £. </li><li> Para modificar o aplicativo de controle para o protocolo multissensorial, envie dois comandos de série que identificam um sopro real ou simulado para o microcontrolador, bem como um som de voz gravada ou silêncio. Nota: Em nosso paradigma temos usado o computador gerado, o sotaque neutro / ga / som, entre outros, como / da /, / du /, / bu /, etc. </li><li> Estímulos auditivos presente através de um alto-falante colocado na linha média, dois pés na frente do assunto. </li><li> Alinhar a temporização de início do som para ser simultânea com o início do sopro ou com o atraso medido na etapa 3.3, dependendo de qual a condição é desejável para o aparelho de teste. </li></ol> 4. Aquisição de Dados e Elaboração <ol><li> Escolha filtros e configurações de referências para provar dados com base em metodologias de ERP padrão. Aqui, usar um 1000 Hz com filtros definidos como 0,1-400 Hz. Durante a coleta de dados, consulte todos os eletrodos para Cz e rereferenced-los off-line para um averreferência idade. </li><li> Para o segmento de dados, filtrar os dados gravados com filtros desejados e segmentação. Para este estudo de utilizar um filtro passa-banda de 0,3-40 Hz e o segmento contínuo do EEG com base no início do estímulo para incluir uma linha de base de 200 ms e um ms prestimulus intervalo pós-estímulo 500. </li><li> Realizar o controle de qualidade dos dados. Tela de cada segmento para motores e oculares artefatos como a atividade muscular de alta freqüência, usando algoritmos de computador incluídos no software de ERP. Siga esta tela por uma revisão manual. </li><li> Os critérios de seleção automatizados são definidos da seguinte forma neste protocolo, mas pode ser modificado: para os canais de olho, tensão&gt; 140 mV = piscar de olhos e tensão&gt; 55 mV = movimentos oculares. </li><li> Dados corretos de ensaios contaminados utilizando uma ferramenta de correção de artefato ocular. Nota: Qualquer canal com tensão&gt; 200 mV é considerado de má qualidade. Se&gt; 15 canais são de má qualidade, optamos por descartar todo o julgamento por motivos de reprodutibilidade. </li><li> ERPs Média. Rereference-los para uma referência de média e, em seguida, executar base de correção com base em critérios escolhidos no passo 4.2. Extrato de média amplitude e latências de pico para vários picos, extrapoladas a partir de grandes formas de onda médios de populações pré-definidos. Nota: No nosso caso, com base o seguinte sobre a literatura estabelecida de resposta das crianças mais velhas para a estimulação do nervo mediano 10-14. Utilizou-P50 (30-80 ms), N70 (50-100 ms), P100 (80-150 ms), N140 (130-230 ms), e P2 (250-350 ms) picos. </li><li> Inclua apenas dados de eletrodos sobrepostas locais predefinidos (Figura 2). Obter dados para eletrodos individuais e média dentro de cada cluster. </li></ol>

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Os autores declaram que não têm interesses financeiros concorrentes.

Esta nova combinação de sopro de ar e ERP (referido como o &quot;sistema soprador&quot;) para medir o processamento cortical de toque leve e respostas táteis-auditiva é bem tolerado por crianças com deficiência e por crianças. Isso vale para as versões unisensory e multissensoriais, e se o componente de atenção é adicionado ou não, no caso de crianças pequenas. As razões para o sucesso deste método na avaliação de uma população jovem e são vulneráveis, devido a tanto o uso de um estímulo táctil in...

O estudo do desenvolvimento de processos sensoriais corticais é essencial para compreender a base para a maioria das funções de ordem superior. Experiências sensoriais são responsáveis ​​por grande parte da organização do cérebro através de infância, lançando as bases para processos complexos como a cognição, comunicação e desenvolvimento motor 1-3. A maioria dos estudos pediátricos de processos sensoriais concentrar em domínios auditivas e visuais, principalmente porque estes estímulos são mais fáceis de desenvolver, padronizar e teste. No entanto, o processamento táctil é de particular interesse em lactentes e crianças, uma vez que é o primeiro sentido de desenvolver no feto de 4,5, e a informação somatossensorial é parte integrante da função de outros sistemas corticais (por exemplo, motor, memória, aprendizagem associativa, límbico) 6. Os métodos atuais que avaliam o processamento somatossensorial são limitados pela escolha do estímulo tátil. Uma escolha comum é mediana Estimulação Elétrica Nervosa 7,8 direto </sup&gt;, Com o potencial de desconforto. Outros métodos eficazes usar tarefas ativas tais como a discriminação, reconhecimento e localização de estímulos, o que requer atenção e altos níveis de compreensão 9. Todos estes métodos são, por conseguinte, limita a sua utilização em crianças pequenas e bebés. Portanto, nosso objetivo foi desenvolver um paradigma tátil que aborda essas limitações por ser não-invasivo e reduzindo a necessidade de participação ativa de um sujeito. Além disso, ele precisava ter um nível padronizado de estimulação e de controle de fraude. Para isso, desenvolveu o sistema de &quot;bombinha&quot;, um dual-channel, cronometrado, e sistema de fornecimento de ar sopro calibrado, o que nos permite medir os efeitos do toque leve em crianças e outras populações vulneráveis. Exames de ressonância magnética funcional mostraram que a estimulação por baforadas de ar ativa córtex sensorial, embora o comprimento e os desafios de tais estudos, como imobilização, Lengtuas sessões e configurações que provocam ansiedade torná-los difíceis de realizar em crianças pequenas. Por isso, nós combinamos nosso sistema de entrega romance com potencial (ERP) metodologia relacionadas a eventos, a fim de fornecer a resolução temporal do processamento sensorial de leve toque em um breve, sessão de testes para crianças. Este novo paradigma oferece a flexibilidade necessária para estudar o processamento sensorial em diversas populações, idades e contextos clínicos. Tem também a vantagem de ser compatível com os estímulos auditivos, permitindo a avaliação multisensoriais. Até agora, a avaliação precisa e confiável tátil não foi possível em bebês ou em crianças que não são capazes de responder de forma confiável devido a distúrbios intelectual / idioma. Esta metodologia visa preencher esta lacuna, a fim de ajudar na identificação precoce de déficits de processamento sensorial e intervenção durante um período de plasticidade cerebral máxima. Melhorias no processamento sensorial na infância pode influenciar a cascatade desenvolvimento neurológico Os seguintes procedimentos estão todos incluídos no Vanderbilt Institutional Review Board aprovou protocolos.

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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">Geodesic sensor net</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">EGI, Inc., Eugene, OR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">depends on size</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Net Station EEG software v. 4.2</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">EGI, Inc., Eugene, OR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">E-Prime stimulus control application</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">PST, Inc. Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:249px;">Manometer (model 6&#8221; 0-60PSI)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">H. O. Trerice Co, Oak Park, MI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">Custom Puffer setup</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Nathalie Maitre</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
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quantitative assessment of cortical auditory-tactile processing in children with disabilities

Medida objetiva e fácil de processamento sensorial é extremamente difícil em pacientes pediátricos não-verbais ou vulneráveis. Nós desenvolvemos uma nova metodologia para avaliar quantitativamente o processamento cortical infantil da luz de toque, sons da fala eo processamento multisensorial dos 2 estímulos, sem a necessidade de participação sujeito ativo ou causando desconforto crianças. Para isso foi desenvolvido um canal duplo, tempo e força calibrada sopro de ar estimulador que permite tanto a estimulação tátil e controle farsa. Juntamos isto com a utilização de metodologia de potencial relacionados com eventos para permitir alta resolução temporal dos sinais dos córtices somatossensorial primário e secundário, bem como o processamento de ordem superior. Esta metodologia também nos permitiu medir a resposta à estimulação multisensorial auditivo-tátil.

A avaliação do toque de luz (Figura 3): Características da resposta à estimulação táctil cortical utilizando o sistema do soprador: Os padrões de picos em resposta ao sopro são muito semelhantes para as respostas corticais obtidos utilizando estimulação do nervo mediano em adultos normais 10,11. A resposta inicial (P50, N70, picos P100) reflete, principalmente, a atividade no córtex sensorial primário 12 e não requer...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities at JoVE.com

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Medida objetiva e fácil de processamento sensorial é extremamente difícil em pacientes pediátricos não-verbais ou vulneráveis. Nós desenvolvemos uma nova metodologia para avaliar quantitativamente lactentes e processamento cortical infantil de leve toque, sons da fala, eo processamento multisensorial dos 2 estímulos, sem a necessidade de participação dos sujeitos ativos ou causar desconforto em pacientes vulneráveis.

Avaliação Quantitativa de processamento cortical auditivo-tátil em Crianças com Deficiência

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology ...

quantitative-assessment-cortical-auditory-tactile-processing-children

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.7K visualizações.  Vanderbilt University.  Medida objetiva e fácil de processamento sensorial é extremamente difícil em pacientes pediátricos não-verbais ou vulneráveis. Nós desenvolvemos uma nova metodologia para avaliar quantitativamente lactentes e processamento cortical infantil de leve toque, sons da fala, eo processamento multisensorial dos 2 estímulos, sem a necessidade de participação dos sujeitos ativos ou causar desconforto em pacientes vulneráveis. 

Vídeo: Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

There has been a long-standing interest in the assessment of the neurobehavioral integrity of the newborn infant. The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was developed as an assessment for the at-risk infant. These are infants who are at increased risk for poor developmental outcome because of insults during prenatal development, such as substance exposure or prematurity or factors such as poverty, poor nutrition or lack of prenatal care that can have adverse effects on the intrauterine environment and affect the developing fetus. The NNNS assesses the full range of infant neurobehavioral performance including neurological integrity, behavioral functioning, and signs of stress/abstinence. The NNNS is a noninvasive neonatal assessment tool with demonstrated validity as a predictor, not only of medical outcomes such as cerebral palsy diagnosis, neurological abnormalities, and diseases with risks to the brain, but also of developmental outcomes such as mental and motor functioning, behavior problems, school readiness, and IQ. The NNNS can identify infants at high risk for abnormal developmental outcome and is an important clinical tool that enables medical researchers and health practitioners to identify these infants and develop intervention programs to optimize the development of these infants as early as possible. The video shows the NNNS procedures, shows examples of normal and abnormal performance and the various clinical populations in which the exam can be used.

The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was developed as an assessment for the at-risk infant. The purpose of this article is to describe the NNNS, provide video examples of the NNNS procedures and discuss the ways in which the exam has been used.

Análise e Avaliação do Risco Neonatal Alta: A Escala de UTIN Rede Neurobehavioral

There has been a long-standing interest in the assessment of the neurobehavioral integrity of the newborn infant.  The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale ...

Comportamento

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

Medição de fronto-límbico Atividade Usando um emocional Oddball Task em Crianças com Familial alto risco para Esquizofrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and signal processing make it possible to exploit information from other imaging modalities like structural MRI that provide high spatial resolution to overcome this constraint1. This is especially useful for investigations that require high resolution in the temporal as well as spatial domain. In addition, due to the easy application and low cost of EEG recordings, EEG is often the method of choice when working with populations, such as young children, that do not tolerate functional MRI scans well. However, in order to investigate which neural substrates are involved, anatomical information from structural MRI is still needed. Most EEG analysis packages work with standard head models that are based on adult anatomy. The accuracy of these models when used for children is limited2, because the composition and spatial configuration of head tissues changes dramatically over development3.&#160;
In the present paper, we provide an overview of our recent work in utilizing head models based on individual structural MRI scans or age specific head models to reconstruct the cortical generators of high density EEG. This article describes how&#160;EEG recordings are acquired, processed, and analyzed with pediatric populations at the London Baby Lab, including laboratory setup, task design, EEG preprocessing, MRI processing, and EEG channel level and source analysis.&#160;

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in estimating the cortical sources of scalp measured electrical activity for cognitive neuroscience experiments. This article describes how high density EEG is acquired and how recordings are processed for cortical source estimation in children from the age of 2 years at the London Baby Lab.

Cortical Fonte Análise de alta densidade EEG Recordings em Crianças

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and ...

Experimental Assessment of Mouse Sociability Using an Automated Image Processing Approach

Mouse is the preferred model organism for testing drugs designed to increase sociability. We present a method to quantify mouse sociability in which the test mouse is placed in a standardized apparatus and relevant behaviors are assessed in three different sessions (called session I, II, and III).
The apparatus has three compartments (see Figure 1), the left and right compartments contain an inverted cup which can house a mouse (called &#34;stimulus mouse&#34;).
In session I, the test mouse is placed in the cage and its mobility is characterized by the number of transitions made between compartments. In session II, a stimulus mouse is placed under one of the inverted cups and the sociability of the test mouse is quantified by the amounts of time it spends near the cup containing the enclosed stimulus mouse vs. the empty inverted cup. In session III, the inverted cups are removed and both mice interact freely. The sociability of the test mouse in session III is quantified by the number of social approaches it makes toward the stimulus mouse and by the number of times it avoids a social approach by the stimulus mouse.
The automated evaluation of the movie detects the nose of the test mouse, which allows the determination of all described sociability measures in session I and II (in session III, approaches are identified automatically but classified manually). To find the nose, the image of an empty cage is digitally subtracted from each frame of the movie and the resulting image is binarized to identify the mouse pixels. The mouse tail is automatically removed and the two most distant points of the remaining mouse are determined; these are close to nose and base of tail. By analyzing the motion of the mouse and using continuity arguments, the nose is identified.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52508/52508fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. Assessment of Sociability During 3 sessions. Session I (top): Acclimation of test mouse to the cage. Session II (middle): Test mouse moving freely in the cage while the stimulus mouse is enclosed in an inverted cup. Session III (bottom): Both test mouse and stimulus mouse are allowed to move freely and interact with each other.

This protocol describes a method to quantify mouse sociability. Mice are videotaped as they move and interact in a special cage. Movie processing allows for the automated quantification of sociability with excellent accuracy and reliability.

Avaliação experimental de rato Sociabilidade utilizando uma abordagem de processamento de imagem automatizado

Mouse is the preferred model organism for testing drugs designed to increase sociability. We present a method to quantify mouse sociability in which the ...

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are now recognized as a core symptom in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Our ability to perceive and interact with the external world is rooted in sensory processing. For example, listening to a conversation entails processing the auditory cues coming from the speaker (speech content, prosody, syntax) as well as the associated visual information (facial expressions, gestures). Collectively, the &#8220;integration&#8221; of these multisensory (i.e., combined audiovisual) pieces of information results in better comprehension. Such multisensory integration has been shown to be strongly dependent upon the temporal relationship of the paired stimuli. Thus, stimuli that occur in close temporal proximity are highly likely to result in behavioral and perceptual benefits &#8211; gains believed to be reflective of the perceptual system&#39;s judgment of the likelihood that these two stimuli came from the same source. Changes in this temporal integration are expected to strongly alter perceptual processes, and are likely to diminish the ability to accurately perceive and interact with our world. Here, a battery of tasks designed to characterize various aspects of sensory and multisensory temporal processing in children with ASD is described. In addition to its utility in autism, this battery has great potential for characterizing changes in sensory function in other clinical populations, as well as being used to examine changes in these processes across the lifespan.

We describe how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine the processing and integration of sensory stimuli in children with ASD. The goal is to characterize individual differences in temporal processing of simple auditory and visual stimuli and relate these to higher order perceptual skills like speech perception.

Teste de função sensorial e multisensorial de crianças com distúrbios do espectro do autismo

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are ...

A Method to Quantify Visual Information Processing in Children Using Eye Tracking

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational methods, it is difficult to make a quantitative assessment of a child's visual problems. This limits accurate diagnostics in children under the age of 4 years and in children with intellectual disabilities. Here we describe a quantitative method that overcomes these problems. The method uses a remote eye tracker and a four choice preferential looking paradigm to measure eye movement responses to different visual stimuli. The child sits without head support in front of a monitor with integrated infrared cameras. In one of four monitor quadrants a visual stimulus is presented. Each stimulus has a specific visual modality with respect to the background, e.g., form, motion, contrast or color. From the reflexive eye movement responses to these specific visual modalities, output parameters such as reaction times, fixation accuracy and fixation duration are calculated to quantify a child's viewing behavior. With this approach, the quality of visual information processing can be assessed without the use of communication. By comparing results with reference values obtained in typically developing children from 0-12 years, the method provides a characterization of visual information processing in visually impaired children. The quantitative information provided by this method can be advantageous for the field of clinical visual assessment and rehabilitation in multiple ways. The parameter values provide a good basis to: (i) characterize early visual capacities and consequently to enable early interventions; (ii) compare risk groups and follow visual development over time; and (iii), construct an individual visual profile for each child.

A method is described to quantify the quality of visual information processing based on reflexive eye movements in response to specific visual modalities. Reaction times and fixation output parameters are used to characterize visual performance in children with and without visual impairments from 6 months of age.

Um método de quantificação Visual Information Processing em Crianças Usando Eye Tracking

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational ...

Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses

Collecting reliable behavioral data from toddlers and preschoolers is challenging. As a result, there are significant gaps in our understanding of human auditory development for these age groups. This paper describes an observer-based procedure for measuring hearing sensitivity with a two-interval, two-alternative forced-choice paradigm. Young children are trained to perform a play-based, motor response (e.g., putting a block in a bucket) whenever they hear a target signal. An experimenter observes the child&#39;s behavior and makes a judgment about whether the signal was presented during the first or second observation interval; the experimenter is blinded to the true signal interval, so this judgment is based solely on the child&#39;s behavior. These procedures were used to test 2 to 4 year-olds (n = 33) with no known hearing problems. The signal was a 1,000 Hz warble tone presented in quiet, and the signal level was adjusted to estimate a threshold corresponding to 71%-correct detection. A valid threshold was obtained for 82% of children. These results indicate that the two-interval procedure is both feasible and reliable for use with toddlers and preschoolers. The two-interval, observer-based procedure described in this paper is a powerful tool for evaluating hearing in young children because it guards against response bias on the part of the experimenter.

This paper describes a procedure for measuring hearing sensitivity in 2 to 4 year-old children. Children are trained to perform play-based responses when they hear a target signal. Thresholds are then estimated in a two-interval, two-alternative forced-choice paradigm, based on observations of the child&#39;s behaviors.

Avaliação do comportamento auditivo em 2 a 4 anos de idade Crianças: um procedimento de dois intervalo, com sede em Observer Usando respostas condicionadas à base de Reprodução

Collecting reliable behavioral data from toddlers and preschoolers is challenging. As a result, there are significant gaps in our understanding of human ...

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of working memory in young school-age children. Working memory deficits have been identified in children with language-based learning disabilities, including dyslexia1,2 and language impairment3,4, but it is not clear whether these children exhibit deficits in subcomponents of working memory, such as visuospatial or phonological working memory. The CABC-WM is administered on a desktop computer with a touchscreen interface and was specifically developed to be engaging and motivating for children. Although the long-term goal of the CABC-WM is to provide individualized working memory profiles in children, the present study focuses on the initial success and utility of the CABC-WM for measuring central executive, visuospatial, phonological loop, and binding constructs in children with typical development. Immediate next steps are to administer the CABC-WM to children with specific language impairment, dyslexia, and comorbid specific language impairment and dyslexia.

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &amp;#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

Working memory predicts a significant amount of variance for a variety of cognitive tasks, including speaking, reading, and writing. However, few tools are available to assess working memory in children. We present an innovative, computer-based battery that comprehensively assesses different components of working memory in school-age children.

Avaliando memória de trabalho em crianças: a bateria de avaliação abrangente para crianças - Memória de trabalho (CABC-WM)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of ...

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation and processing. Its purpose is to create a reward task that is appropriate for young children with and without autism while controlling reward properties between two conditions: social and nonsocial. The current protocol allows for comparisons of brain activity between social and nonsocial reward conditions while keeping the reward itself identical between conditions. Using this protocol, we found evidence that neurotypical children demonstrate enhanced anticipatory brain activity during the social condition. Furthermore, we found that neurotypical children anticipate social reward more robustly than children with autism diagnoses. As the task uses snacks as a reward, it is most appropriate for young children. However, the protocol may be adapted for use with adolescent or adult populations if snacks are replaced by monetary incentives. The protocol is designed to measure electrophysiological events (event-related potentials), but it may be customized for use with eye-tracking or fMRI.

This protocol is designed to measure reward anticipation and processing in young children with and without autism. Specifically, the protocol is designed to study the neural correlates of reward during social and nonsocial conditions while controlling for reward between conditions.

Um protocolo de eletrofisiologia para medida antecipação de recompensa e processamento em crianças

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation ...

Using the Visual World Paradigm to Study Sentence Comprehension in Mandarin-Speaking Children with Autism

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is currently a paucity of research exploring how preschool children with autism understand sentences using different types of cues. The mechanisms underlying sentence comprehension remains largely unclear. The present study presents a protocol to examine the sentence comprehension abilities of preschool children with autism. More specifically, a visual world paradigm of eye-tracking is used to explore the moment-to-moment sentence comprehension in the children. The paradigm has multiple advantages. First, it is sensitive to the time course of sentence comprehension and thus can provide rich information about how sentence comprehension unfolds over time. Second, it requires minimal task and communication demands, so it is ideal for testing children with autism. To further minimize the computational burden of children, the present study measures eye movements that arise as automatic responses to linguistic input rather than measuring eye movements that accompany conscious responses to spoken instructions.

We present a protocol to examine the use of morphological cues during real-time sentence comprehension by children with autism.