The authors have no acknowledgments.

NOTA: Antes de realizar este procedimento, obter toda a aprovação institucional necessária e consentimento do paciente. 1. Técnica Cirúrgica <ol><li> Induzir o paciente com a anestesia geral. </li><li> Coloque linha arterial radial para monitorização da pressão arterial. </li><li> Coloque paciente em decúbito dorsal sobre a mesa da sala de operação. </li><li> Após a cabeça é preso no porta-Mayfield Cabeça utilizando técnicas padrão para uma craniotomia pterional, posicionar a cabeça de 30 ° -45 ° com o lado ipsilateral para o teto, com exceção de aneurismas da artéria comunicante anterior na qual a cabeça é colocada em 60º para permitir melhor visualização através da fissura inter-hemisférica. </li><li> Posicione a linha média do pescoço e traduzir anteriormente para maximizar a drenagem venosa jugular para evitar edema cerebral e, em seguida, estender a cabeça para posicionar o zygoma ipsilateral ao mais alto ponto de este permite o relaxamento lobo frontal e elevation do telhado orbital durante a dissecção, sem a utilização de afastadores. </li><li> Prenda o cabelo em preparação para o padrão incisão no couro cabeludo pterional; utilizar cerca de um 1-2 tira polegadas atrás da linha fina. </li><li> Esterilmente preparar a pele e armar a área cirúrgica de acordo com padrão de atendimento. </li><li> Realizar uma incisão no couro cabeludo curva padrão para uma abordagem pterional se prolonga a partir da linha média do couro cabeludo para trás da linha do cabelo, com uma curva suave posteriormente e inferiormente para o trago terminando cerca de 3 mm anterior ao trago e ao nível da aresta superior do zygoma . Executar esta incisão para baixo para o crânio acima da linha temporal superior e para a fáscia muscular ao nível do músculo temporal. </li><li> Use eletrocautério para hemostasia couro cabeludo com o dispositivo bipolar. </li><li> Corte o músculo temporal até o crânio usando o aparelho de bisturi elétrico monopolar bovie. </li><li> Levante um retalho miocutâneo mantendo o músculo temporal ligado àinferior do couro cabeludo por enquanto. Anzóis são utilizados para o retalho everter após o músculo temporal é elevada a partir do crânio usando uma combinação de electrocautério monopolar e um elevador periosteal. </li><li> Executar uma dissecção subfascial inversa no plano avascular da superfície inferior do retalho miocutâneo usando uma tesoura Metzenbaum, mantendo a fáscia e almofada de gordura subfacsial com o couro cabeludo para evitar a lesão do nervo facial. </li><li> Prenda o músculo temporal posterior e inferiormente para expor a região pterional com &quot;estrela&quot; anzóis. </li><li> Mantenha todos os componentes do retalho miocutâneo úmido com gaze molhada. </li><li> Perfurar um único temporais 5 milímetros rebarba buracos no aspecto póstero-maior da craniotomia planejado com um corte de 2 milímetros rebarba para que o prato pé da broca de corte de lado pode ser inserido em um buraco e, em seguida, usar uma broca de corte de lado com uma placa do pé para remover o tamanho de um polegar (aproximadamente 3 x 4 cm) em forma de rim craniotomia centevermelho anteriormente em torno do pterígio. </li><li> Usando um No. 1 Penfield, separar a dura-máter em todos os lados do pterígio e tem um assistente retrair suavemente a dura-máter de distância a partir da superfície do osso que está a ser perfurado, para minimizar o risco de penetrar a dura-máter e causando lesão cortical. </li><li> Remover o ptério com uma broca: anteriormente, até que os aspectos superiores e laterais do telhado orbital são lisas e achatado para baixo para a mesa cortical exterior do osso, sem entrar na órbita, para maximizar a exposição subfrontal; medial, broca até a dura fissura orbital superior é exposta e remover quaisquer pequenos pedaços de ossos que possam interferir com a exposição medial usando uma broca ou dispositivo de corte de mão Lempert óssea. Certifique-se de que a excelente hemostasia de todas as superfícies dos tecidos moles e osso foi obtido para evitar o gotejamento do sangue para dentro do espaço intradural cérebro durante a dissecção e a exposição do aneurisma, utilizando electrocaurtery e cera de osso, conforme necessário, antes de abrir a dura-máter. </li><li>Suavemente elevar a dura-máter e usar um bisturi número 11 para penetrar na dura-máter e, em seguida, utilizar tesouras durais para criar uma abertura em forma de &quot;C&quot; na dura-máter com a base no ptério. Prenda o plano dura contra o osso cortical externo da órbita sem ter folhetos redundante dural que a visualização de outra forma obscura do proximal Sylvian Fissura e região subfrontal. Esta pode ser realizada utilizando 4-0 suturas Surgilons a aderência a dura-máter ao couro cabeludo. </li></ol> Relaxamento 2. Cérebro <ol><li> Dê 25-50 g de manitol no momento da remoção do retalho ósseo para relaxar o cérebro se anestesia concorda que a pressão arterial vai tolerar diurese. NOTA: Isto dará tempo para a diurese a ocorrer e, finalmente, vai relaxar o cérebro para ajudar a maximizar a gravidade dependente retração cerebral durante a dissecção. </li><li> Mantenha-End Tidal pCO 2 entre 30-35 mm Hg para alcançar ligeira hipercapnia. NOTA: Isto irá permitir com segurança para relaxamento cerebral e maximize gravidade dependente retração cerebral durante a dissecção. </li><li> Evacuar cisternas carótida-oculomotores líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) para promover o relaxamento do cérebro, abrindo as cisternas aracnóide na interoptic, carótida-óptico, e pacientemente e CSF sucção até se atingir o cérebro relaxamento desejado. NOTA: Isso normalmente leva cerca de 1 min; sem drenagem lombar é necessária com esta técnica e abre dramaticamente os corredores cirúrgicos. </li></ol> 3. Sylvian Fissura Dissection <ol><li> Traga o microscópio intra-operativa com o bocal para o campo usando técnicas estéreis. Também trazer cadeiras cirúrgicas com apoio de braço para o campo estéril para maximizar destreza bimanual e evitar cirurgião braço e fadiga de mão. NOTA: O bocal deve ser ajustado antes de drapejar de modo que o cirurgião pode mover o microscópio com a boca, ao mesmo tempo que olha através das peças oculares. </li><li> Realizar dissecção. NOTA: Paracomunicante anterior aneurismas da artéria, sem dissecção Sylvian Fissura é necessária e mínima (2-3 mm em apenas casos extremos, mas esta é uma ocorrência rara) para não ressecção giro reto é necessário usar dissecção única subfrontal; todos os outros locais circulação anterior aneurisma supraclinóidea (incluindo artéria comunicante posterior) exigem &lt;1 centímetro proximal Sylivan Fissura dissecção para expor a artéria carótida interna supraclinóidea, seus ramos (comunicante posterior e anterior artérias coróide), o terminal da artéria carótida interna, a A1 ea M1 origens, e proximal A2 e M2 segmentos distais às suas respectivas bifurcações. A exposição total Sylvian Fissura foi dime-size (um centímetro x 1 cm) e sem retratores cerebrais foram utilizados para qualquer um dos casos relatados. A gravidade depende relaxamento cérebro foi suficiente para excelente exposição das estruturas de tecidos moles e vasculatura necessários para executar cirúrgico pinça de aperto nas áreas discutidas acima. </li><li> Usando manipulações bimanualção com microinstrumentos cirúrgicos abrir suavemente os corredores aracnóide, segurando o tecido cerebral de lado com a borda do dispositivo alças de instrumentos ou de sucção, conforme necessário através desta exposição. NOTA: A preferência do autor sênior é usar uma ponta de aspiração 4-Francês Fukishima na mão não dominante e na mão bayonettes bipolares dominantes para dissecção romba ou microtesoura para dissecção afiada. Tiras humedecido Telfa são colocados na superfície do cérebro no local de manipulação para evitar lesões corticais. Cotonóides frequentemente aderir à superfície do cérebro e não pode ser facilmente avançada mais profunda quanto a dissecção progride, sem causar lesão cortical leve. </li><li> Use o bocal no microscópio cirúrgico com freqüência para ajustar o escopo e duração concentrar quando necessário, mantendo as duas mãos no campo. </li><li> Prenda o aneurisma em forma padrão, usando a aspiração na maioria das vezes na mão não dominante para manter o corredor cirúrgico e visualização livre de CSF. </li><li> Após a colocação do clipe, execute Doppler intra-operatório da cúpula aneurisma para confirmar cessação do fluxo, bem como os navios de entrada e de saída para confirmar o fluxo e examinar cuidadosamente os vasos do pescoço aneurisma e mãe. Reservamo-nos intra-operatória angiografia digital (DSA) para aneurismas da artéria comunicante anterior e os aneurismas cortadas onde ingresso, saída, ou aneurisma pescoço não podem ser visualizados completamente ou há uma preocupação com Doppler intra-operatório. DSA Intra-operatória é preferível a indocianina verde (ICG) angiografia porque quando vários clips de aneurisma são usados ​​para reconstruir o colo do aneurisma, o clipe pode obstruir visualização. Observação: Uma vez que o aneurisma tenha sido cortada de forma segura, o microscópio é removido do campo e do cérebro irrigado com solução salina normal, para minimizar a quantidade de Pneumoencéfalo após o encerramento. </li><li> Depois de inspecionar o clipe para a oclusão do aneurisma, com o Doppler, a cúpula aneurisma é sagacidade perfurada<html> ha 22 G agulha acoplada ao tubo intravenoso e uma seringa de 10 ml e manualmente sucção aspirada para confirmar a oclusão do aneurisma. </li><li> Reapproximate a dura nativa com 4-0 surgilon e cobrir com um substituto dural sintética se um fecho estanque não é capaz de ser obtido correctamente. </li><li> Placas ósseas seguras com um sistema de metalização por padrão de atendimento. </li><li> Fixar a borda frontal da aleta alinhada osso contra o osso nativo para evitar o espaço entre os dois o que não seria esteticamente agradável após os tecidos curar. </li><li> Reapproximate a fáscia do músculo temporal com suturas interrompidas 2-0 Vicryl. Fixar o topo do músculo temporal com um 2-0 Vicryl ponto para a placa metálica frontal a reapproximate-la na linha temporal superior. </li><li> Reapproximate o galea usando suturas Vicryl 3-0 e fechar o couro cabeludo de uma forma padrão usando grampos, nylon, ou prolene. Vestido com ligaduras estéreis por preferência do cirurgião. </li></ol>_title &quot;&gt; 4. Pós-tratamento Cuidados <ol><li> Admita paciente na unidade de terapia intensiva após o tratamento e mobilizar com a equipe de enfermagem, logo que sedação ou anestesia geral se esgotou o suficiente para fazê-lo, normalmente dentro de 6 horas de extubação. </li><li> Ordem física e terapia ocupacional para começar a pós-operatório, um dia, a fim de avaliar o paciente para a descarga segura para casa se houvesse qualquer preocupação por parte do pessoal de enfermagem. </li><li> Alta ao paciente quando são satisfeitos os critérios: dor controlada com apenas medicamentos orais, miccionais de forma independente, deambuladores de forma independente, e toleram a ingestão de alimentos por via oral. </li></ol>

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Eric Deshaies é um consultor médico para MicroVention, a Covidien neurovascular, Integra LifeSciences Corporation.

Surgical pinças de aperto de aneurismas intracranianos continua a ser uma opção relevante e importante no tratamento de certos tipos de aneurismas, embora esse papel tem vindo a diminuir ao longo dos últimos anos como a tecnologia endovascular torna-se mais seguro e mais eficaz. O tratamento endovascular tem superado a cirurgia para aneurismas cerebrais, no entanto, a maior taxa de recorrência após o tratamento endovascular, a eventual necessidade de tratamento cirúrgico após o retorno do tratamento endovascular...

Pinça de aperto cirúrgica tinha sido o pilar do tratamento de aneurismas intracranianos, mas foi recentemente suplantou em sua maioria por técnicas endovasculares menos invasivos. 1,2 ensaios clínicos, incluindo o Estudo Internacional de unruptured intracranianas aneurismas (ISUIA-1 e ISUIA-2), e da Internacional subaracnóide Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) demonstraram menor morbidade e mortalidade, reduziu o tempo de internação, ea despesa total mais baixo, com o tratamento endovascular em comparação com pinça de aperto cirúrgica 3 - 5. No entanto, a taxa de recorrência do aneurisma maior após terapia endovascular levou à análise do risco cumulativo para os pacientes em comparação com pinça de aperto cirúrgica 3,4. O tratamento cirúrgico continua a ser uma modalidade terapêutica importante para aneurisma, particularmente para aneurismas circulação anterior que possuem morfologias que podem ser difíceis de tratar com os meios endovasculares. <p class = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; Ao contrário de avanços em dispositivos endovasculares, poucos avanços nas técnicas cirúrgicas têm sido feitas recentemente. Técnicas para fazer o tratamento cirúrgico menos invasivo ter incluído a craniotomia supra-orbitária combinado com a incisão sobrancelha para aneurismas da circulação anterior e &quot;a cirurgia retractorless&quot; para minimizar o trauma cirúrgico para o cérebro durante a clipagem de aneurisma 6 -. 8 Estas abordagens cirúrgicas menos invasivas podem reduzir o tempo de internação ficar, a morbidade cirúrgica, o custo do tratamento e melhorar os resultados dos pacientes. 9 Aqui, apresentamos nossa experiência com uma abordagem minimamente invasiva para ligadura cirúrgica clipe de aneurismas intracranianos não rotos usando uma abordagem pterional para aneurismas da circulação anterior realizados em um grande centro terciário de cerebrovascular e comparar os resultados com uma idade combinado conjunto de dados do Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS ). A técnica cirúrgica será revisto, Incluindo a preparação do paciente, relaxamento cerebral, dissecção fissura Sylvian, e encerramento. De cuidados e de descarga requisitos pós-operatórias também será delineado.

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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Mayfield Infinity skull clamp</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Integra</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">A-1114</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Mayfield table attachment</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Integra</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">A-1018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">4-French Fukishima suction tip</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Integra</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">R-8986</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Periosteal elevator (Langenbeck)</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Codman</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">65-1116</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Metzenbaum scissors</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Codman</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">36-5023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Malis dissector, round angled</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Codman</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">80-1541&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Penfield dissector, style 1</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Codman</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">65-1015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Lempert bone rongeur</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Codman</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">19-1232</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Malis Irrigation Module</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Codman</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">Module 1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Bovie monopolar electrocautery device</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Codman</td>
			<td style="width:368px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Insulated blade for electrocautery device</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Covidien</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">E1455</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Fish-hook retractors</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Lone Star</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">3350-8G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Pneumatic drill</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Medtronic</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">Midas Rex MR7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Side-cutting drill</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Medtronic</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">F2/8TA23</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Fluted legend match head tool</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Medtronic</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">10MH30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Surgical scalpel No. 10,11,15</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Bard-Parker</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">0029064 (No.10), 0018291 (No.11), 0018043 (No.15)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Intra-operative microscope with mouthpiece</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:368px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Microscissors</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">V. Mueller</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">NL3785-034(st), NL3785-035(cvd)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Rhoton dissector, #2</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">V. Mueller</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">NL3785-002&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Telfa strips</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">American Surgical</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">#80-09 (1/2x3), #80-04 (1/4x3)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Aneurysm clip</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Aesculap</td>
			<td style="width:368px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Raney clip applier</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Aesculap</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">FF012R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Synthes Matrix metal plating system</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Synthes</td>
			<td style="width:368px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Braided absorbable surgical sutures (Vicyrl)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">J790D (3-0), J743D (4-0)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Braided nylon nonabsorbable surgical sutures (Nurolon) 4-0</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">C584D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Doppler System</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Mizuho</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">07-150-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

minimally invasive thumb-sized pterional craniotomy for surgical clip ligation of unruptured anterior circulation aneurysms

Abordagens cirúrgicas menos invasivas para clipagem de aneurisma intracraniano pode reduzir o tempo de internação, morbidade cirúrgica, o custo do tratamento e melhorar os resultados dos pacientes. Apresentamos nossa experiência com uma abordagem pterional minimamente invasiva para aneurismas da circulação anterior realizados em um grande centro terciário de cerebrovascular e comparar os resultados com um conjunto de dados combinados com idade a partir da amostra nacional Inpatient (NIS). De agosto de 2008 a dezembro de 2012, 22 de aneurisma recortes eletivas em pacientes ≤55 anos de idade foram realizadas pela mesma dupla bolsa-formados cerebrovascular / neurocirurgião endovascular. Um paciente (4,5%) apresentaram complicações pós-operatórias transitórios. 18 de 22 pacientes retornaram para a imagem latente seguimento e não houve recidivas através de uma duração média de 22 meses. Uma busca no banco de dados NIS 2008-2010, também para pacientes com idade ≤55 anos de idade, rendeu 1.341 hospitalizações por ligadura cirúrgica clipe de unruptaneurismas cerebrais ured. Comprimento de internação de estadia e hospitalares encargos em nossa instituição usando a técnica pterional tamanho de um polegar minimamente invasiva foram quase metade do NIS (duração da estadia: 3,2 vs 5,7 dias; despesas hospitalares: $ 52,779 vs. $ 101,882). A craniotomia pterional tamanho de um polegar minimamente invasiva permite uma boa exposição de unruptured pequenas e médias supraclinóidea aneurismas da circulação anterior. A drenagem do líquor de cisternas subaracnóideas-chave e técnicas de microcirurgia bimanuais constantes evitar a necessidade de afastadores que pode causar contusões, infartos venosos localizadas e edema cerebral pós-operatória nos locais retrator. Utilizando este conjunto de técnicas tem proporcionado nossos pacientes com menor tempo de internação a um custo menor em comparação com a média nacional.

Atualmente, em nossa instituição mais de 150 aneurismas são tratados anualmente. De agosto de 2008 a dezembro de 2012, 22 de aneurisma recortes eletivos usando esta técnica minimamente invasiva craniotomia pterional tamanho de um polegar para aneurismas supraclinoidal no paciente ≤55 anos de idade foram realizadas pela mesma dupla bolsa-formados cerebrovascular / neurocirurgião endovascular que desenvolveu essa técnica (EMD ) (Tabela 1). Essa faixa etária foi escolhida como ensaios anteriores d...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Minimally Invasive Thumb-sized Pterional Craniotomy for Surgical Clip Ligation of Unruptured Anterior Circulation Aneurysms at JoVE.com

Minimally Invasive Thumb-sized Pterional Craniotomy for Surgical Clip Ligation of Unruptured Anterior Circulation Aneurysms

Craniotomia pterional tamanho de um polegar minimamente invasiva para clipagem de aneurisma tem proporcionado nossos pacientes com menor tempo de internação a um custo menor em comparação com a média nacional.

Minimamente Invasiva Thumb porte pterional craniotomia para pinça de aperto cirúrgica de Unruptured Anterior Aneurismas de circulação

Less invasive surgical approaches for intracranial aneurysm clipping may reduce length of hospital stay, surgical morbidity, treatment cost, and improve ...

minimally-invasive-thumb-sized-pterional-craniotomy-for-surgical-clip

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

15.4K visualizações.  Crouse Neuroscience Institute.  Craniotomia pterional tamanho de um polegar minimamente invasiva para clipagem de aneurisma tem proporcionado nossos pacientes com menor tempo de internação a um custo menor em comparação com a média nacional. 

Vídeo: Minimally Invasive Thumb-sized Pterional Craniotomy for Surgical Clip Ligation of Unruptured Anterior Circulation Aneurysms

Minimally Invasive Establishment of Murine Orthotopic Bladder Xenografts

Orthotopic bladder cancer xenografts are the gold standard to study molecular cellular manipulations and new therapeutic agents&#160;in vivo. Suitable cell lines are inoculated either by intravesical instillation (model of nonmuscle invasive growth) or intramural injection into the bladder wall (model of invasive growth). Both procedures are complex and highly time-consuming. Additionally, the superficial model has its shortcomings due to the lack of cell lines that are tumorigenic following instillation. Intramural injection, on the other hand, is marred by the invasiveness of the procedure and the associated morbidity for the host mouse.
With these shortcomings in mind, we modified previous methods to develop a minimally invasive approach for creating orthotopic bladder cancer xenografts. Using ultrasound guidance we have successfully performed percutaneous inoculation of the bladder cancer cell lines UM-UC1, UM-UC3 and UM-UC13 into 50 athymic nude. We have been able to demonstrate that this approach is time efficient, precise and safe. With this technique, initially a space is created under the bladder mucosa with PBS, and tumor cells are then injected into this space in a second step. Tumor growth is monitored at regular intervals with bioluminescence imaging and ultrasound. The average tumor volumes increased steadily in in all but one of our 50 mice over the study period.
In our institution, this novel approach, which allows bladder cancer xenograft inoculation in a minimally-invasive, rapid and highly precise way, has replaced the traditional model.

The established technique to inoculate primary invasive orthotopic bladder cancer xenografts requires laparotomy and mobilization of the bladder. This procedure inflicts significant morbidity on the mice, is technically challenging and time-consuming. We therefore developed a high-precision, percutaneous approach utilizing ultrasound guidance.

Minimamente Invasiva Estabelecimento de murino ortotópico bexiga Xenoenxertos

Orthotopic bladder cancer xenografts are the gold standard to study molecular cellular manipulations and new therapeutic agents&#160;in vivo. Suitable ...

Medicina

Minimal Invasive Surgical Procedure of Inducing Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Myocardial infarction still remains the main cause of death in western countries, despite considerable progress in the stent development area in the last decades. For clarification of the underlying mechanisms and the development of new therapeutic strategies, the availability of valid animal models are mandatory. Since we need new insights into pathomechanisms of cardiovascular diseases under in vivo conditions to combat myocardial infarction, the validity of the animal model is a crucial aspect. However, protection of animals are highly relevant in this context. Therefore, we establish a minimally invasive and simple model of myocardial infarction in mice, which assures a high reproducibility and survival rate of animals. Thus, this models fulfils the requirements of the 3R principle (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction) for animal experiments and assure the scientific information needed for further developing of therapeutical strategies for cardiovascular diseases.

A highly reproducible model for myocardial infarction in mice with minimal invasive manipulations is described. The model can be easily performed, resulting in a high reproducibility and survival rate. Thus, the described model will reduce the number of required animals as requested by the 3R principle (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction).

Minimal procedimento cirúrgico invasivo de induzir Infarto do Miocárdio em Ratos

Myocardial infarction still remains the main cause of death in western countries, despite considerable progress in the stent development area in the last ...

Encapsulation Thermogenic Preadipocytes for Transplantation into Adipose Tissue Depots

Cell encapsulation was developed to entrap viable cells within semi-permeable membranes. The engrafted encapsulated cells can exchange low molecular weight metabolites in tissues of the treated host to achieve long-term survival. The semipermeable membrane allows engrafted encapsulated cells to avoid rejection by the immune system. The encapsulation procedure was designed to enable a controlled release of bioactive compounds, such as insulin, other hormones, and cytokines. Here we describe a method for encapsulation of catabolic cells, which consume lipids for heat production and energy dissipation (thermogenesis) in the intra-abdominal adipose tissue of obese mice. Encapsulation of thermogenic catabolic cells may be potentially applicable to the prevention and treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Another potential application of catabolic cells may include detoxification from alcohols or other toxic metabolites and environmental pollutants.

Here, we present a protocol for encapsulation of catabolic cells, which consume lipids for heat production in intra-abdominal adipose tissue and increase energy dissipation in obese mice.

Encapsulation termogênico pré-adipócitos para transplante em adiposo Depots Tissue

Cell encapsulation was developed to entrap viable cells within semi-permeable membranes. The engrafted encapsulated cells can exchange low molecular ...

Minimally Invasive Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (MTAC) is a more desirable method for the constriction of the transverse aorta in mice than standard open-chest transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Although transverse aortic constriction is a highly functional method for the induction of high pressure in the left ventricle, it is a more difficult and lengthy procedure due to its use of artificial ventilation with tracheal intubation. TAC is oftentimes also less survivable, as the newer method, MTAC, neither requires the cutting of the ribs and intercostal muscles nor tracheal intubation with a ventilation setup. In MTAC, as opposed to a thoracotomy to access to the chest cavity, the aortic arch is reached through a midline incision in the anterior neck. The thyroid is pulled back to reveal the sternal notch. The sternum is subsequently cut down to the second rib level, and the aortic arch is reached simply by separating the connective tissues and thymus. From there, a suture can be wrapped around the arch and tied with a spacer, and then the sternal cut and skin can be closed. MTAC is a much faster and less invasive way to induce left ventricular hypertension and enables the possibility for high-throughput studies. The success of the constriction can be verified using high-frequency trans-thoracic echocardiography, particularly color Doppler and pulsed-wave Doppler, to determine the flow velocities of the aortic arch and left and right carotid arteries, the dimension of the blood vessels, and the left ventricular function and morphology. A successful constriction will also trigger significant histopathological changes, such as cardiac muscle cell hypertrophy with interstitial and perivascular fibrosis. Here, the procedure of MTAC is described, demonstrating how the resulting flow changes in the carotid arteries can be examined with echocardiography, gross morphology, and histopathological changes in the heart.

Minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (MTAC) conserves the essentials of regular transverse aortic constriction (TAC) while eliminating the use of a ventilator with tracheal intubation. It proves to be a highly desirable method for high-throughput studies on left ventricular overload, particularly in translational studies.

Minimamente Invasiva transversal aórtica constrição em Ratos

Minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (MTAC) is a more desirable method for the constriction of the transverse aorta in mice than standard ...

An Anatomical Study of Nerves at Risk During Minimally Invasive Hallux Valgus Surgery

The growing popularity of minimally invasive surgical (MIS) procedures makes it necessary that new anatomical references arise, to aid in tridimensional orientation and localization of structures that are not directly visible to the surgeon. This is especially critical for structures at risk like nerves or blood vessels. Optimization of the handling of cadaveric material and the combination of multiple techniques compensate for the limited availability of adequate specimens. The described protocol combines anatomical plane-by-plane dissection and sectional anatomy of fresh-frozen specimens to help localize relevant structures, such as nerves, arteries, veins and to correctly position the portals during MIS procedures. Depiction of these structures in anatomy textbooks can differ from what is encountered in the surgical field; and for this reason, new anatomical studies with a surgical orientation are needed. However, this is a complex, time-consuming technique requiring specific training. The anatomical references described with the so-called 'clock method' provide the surgeon with an easy and reproducible system to locate the path of the nerves at risk in Hallux Valgus MIS procedures. This model can be extrapolated to many other minimally invasive surgical procedures.

Minimally invasive surgical (MIS) procedures rely on anatomical references to localize structures not directly visible to the surgeon. This manuscript describes a combined method of plane-by-plane dissection and sectional anatomy of fresh-frozen specimens to locate the structures at risk during MIS procedures.

Um estudo anatômico dos nervos em risco durante a cirurgia valgo do hálux minimamente invasiva

The growing popularity of minimally invasive surgical (MIS) procedures makes it necessary that new anatomical references arise, to aid in tridimensional ...

Endoscopic Septoplasty with Limited Two-line Resection: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Septal Deviation

Endoscopic septoplasty is a surgical procedure in otolaryngology that is commonly performed to treat nasal airway obstruction caused by nasal septal deviation. It has a long history with multiple variations. In this article, a modified endoscopic septoplasty procedure using the limited two-line resection (2LoRs) technique at the posterior and inferior junction of the cartilaginous and bony septum is presented based on embryologic and anatomic knowledge of the nasal septum and the biomechanics of cartilaginous behavior. With this procedure, the quadrangular cartilage can be preserved as much as possible, which is helpful in retaining the supporting framework and rigidness of the septum. 2LoRs has been proven effective and sound for the correction of nasal septal deviation with rare complications. This modified procedure can be applied to correct the deviated nasal septum in the absence of any external nasal deformity to improve nasal patency or to improve access to the middle meatus or to the axillary region of the middle turbinate. It may also be used to expand the indications of septoplasty to children and adolescents because of its minimally invasive approach.

Endoscopic septoplasty is a time-honored surgical procedure with multiple variations. This paper focuses on a step-by-step surgical approach to perform a modified septoplasty procedure known as limited two-line resection. This surgical technique can be applied to correct a deviated nasal septum in the absence of an external nasal deformity.

A septoplastia endoscópica com ressecção limitada de duas linhas: cirurgia minimamente invasiva para desvio do septo

Endoscopic septoplasty is a surgical procedure in otolaryngology that is commonly performed to treat nasal airway obstruction caused by nasal septal ...

Electromagnetic Navigation Transthoracic Nodule Localization for Minimally Invasive Thoracic Surgery

The increased use of chest computed tomography (CT) has led to an increased detection of pulmonary nodules requiring diagnostic evaluation and/or excision. Many of these nodules are identified and excised via minimally invasive thoracic surgery; however, subcentimeter and subsolid nodules are frequently difficult to identify intra-operatively. This can be mitigated by the use of electromagnetic transthoracic needle localization. This protocol delineates the step-by-step process of electromagnetic localization from the pre-operative period to the postoperative period and is an adaptation of the electromagnetically guided percutaneous biopsy previously described by Arias et al. Pre-operative steps include obtaining a same day CT followed by the generation of a three-dimensional virtual map of the lung. From this map, the target lesion(s) and an entry site are chosen. In the operating room, the virtual reconstruction of the lung is then calibrated with the patient and the electromagnetic navigation platform. The patient is then sedated, intubated, and placed in the lateral decubitus position. Using a sterile technique and visualization from multiple views, the needle is inserted into the chest wall at the prechosen skin entry site and driven down to the target lesion. Dye is then injected into the lesion and, then, continuously during needle withdrawal, creating a tract for visualization intra-operatively. This method has many potential benefits when compared to the CT-guided localization, including a decreased radiation exposure and decreased time between the dye injection and the surgery. Dye diffusion from the pathway occurs over time, thereby limiting intra-operative nodule identification. By decreasing the time to surgery, there is a decrease in wait time for the patient, and less time for dye diffusion to occur, resulting in an improvement in nodule localization. When compared to electromagnetic bronchoscopy, airway architecture is no longer a limitation as the target nodule is accessed via a transparenchymal approach. Details of this procedure are described in a step-by-step fashion.

Presented here is a protocol for lung nodule localization using dye marking via electromagnetically navigated transthoracic needle access. The technique described here can be accomplished in the peri-operative period to optimize nodule localization and to successful resection when performing minimally invasive thoracic surgery.

Localização do nódulo transtorácico de navegação eletromagnética para cirurgia torácica minimamente invasiva

The increased use of chest computed tomography (CT) has led to an increased detection of pulmonary nodules requiring diagnostic evaluation and/or ...

Absorbent Microbiopsy Sampling and RNA Extraction for Minimally Invasive, Simultaneous Blood and Skin Analysis

Conventional skin biopsy limits the clinical research that involves cosmetically sensitive areas or pediatric applications due to its invasiveness. Here, we describe the protocol for using&#160;an absorbent microneedle-based device, absorbent microbiopsy, for minimally invasive sampling of skin and blood mixture. Our goal is to help facilitate rapid progress in clinical research, the establishment of biomarkers for skin disease and reducing the risk for clinical research participants. In contrast to conventional skin biopsy techniques, the absorbent microbiopsy can be performed within seconds and does not require intensive training due to its simple design. In this report, we describe the use of absorbent microbiopsy, including loading and application, on a&#160;volunteer. Then, we show how to isolate RNA from the absorbed sample. Finally, we demonstrate the use of quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) to quantify mRNA expression levels of both blood (CD3E and CD19) and skin (KRT14 and TYR). The methods that we describe utilize off the shelf kits and reagents. This protocol offers a minimally invasive approach for simultaneous sampling of skin and blood within the same absorbent microbiopsy matrix. We have found human ethics committees, clinicians and volunteers to be supportive of this approach to dermatological research.

In this article, we demonstrate how the absorbent microbiopsy technique is performed and how the sample can be used for RNA extraction for simple and simultaneous sampling of skin and blood in a minimally invasive manner.

Amostragem Microbiopsy absorvente e extração do RNA para sangue minimamente invasiva, simultânea e análise de pele

Conventional skin biopsy limits the clinical research that involves cosmetically sensitive areas or pediatric applications due to its invasiveness. Here, ...

A Pre-clinical Rat Model for the Study of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Reconstructive Microsurgery

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many areas of biomedical research due to its cost-effectiveness and its translation to humans. This protocol describes a method to create a preclinical free skin flap model in rats with ischemia-reperfusion injury. The described 3 cm x 6 cm rat free skin flap model is easily obtained after the placement of several vascular ligatures and the section of the vascular pedicle. Then, 8 h after the ischemic insult and completion of the microsurgical anastomosis, the free skin flap develops the tissue damage. These ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damages can be studied in this model, making it a suitable model for evaluating therapeutic agents to address this pathophysiological process. Furthermore, two main monitoring techniques are described in the protocol for the assessment of this animal model: transit-time ultrasound technology and laser speckle contrast analysis.

Here, we describe a pre-clinical animal model for studying the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury in reconstructive microsurgery. This free skin flap model based on the superficial caudal epigastric vessels in the rat may also allow for the evaluation of different therapies and compounds to counteract ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damage.

Um modelo pré-clínico do rato para o estudo da lesão da Isquemia-reperfusion na microcirurgia reconstrutiva

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many ...

Evaluation of Capnography Sampling Line Compatibility and Accuracy when Used with a Portable Capnography Monitor

Capnography is commonly used to monitor patient&#8217;s ventilatory status. While sidestream capnography has been shown to provide a reliable assessment of end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2), its accuracy is commonly validated using commercial kits composed of a capnography monitor and its matching disposable nasal cannula sampling lines. The purpose of this study was to assess the compatibility and accuracy of cross-paired capnography sampling lines with a single portable bedside capnography monitor. A series of 4 bench tests were performed to evaluate the tensile strength, rise time, ETCO2 accuracy as a function of respiratory rate, and ETCO2 accuracy in the presence of supplemental O2. Each bench test was performed using specialized, validated equipment to allow for a full evaluation of sampling line performance. The 4 bench tests successfully differentiated between sampling lines from different commercial sources and suggested that due to increased rise time and decreased ETCO2 accuracy, not all nasal cannula sampling lines provide reliable clinical data when cross-paired with a commercial capnography monitor. Care should be taken to ensure that any cross-pairing of capnography monitors and disposable sampling lines is fully validated for use across respiratory rates and supplemental O2 flow rates commonly encountered in clinical settings.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of capnography sampling lines used in conjunction with a portable bedside capnography monitor. Sampling lines from 7 manufacturers were evaluated for tensile strength, rise time, and ETCO2 accuracy as a function of respiratory rate or supplemental oxygen flow rate.

Avaliação da compatibilidade e precisão da linha de amostragem da capnografia quando usado com um monitor de capnografia portátil

Capnography is commonly used to monitor patient&#8217;s ventilatory status. While sidestream capnography has been shown to provide a reliable assessment ...