Somos gratos ao Dr. Magdalena Götz para ela de entrada durante o desenvolvimento deste protocolo. Agradecemos ao Dr. Marius Wernig (Universidade de Stanford) para generosamente nos fornecer a sequência codificante sox2. Estamos também muito gratos ao Dr. Alexandra Lepier para a produção de vírus. Este trabalho foi apoiado por subsídios da Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (BE 4182/2-2) eo BMBF (01GN1009A) para BB, eo Estado Ministério de Ciências da Baviera, Investigação e das Artes para MK e BBCS recebeu financiamento da binacional SYSTHER- Instituto Virtual INREMOS (Ministérios Federal alemão e esloveno de Educação e Pesquisa) e da DFG (SFB 824).

1. Isolamento e cultura de células adultas do cérebro humano Experimentos envolvendo tecido humano deve ser realizado em conformidade com todas as regulamentações governamentais e institucionais relevantes em relação ao uso de material humano para fins de pesquisa. O presente protocolo foi desenvolvido de acordo com a aprovação do comitê de ética da Faculdade de Medicina da LMU de Munique e consentimento informado por escrito de todos os pacientes. Este protocolo de preparação de culturas do adulto córtex cerebral humano foi estabelecida utilizando amostras de pacientes de ambos os sexos que sofrem de epilepsia do lobo temporal ou outras lesões profundas não traumáticas, não-malignas. O tecido obtido a partir da sala de cirurgia, composto exclusivamente o canal de acesso à lesão cerebral e, portanto, é considerado saudável. A faixa etária dos pacientes foi de 19-70 anos. <ol><li> Preparar o meio de crescimento por adição de soro fetal de vitelo inactivado pelo calor(FCS) para DMEM de alto teor de glucose com GlutaMAX para obter uma concentração final de 20% de FCS. Adicionar 5 mL de penicilina / estreptomicina a um total de 500 ml de meio de crescimento. Realize esta e todas as etapas subseqüentes que requerem condições de cultura estéreis em uma capela de fluxo laminar adequada. </li><li> Manter a biópsia do cérebro humano adulto obtido a partir da sala de operações, em solução salina equilibrada de Hanks com CaCl 2 e MgCl 2 (HBSS) médio incluindo HEPES (10 mM, concentração final) em gelo, até que o processamento. Iniciar o processamento, logo que possível. </li><li> Para iniciar a dissociação em células individuais, a transferência do tecido para dentro de uma placa de petri de 65 milímetros e mediu-se em pequenos pedaços, utilizando dois bisturis estéreis de uso único. Para a digestão enzimática usar 3-6 ml TrypLE em um tubo de 15 ml e incubar durante 15-30 minutos a 37 ° C em um banho de água. </li><li> Adicionar 1 volume de meio de crescimento pré-aquecido para facilitar a dissociação e tritura-se suavemente a solução contendo pedaços de tecido para cima e para baixo usando primeiro5 uma pipeta descartável ml, seguido usando uma pipeta de Pasteur de vidro, até a homogeneização da suspensão de células. Tipicamente, alguns pedaços de tecido residual, que consistem principalmente de matéria branca, irá permanecer em suspensão. </li><li> Girar a 157 xg durante 5 min e ressuspender o sedimento na quantidade apropriada de meio de crescimento (10 ml por frasco de cultura T75 não revestido). Use uma garrafa de cultura T75 para uma biópsia de 5-10 mm de diâmetro em tamanho e extrapolar isso no caso de espécimes maiores. </li><li> Colocar as células em uma incubadora a 37 ° C com 5% de CO2 e 5% de O2. </li><li> Substituir metade do meio em cada 3-4 dias até que as células atingiram a confluência. Isso normalmente leva até duas semanas (chamados de passagem 0 [P0]). </li></ol> 2. Expansão in vitro e caracterização de células adultas do cérebro humano <ol><li> Em expansão in vitro: <ol><li> Aspirar o meio de cultura e lava-se com solução salina tamponada com fosfato (PBS), mantidas à temperatura temperature, antes de acrescentar 3 ml TrypLE. </li><li> Incubar a 37 ° C, durante 5-10 min, até que a maioria das células independente. Bata levemente os frascos para facilitar o levantamento das células; após a adição de 3 volumes de meio de crescimento, a transferência das células para um tubo de 15 ml e girar a 157 xg durante 5 minutos e voltar a suspender as células na quantidade apropriada de meio de crescimento. </li><li> Passagem das células a uma razão de 1:3 para o rendimento óptimo em novos frascos de cultura de células T75. Nota: Nós passadas estas células até P5 sem quaisquer sinais de redução da eficiência de reprogramação. Enquanto no P0 a cultura contém uma fracção considerável de células endoteliais (como avaliado por expressão de CD34), em passagens subsequentes o seu número torna-se insignificante. </li></ol></li><li> Caracterização de culturas de cérebro de seres humanos adultos: <ol><li> Imunocitoquímica: <ol><li> Para caracterização das células, sementes ~ 60.000 células em poli D-revestido-lisina-tampa de vidro desliza em 500 mL fresco mediu o crescimentom em placas de 24 cavidades de cultura de tecidos e incubar a 37 ° C com 5% de CO2 e 5% de O2. </li><li> Para análise imunocitoquímica das células cerebrais humanas cultivadas remover o meio e lava-3x com 1 ml de PBS. </li><li> Fixar as células por adição de 500 uL de paraformaldeído a 4% em PBS durante 15 min à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Transferir a tampa de vidro desliza numa câmara humidificada a coloração adequada e bloquear com 80 ul de PBS contendo 3% de albumina de soro bovino (BSA) e 0,5% de Triton X-100 durante 1 hora à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Adicionar anticorpos primários diluídos na mesma solução para os factores de diluição (ver tabela de reagentes e equipamentos específicos) e incubar durante a noite a 4 ° C ou 1 hora a temperatura ambiente. Nota: Uma fração substancial mas variando de células na sua fase de cultivo são imunorreactivos para crescimento β receptor do factor derivado das plaquetas (PDGFRβ), aglomerado de diferenciação 146 (CD146), NG2 sulfato de condroitina proteoglicanos e actina de músculo liso (SMA), ou seja, marcadores característicos de pericitos associados-microvasos. Apenas uma minoria (&lt;1%) expressam os marcadores astrogliais proteína glial fibrilar ácida (GFAP) e S100β. Além disso, nesta fase, a cultura deve ser desprovida de quaisquer células que expressam o marcador neuronal βIII-tubulina. Use várias combinações de anticorpos primário para co-rotulagem de marcadores diferentes. Outra confirmação da expressão de marcadores gliais, neuronais, endoteliais e pericitos pode ser obtido por transcrição reversa e em tempo real da reacção em cadeia da polimerase quantitativa (não descritas neste protocolo). </li><li> Após a incubação com os anticorpos primários lavar três vezes com 1 ml de PBS e adicionar os anticorpos secundários correspondentes (em diluições apropriadas) para a solução de coloração e incubar 1 hora à temperatura ambiente no escuro. Lave as células 3x com PBS. Se necessário, antes da montagem incluir a coloração com DAPI, durante 5 min a salatemperatura. </li><li> Use antifading meio de montagem e analisar as lamínulas usando um microscópio de epifluorescência ou um microscópio confocal. </li></ol></li><li> Citometria de fluxo: <ol><li> Para análise de expressão do marcador de superfície utilizando citometria de fluxo, as células crescer até à confluência em T25 T75 não revestidos ou frascos de cultura de células. </li><li> Separar as células usando TrypLE como descrito antes e ressuspender em solução de coloração que consiste em PBS + BSA a 0,5%. Por reacção de coloração, ressuspender 100.000-200.000 células em 100 ul de solução de coloração. Prepare reações de coloração individuais por anticorpo utilizado (CD146-FITC, CD140b-PE, CD34-APC, CD13-FITC, os anticorpos isotipo controle respectivas). </li><li> Adicionar anticorpos fluorocromo-conjugados com cada solução de coloração (por diluições ver tabela de reagentes e equipamentos específicos) directamente para a suspensão de células e incubar a 4 ° C durante 30 minutos no escuro. </li><li> Lave as células três vezes com 500 mL PBS e girar entre cadapasso de lavagem a 157 g durante 5 min. </li><li> Ressuspender o sedimento celular em 0,5-1 ml de solução de coloração e de transferência de células através de um coador de células (70 mM) para tubos FACS. Proteger a amostra da exposição à luz. </li><li> Amostras Vortex antes de colocá-los no instrumento FACS. </li><li> Para analisar as células vivas e excluir detritos celulares e agregados, portão para FSC-A e SSC-A. Dupletos celulares são especificamente fechado pelo FSC-A e FSC-W. Para determinar as condições de propagação certas para os marcadores de superfície celular estabelecidos os portões com controle de anticorpo de isotipo conjugado com o respectivo fluorocromo. Em seguida, determinar a proporção de células ligadas a anticorpos. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 3. Enriquecimento de células pericyte derivados por fluorescência celular ativado Classificando <ol><li> Purifica-se a população de células pericitos (ressuspensas em meio de crescimento), antes de transdução através de separação FACS usando um bico de 70 um. Use CD34-APC, em combinação com o CD140b-PE e CD146-FITC selecionar para pericitos. Classificar por, células-CD140b e CD146-CD34 positivo-negativo. </li><li> Recolher as células seleccionadas em meio de crescimento e placa sobre poli-D-lisina-revestidas tampa de vidro desliza em placas de cultura de tecidos de 24 poços e incuba-se a 37 ° C com 5% de CO2 e 5% de O2. </li><li> 48 h após triagem substituir o meio com meio de crescimento fresco e realizar a transdução, conforme descrito no Protocolo no 4. </li></ol> 4. Retroviral transdução de células pericyte derivados e Reprogramação em neurônios induzidos Nota: Consulte as diretrizes de biossegurança locais ao manipular partículas retrovirais. Na Alemanha, o uso dos retrovírus empregadas aqui requerem nível de biossegurança 2. Para a produção de partículas retrovirais consulte protocolo 6. Para construções retrovirais utilizados para a reprogramação, referem-se a Karow et al. (2012). Os retrovírus foram pseudotipados com VSV-G (vírus da estomatite vesicular-glicoproteína) 5. Para a produção consulte Gavrilescu et al 6. <ol><li> 24 h antes da semente de transdução retroviral ~ 60.000 células nas poli-D-lisina-revestidas tampa de vidro desliza em 500 ul de meio de crescimento fresco, em placas de 24 poços de cultura de tecidos e incubar a 37 ° C com 5% de CO2 e 5% de O2 . </li><li> No dia seguinte, substituir o meio de crescimento com 500 mL fresco, meio de crescimento pré-aquecido e adicionar 1 ml dos respectivos sobrenadantes concentrados contendo partículas retrovirais (pCAG-IRES-DsRed para o controle, especialmente durante o estabelecimento do protocolo no laboratório), pCAG-ascl1 -IRES-DsRed, pCAG-sox2-IRES-GFP. </li><li> Um dia mais tarde, remover o meio, incluindo as partículas virais a partir das células e adicionar 1 ml de fresco, pré-aquecido de meio B27-diferenciação, composta por 49 ml de DMEM com alto teor de glucose GlutaMAX e 1 ml de suplemento de B27 isento de soro. Manter as células em cultura a 37 ° C em 5% De CO2 e 5% de O 2 durante 4-8 semanas, sem alterar o meio como as mudanças de meio repetitivas tornar prejudiciais como iNs amadurecer. </li></ol> 5. Caracterização de neurónios induzida por imunocitoquímica <ol><li> Para determinar a identidade celular das células transduzidas, em particular, para demonstrar a aquisição do fenótipo neuronal, realizar imunocitoquímica contra antigénios neuronais, tais como BIII-tubulina, MAP2, e NeuN (para os anticorpos e as respectivas diluições, ver tabela de reagentes específicos e Equipamento; seguem o mesmo procedimento como indicado em 2.2.1). </li><li> Para melhorar a maturação de PdiNs, co-cultura destas células com os neurônios derivados de E14 rato córtex cerebral. Para este fim, dissecar o córtex cerebral e dissociar o tecido mecanicamente com uma pipeta Pasteur de vidro polido ao fogo. Adicionar 10,000-50,000 neurónios murino para as culturas de células derivadas de pericitos 2-3 semanas a seguir a transdução com SOX2 e ascl1 codificam retroviruses e continuar cultivo. As células transduzidas podem ser distinguidas a partir de neurónios de murino por sua repórter (GFP e dsRed) expressão, quer por epifluorescência vivo ou após a imunocitoquímica para GFP e dsRed. </li><li> Para avaliar a formação de sinapses para PdiNs por neurônios murino, realizar imunocitoquímica contra receptores de neurotransmissores vesiculares, como glutamato vesicular transportador 1 (VGLUT1). </li><li> Sonda células transduzidas para suas propriedades elétricas (ou seja, a capacidade de gerar potenciais de ação) eo estabelecimento de sinapses funcionais por patch-clamp eletrofisiologia. Para mais informações sobre o procedimento de ver Heinrich et al. (2011). </li></ol>

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O presente protocolo descreve a expansão in vitro e de enriquecimento de células derivadas de pericitos após isolamento a partir do córtex cerebral humano adulto e a posterior conversão em iNs por expressão mediada por retrovirus da transcrição neurogénica factores Sox2 e Ascl1. Tal proporciona um protocolo experimental de sistema in vitro para estudar a linhagem de conversão das células cerebrais residente em neurónios e células gliais, também, potencialmente, com o objectivo em mente qu...

Ao contrário de reprogramação de células somáticas em células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas (iPSCs), que por sua vez são dotados de uma infinidade de potenciais de diferenciação, reprogramação direta visa a conversão direta de um tipo específico de célula para outra. No que diz respeito à sua aplicação no contexto de modelagem de doenças e terapias baseadas em células potenciais, ambas as abordagens de reprogramação têm vantagens e desvantagens específicas. Reprogramação em iPSCs (i) fornece uma fonte virtualmente infinita de células; (Ii) permite a engenharia genética; (Iii) dota com um potencial de diferenciação quase ilimitada. No entanto, as principais desvantagens de iPSCs implicar o risco de tumorigenicidade das células indiferenciadas (formação de teratoma, in vivo) e a necessidade de cultivo ex vivo e subsequente transplante se estas células são para ser utilizadas para as terapias à base de células. Por outro lado, a linhagem-reprogramação directa é limitada pelo baixo rendimento das células desejadaso que se correlaciona directamente com o número de células alvo a partir da população, mas possui a vantagem de que as células da linhagem reprogramado parecem apresentar qualquer risco tumorigénico mediante transplante 1,2; Além disso, a reprogramação directa pode mesmo ser alcançado in situ, ou seja, dentro do órgão onde seriam necessários estas células, evitando assim a necessidade de transplante. Com isto em mente, o nosso laboratório tem buscado a possibilidade de células cerebrais residente reprogramação de linhagem em iNs como uma nova abordagem para terapias à base de células de doenças neurodegenerativas. As células do cérebro residente que pode ser potencialmente considerados alvos celulares para linhagem-reprogramação compreendem diferentes tipos de macroglia (astrócitos, células NG2 e oligodendrócitos), microglia e células-associados microvasos (células endoteliais e pericitos). Temos estudado extensivamente o potencial de reprogramação in vitro de astroglia da cor cerebraltex de início de ratos pós-natal 3-5. Em busca de fontes de células semelhante adequados para linhagem-reprogramação direta no cérebro humano adulto, encontramos uma população de células que podem ser reprogramadas com sucesso em ins e marcas de exposição de pericitos. Aqui, descrevemos um protocolo de como a colheita destas células a partir de biópsias de cérebro de seres humanos adultos, para expandir e enriquecer as células, in vitro, e, finalmente, reprogramar com êxito uma fração substancial destas células in vitro expandido (no intervalo de 25-30%) em ins. A reprogramação pode ser alcançado por co-expressão simultânea mediada por retrovírus de dois factores de transcrição, e sox2 ascl1. Estes PdiNs foram encontrados para adquirir a capacidade de ação repetitiva potencial de queima e de servir como alvos sinápticas para outros neurônios, indicando a sua capacidade de integração em redes neurais. Nosso protocolo fornece um procedimento simples para a conversão de isolamento e linhagem de pericitos cerebrais humanas adultas em Ins. </p&gt;

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="320">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:80px;">anti-CD140b-PE</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">558821</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">use 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:80px;">anti-CD146-FITC</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">AbD Serotec</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">MCA2141FT</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">use 1:100</td>
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		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:80px;">anti-CD13-FITC</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">AbD Serotec</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">MVA1270A488T</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">use 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:80px;">anti-CD34-APC</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">560940</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">use 1:100</td>
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		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:80px;">anti-PDGFR&#946;</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Cell Signaling</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">3169S</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">use 1:200</td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:80px;">anti-CD146</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Ab75769</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">use 1:400</td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:80px;">anti-NG2</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">AB5320</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">use 1:400</td>
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		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:80px;">anti-SMA</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">A2547</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">use 1:400</td>
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		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:80px;">anti-&#946;III-tubulin</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">T8660</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">use 1:400</td>
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		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:80px;">anti-MAP2</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">M4403</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">use 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:80px;">anti-GFAP</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">G3893</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">use 1:600</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:80px;">anti-GFP</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Aves Labs</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">GFP 10-20</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">use 1:1000</td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:80px;">anti-RFP</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Chromotek</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">5F8</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">use 1:500</td>
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		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:80px;">anti-S100&#946;</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">S2532</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">use 1:300</td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:80px;">anti-NeuN</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">MAB377</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">use 1:200</td>
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		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:80px;">anti-GABA</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">A2052</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">use 1:500</td>
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		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:80px;">anti-Calretinin</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">AB5054</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">use 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:80px;">anti-vGluT1</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">SYnaptic SYstems</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">135511</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">use 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="85">
			<td height="85" style="height:85px;width:80px;">Rat IgG1 isotype control FITC</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">AbD Serotec</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">11-4301-81</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">use 1:100</td>
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		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:80px;">Rat IgG1 isotype control PE</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">AbD Serotec</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">12-4301-81</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">use 1:100</td>
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		<tr height="85">
			<td height="85" style="height:85px;width:80px;">Rat IgG1 isotype control APC</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">AbD Serotec</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">17-4301-81</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">use 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:80px;">TrypLE</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">12605-010</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
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		<tr height="85">
			<td height="85" style="height:85px;width:80px;">DMEM, high glucose, GlutaMAX</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">61965</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
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			<td height="85" style="height:85px;width:80px;">B27 serum-free supplement</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">17504044</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
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		<tr height="148">
			<td height="148" style="height:148px;width:80px;">fetal calf serum</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">10106-169</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">perform heat inactivation by incubation at 56 &#176;C for 30 min</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:80px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">15140122</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
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		<tr height="106">
			<td height="106" style="height:106px;width:80px;">HBSS (Hanks Balanced Salt Solution)</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">24020-091</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="198">
			<td height="198" style="height:198px;width:80px;">Dulbecco&#39;s PBS without CaCl2 and MgCl2 (D-PBS, 1&#215;; Invitrogen, cat. no. 14190)</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">14190</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:80px;">HEPES&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">H3375</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
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		<tr height="85">
			<td height="85" style="height:85px;width:80px;">Poly-D-lysine hydrobromide (PDL)</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">P0899</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:80px;">PFA (paraformaldehyde)</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">P1648</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:80px;">Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">A9418</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:80px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">T9284</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="106">
			<td height="106" style="height:106px;width:80px;">DAPI (4&#8242;,6-Diamidin-2-phenylindole) dilactate</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">042M4005</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:80px;">Aqua-Poly/Mount</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Polysciences</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">18606-20</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="85">
			<td height="85" style="height:85px;width:80px;">Polypropylene round-bottom tubes&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">352063</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="148">
			<td height="148" style="height:148px;width:80px;">Polystyrene round-bottom tubes with cell-strainer cap&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">352235</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:80px;">24-well plates</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Orange Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">5530305</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="67">
			<td height="67" style="height:67px;width:80px;">75 cm2 culture flasks</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">658175</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="67">
			<td height="67" style="height:67px;width:80px;">25 cm2 culture flasks</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">690175</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:80px;">Disposable pipettes 10 ml</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td align="center" style="width:80px;">#########</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="85">
			<td height="85" style="height:85px;width:80px;">Glass Pasteur pipettes (150 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">FB50251</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="85">
			<td height="85" style="height:85px;width:80px;">Glass coverslips 12 mm diameter</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Menzel</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">CB00120RA1</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:80px;">Surgical disposable scalpels&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">B. Braun</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">5518083</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:80px;">Tissue culture dishes&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">633180</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:80px;">Conical tubes 15ml</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">352095</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:80px;">Laminar flow hood</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="169">
			<td height="169" style="height:169px;width:80px;">Centrifuge and swing-out rotor with adapters for 15 ml and 50 ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Hettich Lab Technology</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">1406</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="148">
			<td height="148" style="height:148px;width:80px;">Flow cytometry cell sorter: FACSAria l with FACSDiva software&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:80px;">Humified cell culture incubator</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Eppendorf Galaxy 170R</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:80px;">Wather bath at 37 &#176;C</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:80px;">FACSFlow sheath fluid&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">342003</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="85">
			<td height="85" style="height:85px;width:80px;">Epifluorescence microscope BX61</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:80px;">Confocal microscope LSM710</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

lineage-reprogramming of pericyte-derived cells of the adult human brain into induced neurons

Direto linhagem-reprogramação de células não-neuronais em neurônios induzidos (INS) pode fornecer insights sobre os mecanismos moleculares subjacentes a neurogênese e permitir novas estratégias de modelagem in vitro ou a reparar o cérebro doente. Identificar os tipos de células não-neuronais do cérebro residente passíveis de conversão direta em iNs pode permitir o lançamento de uma tal abordagem in situ, ou seja, dentro do tecido cerebral danificado. Aqui, descrevemos um protocolo desenvolvido na tentativa de identificar células derivadas de cérebro humano adulto que cumprir esta premissa. Este protocolo envolve: (1) a cultura de células humanas a partir do córtex cerebral obtido a partir de biópsias de cérebro humano adulto; (2) a expansão in vitro (aproximadamente exigindo 2-4 semanas) e a caracterização da cultura, por imunocitoquímica e citometria de fluxo; (3) o enriquecimento de células activadas por fluorescência (FACS) utilizando anticorpos anti-PDGF receptor β e os anticorpos anti-CD146;(4) a transdução mediada por retrovírus com a transcrição neurogénica factores sox2 e ascl1; (5) e, finalmente, a caracterização dos neurónios resultantes derivados de pericitos induzidas (PdiNs) por imunocitoquímica (14 dias a 8 semanas após a transdução retroviral). Nesta fase, ins podem ser sondado por suas propriedades elétricas por gravação patch-clamp. Este protocolo fornece um procedimento altamente reprodutível para a conversão linhagem in vitro de pericitos cerebrais residente em iNs humanos funcionais.

O primeiro resultado deste protocolo após o estabelecimento com sucesso de uma cultura a partir de um espécime de adulto humano córtex cerebral consiste na identificação da composição da cultura celular. Imunocitoquímica para as proteínas específicas do tipo de célula, revela um elevado grau de heterogeneidade entre as culturas derivadas de uma amostra de pacientes diferentes (Figura 1A). Quantificada por citometria de fluxo, há sempre uma fracção substancial de células que expressam PDGF...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lineage-reprogramming of Pericyte-derived Cells of the Adult Human Brain into Induced Neurons at JoVE.com

Lineage-reprogramming of Pericyte-derived Cells of the Adult Human Brain into Induced Neurons

Segmentação células cerebrais residente linhagem-reprogramação direta oferece novas perspectivas de reparação do cérebro. Aqui nós descrevemos um protocolo de como preparar culturas enriquecido para pericitos cerebrais residente do córtex cerebral humano adulto e convertê-las em neurônios induzidos pela expressão mediada por retrovírus de fatores de transcrição Sox2 e Ascl1.

Lineage-reprogramação de células pericyte derivados do Adulto Cérebro Humano em neurônios induzidos

Direct lineage-reprogramming of non-neuronal cells into induced neurons (iNs) may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying neurogenesis ...

lineage-reprogramming-pericyte-derived-cells-adult-human-brain-into

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.2K visualizações.  Ludwig Maximilians University Munich.  Segmentação células cerebrais residente linhagem-reprogramação direta oferece novas perspectivas de reparação do cérebro. Aqui nós descrevemos um protocolo de como preparar culturas enriquecido para pericitos cerebrais residente do córtex cerebral humano adulto e convertê-las em neurônios induzidos pela expressão mediada por retrovírus de fatores de transcrição Sox2 e Ascl1. 

Vídeo: Lineage-reprogramming of Pericyte-derived Cells of the Adult Human Brain into Induced Neurons

Studying the Integration of Adult-born Neurons

Neurogenesis occurs in adult mammalian brains in the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and in the sub-granular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus throughout life. Previous reports have shown that adult hippocampal neurogenesis is associated with diverse brain disorders, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, depression and anxiety (1). Deciphering the process of normal and aberrant adult-born neuron integration may shed light on the etiology of these diseases and inform the development of new therapies.
SGZ adult neurogenesis mirrors embryonic and post-natal neuronal development, including stages of fate specification, migration, synaptic integration, and maturation. However, full integration occurs over a prolonged, 6-week period. Initial synaptic input to adult-born SGZ dentate granule cells (DGCs) is GABAergic, followed by glutamatergic input at 14 days (2). The specific factors which regulate circuit formation of adult-born neurons in the dentate gyrus are currently unknown.
Our laboratory uses a replication-deficient retroviral vector based on the Moloney murine leukemia virus to deliver fluorescent proteins and hypothesized regulatory genes to these proliferating cells. This viral technique provides high specificity and resolution for analysis of cell birth date, lineage, morphology, and synaptogenesis.
A typical experiment often employs two or three viruses containing unique label, transgene, and promoter elements for single-cell analysis of a desired developmental process in vivo. The following protocol describes a method for analyzing functional newborn neuron integration using a single green (GFP) or red (dTomato) fluorescent protein retrovirus and patch-clamp electrophysiology.

A way to study the integration of newborn dentate granule cells in adult animals is described. This technique uses an engineered retrovirus to label newborn neurons, followed by electrophysiological recordings to determine in vivo functional integration.

Estudar a Integração da Adult-nascido Neurônios

Neurogenesis occurs in adult mammalian brains in the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and in the sub-granular zone (SGZ) of the ...

Neurociência

The Specification of Telencephalic Glutamatergic Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Here, a stepwise procedure for efficiently generating telencephalic glutamatergic neurons from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) has been described. The differentiation process is initiated by breaking the human PSCs into clumps which round up to form aggregates when the cells are placed in a suspension culture. The aggregates are then grown in hESC medium from days 1-4 to allow for spontaneous differentiation. During this time, the cells have the capacity to become any of the three germ layers. From days 5-8, the cells are placed in a neural induction medium to push them into the neural lineage. Around day 8, the cells are allowed to attach onto 6 well plates and differentiate during which time the neuroepithelial cells form. These neuroepithelial cells can be isolated at day 17. The cells can then be kept as neurospheres until they are ready to be plated onto coverslips. Using a basic medium without any caudalizing factors, neuroepithelial cells are specified into telencephalic precursors, which can then be further differentiated into dorsal telencephalic progenitors and glutamatergic neurons efficiently. Overall, our system provides a tool to generate human glutamatergic neurons for researchers to study the development of these neurons and the diseases which affect them.

This procedure yields telencephalic neurons by going through checkpoints which are similar to those observed during human development. The cells are allowed to spontaneously differentiate, are exposed to factors which push them towards the neural lineage, are isolated, and are plated onto coverslips to allow for terminal differentiation and maturation.

A especificação de telencefálicos neurónios glutamatérgicos de células-tronco pluripotentes humanas

Here, a stepwise procedure for efficiently generating telencephalic glutamatergic neurons from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) has been described. The ...

Derivation of Adult Human Fibroblasts and their Direct Conversion into Expandable Neural Progenitor Cells

Generation of&#160;induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) from adult skin fibroblasts and subsequent differentiation into somatic cells provides fascinating prospects for the derivation of autologous transplants that circumvent histocompatibility barriers. However, progression through a pluripotent state and subsequent complete differentiation into desired lineages remains a roadblock for the clinical translation of iPSC technology because of the associated neoplastic potential and genomic instability. Recently, we and others showed that somatic cells cannot only be converted into iPSCs but also into different types of multipotent somatic stem cells by using defined factors, thereby circumventing progression through the pluripotent state. In particular, the direct conversion of human fibroblasts into induced neural progenitor cells (iNPCs) heralds the possibility of a novel autologous cell source for various applications such as cell replacement, disease modeling and drug screening. Here, we describe the isolation of adult human primary fibroblasts by skin biopsy and their efficient direct conversion into iNPCs by timely restricted expression of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, as well as c-Myc. Sox2-positive neuroepithelial colonies appear after 17 days of induction and iNPC lines can be established efficiently by monoclonal isolation and expansion. Precise adjustment of viral multiplicity of infection and supplementation of leukemia inhibitory factor during the induction phase represent critical factors to achieve conversion efficiencies of up to 0.2%. Thus far, patient-specific iNPC lines could be expanded for more than 12 passages and uniformly display morphological and molecular features of neural stem/progenitor cells, such as the expression of Nestin and Sox2. The iNPC lines can be differentiated into neurons and astrocytes as judged by staining against TUJ1 and GFAP, respectively. In conclusion, we report a robust protocol for the derivation and direct conversion of human fibroblasts into stably expandable neural progenitor cells that might provide a cellular source for biomedical applications such as autologous neural cell replacement and disease modeling.

Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells provides fascinating prospects for the derivation of autologous transplants. However, progression through a pluripotent state and laborious re-differentiation still hinders clinical translation. Here we describe the derivation of adult human fibroblasts and their direct conversion into induced neural progenitor cells and the subsequent differentiation into neural lineages.

Derivação de adultos fibroblastos humanos e sua conversão direta em Expansível Neural células progenitoras

Generation of&#160;induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) from adult skin fibroblasts and subsequent differentiation into somatic cells provides ...

Simple Generation of a High Yield Culture of Induced Neurons from Human Adult Skin Fibroblasts

Induced neurons (iNs), the product of somatic cells directly converted to neurons, are a way to obtain patient-derived neurons from tissue that is easily accessible. Through this route, mature neurons can be obtained in a matter of a few weeks. Here, we describe a straightforward and rapid one-step protocol to obtain iNs from dermal fibroblasts obtained through biopsy samples from adult human donors. We explain each step of the process, including the maintenance of the dermal fibroblasts, the freezing procedure to build a stock of the cell line, seeding of the cells for reprogramming, as well as the culture conditions during the conversion process. In addition, we describe the preparation of glass coverslips for electrophysiological recordings, long-term coating conditions, and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). We also illustrate examples of the results to be expected. The protocol described here is easy to perform and can be applied to human fibroblasts derived from human skin biopsies from patients with various different diagnoses and ages. This protocol generates a sufficient amount of iNs which can be used for a wide array of biomedical applications, including disease modeling, drug screening, and target validation.

Direct neuronal reprogramming generates neurons that maintain the age of the starting somatic cell. Here, we describe a single vector-based method to generate induced neurons from dermal fibroblasts obtained from adult human donors.

Simples geração de uma cultura de alto rendimento de neurônios induzidas de fibroblastos de pele humana adulta

Induced neurons (iNs), the product of somatic cells directly converted to neurons, are a way to obtain patient-derived neurons from tissue that is easily ...

Conversion of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) into Functional Spinal and Cranial Motor Neurons Using PiggyBac Vectors

We describe here a method to obtain functional spinal and cranial motor neurons from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Direct conversion into motor neuron is obtained by ectopic expression of alternative modules of transcription factors, namely Ngn2, Isl1 and Lhx3 (NIL) or Ngn2, Isl1 and Phox2a (NIP). NIL and NIP specify, respectively, spinal and cranial motor neuron identity. Our protocol starts with the generation of modified iPSC lines in which NIL or NIP are stably integrated in the genome via a piggyBac transposon vector. Expression of the transgenes is then induced by doxycycline and leads, in 5 days, to the conversion of iPSCs into MN progenitors. Subsequent maturation, for 7 days, leads to homogeneous populations of spinal or cranial MNs. Our method holds several advantages over previous protocols: it is extremely rapid and simplified; it does not require viral infection or further MN isolation; it allows generating different MN subpopulations (spinal and cranial) with a remarkable degree of maturation, as demonstrated by the ability to fire trains of action potentials. Moreover, a large number of motor neurons can be obtained without purification from mixed populations. iPSC-derived spinal and cranial motor neurons can be used for in vitro modeling of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases of the motor neuron. Homogeneous motor neuron populations might represent an important resource for cell type specific drug screenings.

Conversion of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells iPSCs into Functional Spinal and Cranial Motor Neurons Using PiggyBac Vectors

This protocol allows rapid and efficient conversion of induced pluripotent stem cells into motor neurons with a spinal or cranial identity, by ectopic expression of transcription factors from inducible piggyBac vectors.

Conversão de pilhas de haste pluripotentes induzidas humanas (iPSCs) em neurônios de motor espinal e craniano funcionais usando vetores de PiggyBac

We describe here a method to obtain functional spinal and cranial motor neurons from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Direct conversion into ...

Short-Term Free-Floating Slice Cultures from the Adult Human Brain

Organotypic, or slice cultures, have been widely employed to model aspects of the central nervous system functioning in vitro. Despite the potential of slice cultures in neuroscience, studies using adult nervous tissue to prepare such cultures are still scarce, particularly those from human subjects. The use of adult human tissue to prepare slice cultures is particularly attractive to enhance the understanding of human neuropathologies, as they hold unique properties typical of the mature human brain lacking in slices produced from rodent (usually neonatal) nervous tissue. This protocol describes how to use brain tissue collected from living human donors submitted to resective brain surgery to prepare short-term, free-floating slice cultures. Procedures to maintain and perform biochemical and cell biology assays using these cultures are also presented. Representative results demonstrate that the typical human cortical lamination is preserved in slices after 4 days in vitro (DIV4), with expected presence of the main neural cell types. Moreover, slices at DIV4 undergo robust cell death when challenged with a toxic stimulus (H2O2), indicating the potential of this model to serve as a platform in cell death assays. This method, a simpler and cost-effective alternative to the widely used protocol using membrane inserts, is mainly recommended for running short-term assays aimed to unravel mechanisms of neurodegeneration behind age-associated brain diseases. Finally, although the protocol is devoted to using cortical tissue collected from patients submitted to surgical treatment of pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy, it is argued that tissue collected from other brain regions/conditions should also be considered as sources to produce similar free-floating slice cultures.

A protocol to prepare free-floating slice cultures from adult human brain is presented. The protocol is a variation of the widely used slice culture method using membrane inserts. It is simple, cost-effective, and recommended for running short-term assays aimed to unravel mechanisms of neurodegeneration behind age-associated brain diseases.

Culturas de fatias flutuantes de curto prazo do cérebro humano adulto

Organotypic, or slice cultures, have been widely employed to model aspects of the central nervous system functioning in vitro. Despite the potential of ...

Migration, Chemo-Attraction, and Co-Culture Assays for Human Stem Cell-Derived Endothelial Cells and GABAergic Neurons

Role of brain vasculature in nervous system development and etiology of brain disorders is increasingly gaining attention. Our recent studies have identified a special population of vascular cells, the periventricular endothelial cells, that play a critical role in the migration and distribution of forebrain GABAergic interneurons during embryonic development. This, coupled with their cell-autonomous functions, alludes to novel roles of periventricular endothelial cells in the pathology of neuropsychiatric disorders like schizophrenia, epilepsy, and autism. Here, we have described three different in vitro assays that collectively evaluate the functions of periventricular endothelial cells and their interaction with GABAergic interneurons. Use of these assays, particularly in a human context, will allow us to identify the link between periventricular endothelial cells and brain disorders. These assays are simple, low cost, and reproducible, and can be easily adapted to any adherent cell type.

We present three simple in vitro assays-the long-distance migration assay, the co-culture migration assay, and chemo-attraction assay-that collectively evaluate the functions of human stem cell derived periventricular endothelial cells and their interaction with GABAergic interneurons.

Migração, Quimio-Atração e Ensaios de Cocultura para Células Endoteliais derivadas de células-tronco humanas e neurônios gabaergicos

Role of brain vasculature in nervous system development and etiology of brain disorders is increasingly gaining attention. Our recent studies have ...

Obtaining Human Microglia from Adult Human Brain Tissue

Microglia are resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia play a critical role during development, in maintaining homeostasis, and during infection or injury. Several independent research groups have highlighted the central role that microglia play in autoimmune diseases, autoinflammatory syndromes and cancers. The activation of microglia in some neurological diseases may directly participate in pathogenic processes. Primary microglia are a powerful tool to understand the immune responses in the brain, cell-cell interactions and dysregulated microglia phenotypes in disease. Primary microglia mimic in vivo microglial properties better than immortalized microglial cell lines. Human adult microglia exhibit distinct properties as compared to human fetal and rodent microglia. This protocol provides an efficient method for isolation of primary microglia from adult human brain. Studying these microglia can provide critical insights into cell-cell interactions between microglia and other resident cellular populations in the CNS including, oligodendrocytes, neurons and astrocytes. Additionally, microglia from different human brains may be cultured for characterization of unique immune responses for personalized medicine and a myriad of therapeutic applications.

This protocol is an efficient, cost effective and robust method of isolating primary microglia from live, adult, human brain tissue. Isolated primary human microglia can serve as a tool for studying cellular processes in homeostasis and disease.

Obtenção de Microglia Humana de Tecido Cerebral Humano Adulto

Microglia are resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia play a critical role during development, in maintaining ...

Derivation, Expansion, Cryopreservation and Characterization of Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) can be differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to develop ex vivo cellular models for studying blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. This modified protocol provides detailed steps to derive, expand, and cryopreserve BMECs from human iPSCs using a different donor and reagents than those reported in previous protocols. iPSCs are treated with essential 6 medium for 4 days, followed by 2 days of human endothelial serum-free culture medium supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor, retinoic acid, and B27 supplement. At day 6, cells are sub-cultured onto a collagen/fibronectin matrix for 2 days. Immunocytochemistry is performed at day 8 for BMEC marker analysis using CLDN5, OCLN, TJP1, PECAM1, and SLC2A1. Western blotting is performed to confirm BMEC marker expression, and absence of SOX17, an endodermal marker. Angiogenic potential is demonstrated with a sprouting assay. Trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) is measured using chopstick electrodes and voltohmmeter starting at day 7. Efflux transporter activity for ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1 and ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 1 is measured using a multi-plate reader at day 8. Successful derivation of BMECs is confirmed by the presence of relevant cell markers, low levels of SOX17, angiogenic potential, transporter activity, and TEER values ~2000 &#937; x cm2. BMECs are expanded until day 10 before passaging onto freshly coated collagen/fibronectin plates or cryopreserved. This protocol demonstrates that iPSC-derived BMECs can be expanded and passaged at least once. However, lower TEER values and poorer localization of BMEC markers was observed after cryopreservation. BMECs can be utilized in co-culture experiments with other cell types (neurons, glia, pericytes), in three-dimensional brain models (organ-chip and hydrogel), for vascularization of brain organoids, and for studying BBB dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders.

This protocol details an adapted method to derive, expand, and cryopreserve brain microvascular endothelial cells obtained by differentiating human induced pluripotent stem cells, and to study blood brain barrier properties in an ex vivo model.

Derivação, Expansão, Criopreservação e Caracterização de Células Endoteliais Microvasculares Cerebrais de Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas Humanas

Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) can be differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to develop ex vivo cellular models ...

Generation of Human Neurons and Oligodendrocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells for Modeling Neuron-Oligodendrocyte Interactions

In Alzheimer&#8217;s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders, oligodendroglial failure is a common early pathological feature, but how it contributes to disease development and progression, particularly in the gray matter of the brain, remains largely unknown. The dysfunction of oligodendrocyte lineage cells is hallmarked by deficiencies in myelination and impaired self-renewal of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). These two defects are caused at least in part by the disruption of interactions between neuron and oligodendrocytes along the buildup of pathology. OPCs give rise to myelinating oligodendrocytes during CNS development. In the mature brain cortex, OPCs are the major proliferative cells (comprising ~5% of total brain cells) and control new myelin formation in a neural activity-dependent manner. Such neuron-to-oligodendrocyte communications are significantly understudied, especially in the context of neurodegenerative conditions such as AD, due to the lack of appropriate tools. In recent years, our group and others have made significant progress to improve currently available protocols to generate functional neurons and oligodendrocytes individually from human pluripotent stem cells. In this manuscript, we describe our optimized procedures, including the establishment of a co-culture system to model the neuron-oligodendrocyte connections. Our illustrative results suggest an unexpected contribution from OPCs/oligodendrocytes to the brain amyloidosis and synapse integrity and highlight the utility of this methodology for AD research. This reductionist approach is a powerful tool to dissect the specific hetero-cellular interactions out of the inherent complexity inside the brain. The protocols we describe here are expected to facilitate future studies on oligodendroglial defects in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration.

The neuron-glial interactions in neurodegeneration are not well understood due to inadequate tools and methods. Here, we describe optimized protocols to obtain induced neurons, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and oligodendrocytes from human pluripotent stem cells and provide examples of the values of these methods in understanding cell-type-specific contributions in Alzheimer&#8217;s disease.

Geração de neurônios humanos e oligodendrócitos a partir de células-tronco pluripotentes para modelagem de interações neurônio-oligodendrócitos

In Alzheimer&#8217;s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders, oligodendroglial failure is a common early pathological feature, but how it ...