APS é suportado por Debra Internacional e da Fundação Britânica da Pele. YZN é apoiado por A * STAR - University of Dundee Parceria Programa de Doutoramento.

Este estudo foi realizado de acordo com a Declaração de Princípios de Helsínquia e foi aprovado pelos Comitês de Ética apropriados. 1. Preparação de meios e reagentes <ol><li> Preparação de 200x de ácido L-ascórbico estoque 2-fosfato <ol><li> Dissolve-se 29 mg de ácido L-ascórbico 2-fosfato por 5 ml de solução de Dulbecco meio de Eagle modificado (DMEM) e filtra-se através de filtro de membrana de 0,22 um. Loja de 0,25 ml alíquotas estéreis em -20 ° C. </li><li> Adicionar 0,25 ml de aliquota de 200x ácido L-ascórbico estoque 2-fosfato para cada 50 ml de meio de fibroblastos (DMEM com 1% de L-glutamina e 10% de soro fetal bovino) no dia em que é necessária, para uma concentração final de 0,1 mM de L de ácido ascórbico 2-fosfato. </li></ol></li><li> Preparação de meios de crescimento de queratinócitos <ol><li> Isolamento e cultura de queratinócitos SCC primários têm sido descritos anteriormente 21. Preparação de meios de crescimento de queratinócitos está descritonele também. </li><li> Em resumo, preparar os meios de comunicação da seguinte forma: 300 ml de DMEM e 100 ml de Ham F-12 suplementado com 10% de FBS 0,4 mg / ml de hidrocortisona 5 mg / ml de insulina 10 ng / mL de EGF 5 mg / ml de transferrina 8,4 ng / ml toxina da cólera 13 ng / ml de liotironina Solução de penicilina-estreptomicina 1x </li></ol></li></ol> 2. In Vitro da construção de matriz nativo de fibroblastos derivados de Ácido L-Ascórbico 2-fosfato Meios Suplementado <ol><li> Semente 200.000 fibroblastos por poço em placas de 6 poços (20000 células / cm 2) em meio suplementado com fibroblasto de ácido L-ascórbico 2-fosfato. Alimente novamente a cada 2-3 dias, com 2-5 ml de mídia. (Nota: Refeeding freqüência e volume pode ser ajustado para atender às necessidades individuais de diferentes células Consulte &quot;discussões&quot;.). </li><li> Uma espessa camada de células incorporadas na matriz extracelular vai formar no final de 6 semanas, visíveis a olho nu ( <strong&gt; Figura 1). Para libertar esta camada a partir da placa de cultura de tecido, raspe a circunferência da matriz com uma ponta de micropipeta 1 ml e, em seguida, apertar as bordas da matriz em direcção ao centro do poço. Esta camada de células e uma matriz (matriz nativa) deve ser facilmente destacável da superfície da placa, e agora estar flutuando na mídia. Espalhe a matriz nativa na mídia para evitá-lo dobrar-se sobre si mesmo. </li><li> Deixe o flutuador matriz nativa e remodelar por 5 dias, mudando de mídia a cada 2-3 dias. Devido à resistência à tracção e remodelação intrínseca dentro da matriz, a matriz vai contrair drasticamente reduzida e tornar-se a uma matriz nativa menor, mas mais grosso, e está pronta para ser utilizada para o ensaio de invasão. </li></ol> 3. Invasão de Ensaio com Tumor SCC queratinócitos <ol><li> Pegue a matriz nativa delicadamente com uma pinça sem corte e transferir para Nylon net. Uma vez na rede de nylon, espalhar a matriz suavemente a mentir tão plana quanto possível, utilizando uma micropipeta de 1 mlponta e uma pinça sem corte. </li><li> Preparar os cilindros clonais estéreis manchando uma pequena quantidade de solução estéril de vaselina em uma extremidade. </li><li> Colocar os cilindros clonais na matriz nativa, com o lado de baixo de vaselina. Isto é para assegurar uma boa vedação entre a matriz nativa e os anéis clonais. </li><li> Adicionar células cSCC aos cilindros clonais (250.000 células em 100 ul de meio de crescimento de queratinócitos). </li><li> Retire os cilindros clonais após 6 horas, quando as células CSCC se estabeleceram na matriz nativa. </li><li> Levante a rede de nylon com a matriz nativa e células CSCC a interface ar-líquido sobre o suporte de malha de arame de aço inoxidável dobrado. </li><li> Adicionar meio de crescimento de queratinócitos suplementado com ácido ascórbico até o nível mídia toca o fundo da matriz nativa. </li><li> Mudança de mídia a cada 2-3 dias e colheita aos 7 e 14 dias pós-semeadura de células CSCC. </li></ol> 4. A colheita das culturas 3D e Preparação para Histologia <ol><li> Fix em 4% parovernight aformaldehyde à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Bisseccione as amostras e incorporar em cera de parafina para fixadas em formalina blocos encaixados, com superfície de corte voltada para fora. </li><li> Alternativamente, incorporar as amostras bifurcadas em outubro e encaixe-congelante imediatamente em nitrogênio líquido por blocos de tecido fresco congelado. </li><li> Corte 4 mM seções em micrótomo e dewax (se necessário). Mancha usando hematoxilina padrão e eosina. Para visualizar as células cSCC, anticorpo monoclonal de rato contra a queratina 14 (LL001, in-house) pode ser usado em imuno-coloração. </li></ol>

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Os autores não têm nada a revelar.

Devido à natureza desta experiência, o tempo total necessário para a conclusão pode ser superior a dois meses. Ao longo deste tempo e de cuidados de tecidos estéril práticas cultura UTMOST deve ser empregue para evitar a contaminação microbiana. Para além do seu papel como co-factor na síntese de hidroxiprolina e hidroxilisina de colagénios, ácido ascórbico estimula a expressão de mRNA específica de colagénio em fibroblastos 22. O ácido...

O uso de biomateriais em cultura de tecido 3D tem permitido aos investigadores estudar o comportamento de células no laboratório sob condições fisiológicas mais semelhante a um ambiente in vivo do que a de um recapitulado com aderência 2D e um substrato de plástico. Em particular, a passos largos para a frente foram feitos na modelagem epitélios estratificados com a adoção de métodos de cultura 3D na interface ar-líquido 1-4. Tais técnicas imitar fielmente diferenciação dos queratinócitos e invasão das células tumorais permitindo maior flexibilidade e fidelidade para pesquisadores que estudam esses processos. A escolha do substrato biomaterial para imitar o ambiente estromal envolveu principalmente o uso de colágeno tipo I, Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm matriz sarcoma rato e derme de-epidermized. Por exemplo, os fibroblastos associados ao cancro têm sido mostrados para contribuir para a invasão de cancro 5, a iniciação e a progressão através de interacções estromais-epitelial 6,7 when cultivados em tais substratos. O padrão ouro para imitar o ambiente estromal na pele, os maiores e mais estudados epitélio estratificadas utilizando tais técnicas, é considerado para ser de-epidermized derme humana (DED). Preparação do DED envolve a remoção da epiderme através de tripsinização e dissociação física da pele de um cadáver humano 3,4. No entanto, o acesso a essa pele pode ser muito difícil para os laboratórios não associados com as instituições clínicas e derme doentes é quase impossível de se obter. Como alternativa, os laboratórios freqüentemente usam uma combinação de colágeno tipo I (isolado de caudas de rato) e / ou matriz sarcoma Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm mouse. Após a descoberta em 1927 por Nageotte 8 que o colágeno pode ser facilmente isolado usando ácido acético e precipitação de sal, a sua aplicação à cultura de tecidos foi posteriormente lançada pela Huzella e colegas 9. Revestimento de colágeno mostrou-se superior ao vidro para cultura de células de 29 linhagens e explantes de tecido como interrogados por Ehrmann e Gey 9. Actualmente, o principal tipo de colagénio utilizada em cultura de tecido é isolado a partir de tendões da cauda de rato, e está geralmente comprados a partir de fontes comerciais. No entanto, a desvantagem para recapitulação substrato fiel é que o colágeno da cauda de rato não é idêntico ao colágeno humano, ou a derme humanos, onde tipo I e III colágenos estão presentes como principais constituintes, e isolado de colágeno da cauda de rato é invariavelmente fragmentada. Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm matriz sarcoma mouse é uma mistura de proteína gelatinosa secretada por Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm células de sarcoma rato cultivadas 10. Os principais constituintes são laminina, colagénio tipo IV, proteoglicana de sulfato de heparina, entactina e nidogï ¿½ io e as proporções exactas destas proteínas pode variar de lote para lote. Além de pró estruturalproteínas, essa matriz também contém níveis significativos de factores de crescimento, tais como factor de crescimento transformante β, factor de crescimento epidérmico, factor de crescimento 1 semelhante à insulina, factor de crescimento de fibroblastos bovino e factor de crescimento derivado de plaquetas, que iria alterar o comportamento celular 11,12. Apontando para a enorme complexidade de Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm matriz sarcoma mouse, um total de 1.851 proteínas foram identificadas em um estudo de proteômica recente 13. Tendo em vista a natureza rica e complexa desta matriz, a cautela tenha sido avisada ao interpretar e comparar as diferentes experiências com o uso do mesmo 11. Nossos laboratórios têm um grande interesse em doenças de pele genética, particularmente aqueles com uma predisposição para o desenvolvimento de carcinoma cutâneo de células escamosas (cSCC) 14. No caso de epidermólise bolhosa distrófica recessiva (RDEB), uma doença grave com formação de bolhas mutações germinativas no gene COL7A1 <sse&gt; 15-17, foi determinado que o microambiente dérmica nestes pacientes é a promoção do tumor 18. Durante o curso deste estudo não foi possível avaliar o tumor propriedades promotoras de fibroblastos dérmicos embutidas dentro de colágeno I / Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm matriz sarcoma rato e investigadas formas de avaliar própria matriz das células, nativo. Para conseguir isso, nós modificamos a técnica anterior do laboratório de Lucie Germain trabalhando em pele humana equivalentes 19,20. Técnica de Germain foi capaz de reconstituir a pele humana com membrana basal bem organizado usando queratinócitos humanos e de fibroblastos de culturas primárias, na ausência de um andaime sintético ou de cadáveres. Neste trabalho, os passos utilizados para recapitular o microambiente estromal tumor cutâneo (matriz nativa) derivado diretamente a partir de fibroblastos estromais primários in vitro são descritos 18. Matrizes nativos produced por cultura a longo prazo de fibroblastos foram usadas como um equivalente dérmico de ensaio para a invasão das células cSCC. Apresentamos dados usando matriz nativo, oriundo da matriz extracelular secretada por fibroblastos RDEB (deficientes em colágeno tipo VII (C7)) ou a partir de fibroblastos RDEB retrovirally transduzidas com o colágeno tipo VII expressar construir e demonstrar o profundo efeito de um único colágeno no tumor invasão celular.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="64" style="height:48.0pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="64" style="height:48.0pt;width:66pt" width="88">L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">Sigma</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">A8960</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:66pt" width="88"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42" style="height:31.5pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="42" style="height:31.5pt;width:66pt" width="88">DMEM with l-glutamine,</td>
			<td class="xl67" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;
 border-top:none;width:66pt" width="88">Life Technologies</td>
			<td class="xl67" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;
 border-top:none;width:66pt" width="88">11995-073</td>
			<td class="xl67" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;
 border-top:none;width:66pt" width="88"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="106" style="height:79.5pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="106" style="height:79.5pt;width:66pt" width="88">4,500 mg/L d-glucose, 110 mg/L sodium pyruvate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="85" style="height:63.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="85" style="height:63.75pt;width:66pt" width="88">100x Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">Life Technologies</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">15070</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:66pt" width="88"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43" style="height:32.25pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="43" style="height:32.25pt;width:66pt" width="88">Vaseline</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">VWR</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">PROL28908.290</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:66pt" width="88"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43" style="height:32.25pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="43" style="height:32.25pt;width:66pt" width="88">Clonal cylinders</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">Sigma</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">Z370789</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:66pt" width="88"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="148" style="height:111.0pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="148" style="height:111.0pt;width:66pt" width="88">Nylon Net Filter Disc Hydrophilic 100um 25um diameter 100/pk</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">Millipore</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">NY1H02500</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:66pt" width="88"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="127" style="height:95.25pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="127" style="height:95.25pt;width:66pt" width="88">Bent stainless steel wire mesh support</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">Made in house</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88"></td>
			<td class="xl66" style="width:66pt" width="88">Dimensions were made so that the mesh would fit into 6-well plates</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

tissue engineering of tumor stromal microenvironment with application to cancer cell invasion

Culturas organotípicas 3D de células epiteliais de uma matriz de incorporado com células mesenquimais são amplamente usadas para estudar diferenciação de células epiteliais e invasão. Tipo Rat cauda I colágeno e / ou matriz derivada de Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm células de sarcoma rato têm sido tradicionalmente empregada como substratos para modelar a matriz ou estroma microambiente em que as células mesenquimais (geralmente fibroblastos) são preenchidos. Embora experiências utilizando tais matrizes são muito informativa, pode argumentar-se que, devido a uma presença predominante de uma única proteína (tal como no colagénio de tipo I) ou um elevado teor de componentes de membrana basal e de factores de crescimento (tais como na matriz derivada de rato células de sarcoma), estes substratos não refletir melhor a contribuição para a composição da matriz feita pelas próprias células do estroma. Para estudar matrizes nativas produzidas por fibroblastos dérmicos primários isolados de pacientes com um tumor de bruços, desordem empolando genética (distrófica recessivaepidermólise bolhosa), nós adaptamos um protocolo matriz nativa existente para estudar a invasão das células tumorais. Os fibroblastos são induzidos a produzir a sua própria matriz durante um período prolongado em cultura. Esta matriz nativa é então separado da placa de cultura e as células epiteliais são semeados em que antes de toda a co-cultura é elevada para a interface ar-líquido. A diferenciação e / ou invasão celular pode então ser avaliado ao longo do tempo. Esta técnica proporciona a capacidade para avaliar as interacções de células epiteliais mesenquimais num ambiente 3D, sem a necessidade de uma matriz sintética ou externa, com a única desvantagem é o período prolongado de tempo necessário para produzir a matriz nativa. Aqui descreve-se a aplicação desta técnica para avaliar a capacidade de uma única molécula expressa por fibroblastos, colagénio tipo VII, para inibir a invasão de células tumorais.

<html> Esta técnica abre-se a possibilidade de analisar e comparar o comportamento das células do tumor invasivo (neste caso cSCC) sob diferentes ambientes de estroma 3D. Usando esta técnica, não só matrizes nativas C7-deficientes que retomados ambiente RDEB dérmica pode ser gerado, mas também matrizes adicionais que foram geneticamente modificados para sobre-expresso C7 18. Como pode ser visto na Figura 2, a invasão de queratinócitos RDEB cSCC foi significativamente retardado em C7-o...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Tissue Engineering of Tumor Stromal Microenvironment with Application to Cancer Cell Invasion at JoVE.com

Tissue Engineering of Tumor Stromal Microenvironment with Application to Cancer Cell Invasion

Engenharia de tecidos da matriz nativa derivada de fibroblastos é uma ferramenta emergente para gerar um substrato do estroma que suporta a proliferação de células epiteliais e de diferenciação. Aqui, um protocolo de aplicação desta metodologia para avaliar o impacto de diferentes tipos de células do estroma em biologia de células tumorais é apresentado.

Engenharia de Tecidos de tumor estromal Microenvironment com Aplicação a invasão Cancer Cell

3D organotypic cultures of epithelial cells on a matrix embedded with mesenchymal cells are widely used to study epithelial cell differentiation and ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

9.7K visualizações.  University of Dundee.  Engenharia de tecidos da matriz nativa derivada de fibroblastos é uma ferramenta emergente para gerar um substrato do estroma que suporta a proliferação de células epiteliais e de diferenciação. Aqui, um protocolo de aplicação desta metodologia para avaliar o impacto de diferentes tipos de células do estroma em biologia de células tumorais é apresentado. 

Vídeo: Tissue Engineering of Tumor Stromal Microenvironment with Application to Cancer Cell Invasion

Microfluidic Device for Recreating a Tumor Microenvironment in Vitro

We have developed a microfluidic device that mimics the delivery and systemic clearance of drugs to heterogeneous three-dimensional tumor tissues in vitro. Nutrients delivered by vasculature fail to reach all parts of tumors, giving rise to heterogeneous microenvironments consisting of viable, quiescent and necrotic cell types. Many cancer drugs fail to effectively penetrate and treat all types of cells because of this heterogeneity. Monolayers of cancer cells do not mimic this heterogeneity, making it difficult to test cancer drugs with a suitable in vitro model. Our microfluidic devices were fabricated out of PDMS using soft lithography. Multicellular tumor spheroids, formed by the hanging drop method, were inserted and constrained into rectangular chambers on the device and maintained with continuous medium perfusion on one side. The rectangular shape of chambers on the device created linear gradients within tissue. Fluorescent stains were used to quantify the variability in apoptosis within tissue. Tumors on the device were treated with the fluorescent chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin, time-lapse microscopy was used to monitor its diffusion into tissue, and the effective diffusion coefficient was estimated. The hanging drop method allowed quick formation of uniform spheroids from several cancer cell lines. The device enabled growth of spheroids for up to 3 days. Cells in proximity of flowing medium were minimally apoptotic and those far from the channel were more apoptotic, thereby accurately mimicking regions in tumors adjacent to blood vessels. The estimated value of the doxorubicin diffusion coefficient agreed with a previously reported value in human breast cancer. Because the penetration and retention of drugs in solid tumors affects their efficacy, we believe that this device is an important tool in understanding the behavior of drugs, and developing new cancer therapeutics.

Microfluidic Device for Recreating a Tumor Microenvironment in Vitro

We present the procedure for fabrication and operation of a microfluidic device that recreates heterogeneous tumor microenvironments in vitro. The variability in apoptosis within tumor tissue was quantified using fluorescent stains and the effective diffusion coefficient of the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin into tumor tissue was evaluated.

Dispositivo microfluídicos para Recriando um microambiente do tumor<em&gt; In Vitro</em

We have developed a microfluidic device that mimics the delivery and systemic clearance of drugs to heterogeneous three-dimensional tumor tissues in ...

Bioengenharia

Directed Cellular Self-Assembly to Fabricate Cell-Derived Tissue Rings for Biomechanical Analysis and Tissue Engineering

Each year, hundreds of thousands of patients undergo coronary artery bypass surgery in the United States.1 Approximately one third of these patients do not have suitable autologous donor vessels due to disease progression or previous harvest. The aim of vascular tissue engineering is to develop a suitable alternative source for these bypass grafts. In addition, engineered vascular tissue may prove valuable as living vascular models to study cardiovascular diseases. Several promising approaches to engineering blood vessels have been explored, with many recent studies focusing on development and analysis of cell-based methods.2-5 Herein, we present a method to rapidly self-assemble cells into 3D tissue rings that can be used in vitro to model vascular tissues.
To do this, suspensions of smooth muscle cells are seeded into round-bottomed annular agarose wells. The non-adhesive properties of the agarose allow the cells to settle, aggregate and contract around a post at the center of the well to form a cohesive tissue ring.6,7 These rings can be cultured for several days prior to harvesting for mechanical, physiological, biochemical, or histological analysis. We have shown that these cell-derived tissue rings yield at 100-500 kPa ultimate tensile strength8 which exceeds the value reported for other tissue engineered vascular constructs cultured for similar durations (&lt;30 kPa).9,10 Our results demonstrate that robust cell-derived vascular tissue ring generation can be achieved within a short time period, and offers the opportunity for direct and quantitative assessment of the contributions of cells and cell-derived matrix (CDM) to vascular tissue structure and function.

This article outlines a versatile method to create cell-derived tissue rings by cellular self-assembly. Smooth muscle cells seeded into ring-shaped agarose wells aggregate and contract to form robust three-dimensional (3D) tissues within 7 days. Millimeter-scale tissue rings are conducive to mechanical testing and serve as building blocks for tissue assembly.

Dirigido Cellular Automontagem para Fabricar Anéis Cell-Derived Tecido para Análise Biomecânica e Engenharia de Tecidos

Each year, hundreds of thousands of patients undergo coronary artery bypass surgery in the United States.1 Approximately one third of these patients do ...

Three-dimensional Cell Culture Model for Measuring the Effects of Interstitial Fluid Flow on Tumor Cell Invasion

The growth and progression of most solid tumors depend on the initial transformation of the cancer cells and their response to stroma-associated signaling in the tumor microenvironment 1. Previously, research on the tumor microenvironment has focused primarily on tumor-stromal interactions 1-2. However, the tumor microenvironment also includes a variety of biophysical forces, whose effects remain poorly understood. These forces are biomechanical consequences of tumor growth that lead to changes in gene expression, cell division, differentiation and invasion3. Matrix density 4, stiffness 5-6, and structure 6-7, interstitial fluid pressure 8, and interstitial fluid flow 8 are all altered during cancer progression.
Interstitial fluid flow in particular is higher in tumors compared to normal tissues 8-10. The estimated interstitial fluid flow velocities were measured and found to be in the range of 0.1-3 &mu;m s-1, depending on tumor size and differentiation 9, 11. This is due to elevated interstitial fluid pressure caused by tumor-induced angiogenesis and increased vascular permeability 12. Interstitial fluid flow has been shown to increase invasion of cancer cells 13-14, vascular fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells 15. This invasion may be due to autologous chemotactic gradients created around cells in 3-D 16 or increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression 15, chemokine secretion and cell adhesion molecule expression 17. However, the mechanism by which cells sense fluid flow is not well understood. In addition to altering tumor cell behavior, interstitial fluid flow modulates the activity of other cells in the tumor microenvironment. It is associated with (a) driving differentiation of fibroblasts into tumor-promoting myofibroblasts 18, (b) transporting of antigens and other soluble factors to lymph nodes 19, and (c) modulating lymphatic endothelial cell morphogenesis 20.
The technique presented here imposes interstitial fluid flow on cells in vitro and quantifies its effects on invasion (Figure 1). This method has been published in multiple studies to measure the effects of fluid flow on stromal and cancer cell invasion 13-15, 17. By changing the matrix composition, cell type, and cell concentration, this method can be applied to other diseases and physiological systems to study the effects of interstitial flow on cellular processes such as invasion, differentiation, proliferation, and gene expression.

Interstitial fluid flow is elevated in solid tumors and can modulate tumor cell invasion. Here we describe a technique to apply interstitial fluid flow to cells embedded in a matrix and then measure its effects on cell invasion. This technique can be easily adapted to study other systems.

Um modelo tridimensional de Cultura Celular para avaliar os efeitos de fluxo de fluido intersticial na invasão da célula tumoral

The growth and progression of most solid tumors depend on the initial transformation of the cancer cells and their response to stroma-associated signaling ...

Engineering Skeletal Muscle Tissues from Murine Myoblast Progenitor Cells and Application of Electrical Stimulation

Engineered muscle tissues can be used for several different purposes, which include the production of tissues for use as a disease model in vitro, e.g. to study pressure ulcers, for regenerative medicine and as a meat alternative 1. The first reported 3D muscle constructs have been made many years ago and pioneers in the field are Vandenburgh and colleagues 2,3. Advances made in muscle tissue engineering are not only the result from the vast gain in knowledge of biochemical factors, stem cells and progenitor cells, but are in particular based on insights gained by researchers that physical factors play essential roles in the control of cell behavior and tissue development. State-of-the-art engineered muscle constructs currently consist of cell-populated hydrogel constructs. In our lab these generally consist of murine myoblast progenitor cells, isolated from murine hind limb muscles or a murine myoblast cell line C2C12, mixed with a mixture of collagen/Matrigel and plated between two anchoring points, mimicking the muscle ligaments. Other cells may be considered as well, e.g. alternative cell lines such as L6 rat myoblasts 4, neonatal muscle derived progenitor cells 5, cells derived from adult muscle tissues from other species such as human 6 or even induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) 7. Cell contractility causes alignment of the cells along the long axis of the construct 8,9 and differentiation of the muscle progenitor cells after approximately one week of culture. Moreover, the application of electrical stimulation can enhance the process of differentiation to some extent 8. Because of its limited size (8 x 2 x 0.5 mm) the complete tissue can be analyzed using confocal microscopy to monitor e.g. viability, differentiation and cell alignment. Depending on the specific application the requirements for the engineered muscle tissue will vary; e.g. use for regenerative medicine requires the up scaling of tissue size and vascularization, while to serve as a meat alternative translation to other species is necessary.

Engineered muscle tissue has great potential in regenerative medicine, as disease model and also as an alternative source for meat. Here we describe the engineering of a muscle construct, in this case from mouse myoblast progenitor cells, and the stimulation by electrical pulses.

Os tecidos músculo esquelético de engenharia a partir de células progenitoras mioblastos murinos e Aplicação da estimulação elétrica

Engineered muscle tissues can be used for several different purposes, which include the production of tissues for use as a disease model in vitro, e.g. to ...

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture systems, which inadequately reflect physiological conditions in vivo. Biological 3D matrices provide cells an environment in which cells can self-organize, allowing the study of tissue organization and cell differentiation. Such scaffolds can be seeded with a mixture of different cell types to study direct 3D cell-cell-interactions. To mimic the 3D complexity of cancer tumors, our group has developed a 3D in vitro tumor test system.	
	Our 3D tissue test system models the in vivo situation of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), which we established with our decellularized porcine jejunal segment derived biological vascularized scaffold (BioVaSc). In our model, we reseeded a modified BioVaSc matrix with primary fibroblasts, microvascular endothelial cells (mvECs) and the S462 tumor cell line. For static culture, the vascular structure of the BioVaSc is removed and the remaining scaffold is cut open on one side (Small Intestinal Submucosa SIS-Muc). The resulting matrix is then fixed between two metal rings (cell crowns).	
	Another option is to culture the cell-seeded SIS-Muc in a flow bioreactor system that exposes the cells to shear stress. Here, the bioreactor is connected to a peristaltic pump in a self-constructed incubator. A computer regulates the arterial oxygen and nutrient supply via parameters such as blood pressure, temperature, and flow rate. This setup allows for a dynamic culture with either pressure-regulated pulsatile or constant flow.	
	In this study, we could successfully establish both a static and dynamic 3D culture system for MPNSTs. The ability to model cancer tumors in a more natural 3D environment will enable the discovery, testing, and validation of future pharmaceuticals in a human-like model.

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Methods to create human 3D tumor tissues as test systems are described. These technologies are based on a decellularized Biological Vascularized Scaffold (BioVaSc), primary human cells and a tumor cell line, which can be cultured under static as well as under dynamic conditions in a flow bioreactor.

Engenharia de Tecidos de um 3D Humano<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Sistema de Teste de Tumor

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.  Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture  systems, which ...

Engineering Fibrin-based Tissue Constructs from Myofibroblasts and Application of Constraints and Strain to Induce Cell and Collagen Reorganization

Collagen content and organization in developing collagenous tissues can be influenced by local tissue strains and tissue constraint. Tissue engineers aim to use these principles to create tissues with predefined collagen architectures. A full understanding of the exact underlying processes of collagen remodeling to control the final tissue architecture, however, is lacking. In particular, little is known about the (re)orientation of collagen fibers in response to changes in tissue mechanical loading conditions. We developed an in&#160;vitro model system, consisting of biaxially-constrained myofibroblast-seeded fibrin constructs, to further elucidate collagen (re)orientation in response to i) reverting biaxial to uniaxial static loading conditions and ii) cyclic uniaxial loading of the biaxially-constrained constructs before and after a change in loading direction, with use of the Flexcell FX4000T loading device. Time-lapse confocal imaging is used to visualize collagen (re)orientation in a nondestructive manner.
Cell and collagen organization in the constructs can be visualized in real-time, and an internal reference system allows us to relocate cells and collagen structures for time-lapse analysis. Various aspects of the model system can be adjusted, like cell source or use of healthy and diseased cells. Additives can be used to further elucidate mechanisms underlying collagen remodeling, by for example adding MMPs or blocking integrins. Shape and size of the construct can be easily adapted to specific needs, resulting in a highly tunable model system to study cell and collagen (re)organization.

This model system starts from a myofibroblast-populated fibrin gel that can be used to study endogenous collagen (re)organization real-time in a nondestructive manner. The model system is very tunable, as it can be used with different cell sources, medium additives, and can be adapted easily to specific needs.

Engenharia baseada em fibrina construções de tecido de miofibroblastos e de aplicação de restrições e tensão para induzir a organização das células e colágeno (Re)

Collagen content and organization in developing collagenous tissues can be influenced by local tissue strains and tissue constraint. Tissue engineers aim ...

Long-term Intravital Immunofluorescence Imaging of Tissue Matrix Components with Epifluorescence and Two-photon Microscopy

Besides being a physical scaffold to maintain tissue morphology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is actively involved in regulating cell and tissue function during development and organ homeostasis. It does so by acting via biochemical, biomechanical, and biophysical signaling pathways, such as through the release of bioactive ECM protein fragments, regulating tissue tension, and providing pathways for cell migration. The extracellular matrix of the tumor microenvironment undergoes substantial remodeling, characterized by the degradation, deposition and organization of fibrillar and non-fibrillar matrix proteins. Stromal stiffening of the tumor microenvironment can promote tumor growth and invasion, and cause remodeling of blood and lymphatic vessels. Live imaging of matrix proteins, however, to this point is limited to fibrillar collagens that can be detected by second harmonic generation using multi-photon microscopy, leaving the majority of matrix components largely invisible. Here we describe procedures for tumor inoculation in the thin dorsal ear skin, immunolabeling of extracellular matrix proteins and intravital imaging of the exposed tissue in live mice using epifluorescence and two-photon microscopy. Our intravital imaging method allows for the direct detection of both fibrillar and non-fibrillar matrix proteins in the context of a growing dermal tumor. We show examples of vessel remodeling caused by local matrix contraction. We also found that fibrillar matrix of the tumor detected with the second harmonic generation is spatially distinct from newly deposited matrix components such as tenascin C. We also showed long-term (12 hours) imaging of T-cell interaction with tumor cells and tumor cells migration along the collagen IV of basement membrane. Taken together, this method uniquely allows for the simultaneous detection of tumor cells, their physical microenvironment and the endogenous tissue immune response over time, which may provide important insights into the mechanisms underlying tumor progression and ultimate success or resistance to therapy.

The extracellular matrix undergoes substantial remodeling during wound healing, inflammation and tumorigenesis. We present a novel intravital immunofluorescence microscopy approach to visualize the dynamics of fibrillar as well as mesh-like matrix components with high spatial and temporal resolution using epifluorescence or two-photon microscopy.

Longo prazo intravital Imunofluorescência imagem do tecido componentes da matriz com epifluorescência e microscopia de dois fótons

Besides being a physical scaffold to maintain tissue morphology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is actively involved in regulating cell and tissue ...

Sandwich-like Microenvironments to Harness Cell/Material Interactions

Cell culture has been traditionally carried out on bi-dimensional (2D) substrates where cells adhere using ventral receptors to the biomaterial surface. However in vivo, most of the cells are completely surrounded by the extracellular matrix (ECM), resulting in a three-dimensional (3D) distribution of receptors. This may trigger differences in the outside-in signaling pathways and thus in cell behavior.
This article shows that stimulating the dorsal receptors of cells already adhered to a 2D substrate by overlaying a film of a new material (a sandwich-like culture) triggers important changes with respect to standard 2D cultures. Furthermore, the simultaneous excitation of ventral and dorsal receptors shifts cell behavior closer to that found in 3D environments. Additionally, due to the nature of the system, a sandwich-like culture is a versatile tool that allows the study of different parameters in cell/material interactions, e.g., topography, stiffness and different protein coatings at both the ventral and dorsal sides. Finally, since sandwich-like cultures are based on 2D substrates, several analysis procedures already developed for standard 2D cultures can be used normally, overcoming more complex procedures needed for 3D systems.

The following protocol describes the procedure to assemble sandwich-like cultures to be used as an intermediate stage between bi-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cellular environments. The engineered systems can have applications in microscopy, biomechanics, biochemistry and cell biology assays.

Microambientes sanduíche-como aproveitarar Telemóveis / interações materiais

Cell culture has been traditionally carried out on bi-dimensional (2D) substrates where cells adhere using ventral receptors to the biomaterial surface. ...

In Vitro Model of Physiological and Pathological Blood Flow with Application to Investigations of Vascular Cell Remodeling

Vascular disease is a common cause of death within the United States. Herein, we present a method to examine the contribution of flow dynamics towards vascular disease pathologies. Unhealthy arteries often present with wall stiffening, scarring, or partial stenosis which may all affect fluid flow rates, and the magnitude of pulsatile flow, or pulsatility index. Replication of various flow conditions is the result of tuning a flow pressure damping chamber downstream of a blood pump. Introduction of air within a closed flow system allows for a compressible medium to absorb pulsatile pressure from the pump, and therefore vary the pulsatility index. The method described herein is simply reproduced, with highly controllable input, and easily measurable results. Some limitations are recreation of the complex physiological pulse waveform, which is only approximated by the system. Endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts are affected by the blood flow through the artery. The dynamic component of blood flow is determined by the cardiac output and arterial wall compliance. Vascular cell mechano-transduction of flow dynamics may trigger cytokine release and cross-talk between cell types within the artery. Co-culture of vascular cells is a more accurate picture reflecting cell-cell interaction on the blood vessel wall and vascular response to mechanical signaling. Contribution of flow dynamics, including the cell response to the dynamic and mean (or steady) components of flow, is therefore an important metric in determining disease pathology and treatment efficacy. Through introducing an in vitro co-culture model and pressure damping downstream of blood pump which produces simulated cardiac output, various arterial disease pathologies may be investigated.

In Vitro Model of Physiological and Pathological Blood Flow with Application to Investigations of Vascular Cell Remodeling

This protocol replicates physiological or pathological blood flow in vitro to aid in determining cell response in disease pathologies. By introducing a pressure damping chamber downstream of a blood pump, blood flow across the vasculature can be recapitulated and imposed on a monolayer of vascular endothelium or a mimetic co-culture.

In Vitro Modelo de fisiológicos e patológicos fluxo de sangue com aplicativos para Investigações de Reformas celular Vascular

Vascular disease is a common cause of death within the United States. Herein, we present a method to examine the contribution of flow dynamics towards ...

Tissue Engineering by Intrinsic Vascularization in an In Vivo Tissue Engineering Chamber

In reconstructive surgery, there is a clinical need for an alternative to the current methods of autologous reconstruction which are complex, costly and trade one defect for another. Tissue engineering holds the promise to address this increasing demand. However, most tissue engineering strategies fail to generate stable and functional tissue substitutes because of poor vascularization. This paper focuses on an in vivo tissue engineering chamber model of intrinsic vascularization where a perfused artery and a vein either as an arteriovenous loop or a flow-through pedicle configuration is directed inside a protected hollow chamber. In this chamber-based system angiogenic sprouting occurs from the arteriovenous vessels and this system attracts ischemic and inflammatory driven endogenous cell migration which gradually fills the chamber space with fibro-vascular tissue. Exogenous cell/matrix implantation at the time of chamber construction enhances cell survival and determines specificity of the engineered tissues which develop. Our studies have shown that this chamber model can successfully generate different tissues such as fat, cardiac muscle, liver and others. However, modifications and refinements are required to ensure target tissue formation is consistent and reproducible. This article describes a standardized protocol for the fabrication of two different vascularized tissue engineering chamber models in vivo.

Tissue Engineering by Intrinsic Vascularization in an In Vivo Tissue Engineering Chamber

This is a guideline for constructing in vivo vascularized tissue using a microsurgical arteriovenous loop or a flow-through pedicle configuration inside a tissue engineering chamber. The vascularized tissues generated can be employed for organ regeneration and replacement of tissue defects, as well as for drug testing and disease modeling.

Engenharia de Tecidos por Intrínseca Vascularização numa<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Câmara Engenharia de Tecidos

In reconstructive surgery, there is a clinical need for an alternative to the current methods of autologous reconstruction which are complex, costly and ...