This work was supported by USPHS grants MH-091460 (E.N.), MH-084018 (A.S.), MH-094268 Silvo O. Conte center (A.S.), MH-069853 (A.S.), MH-085226 (A.S.), MH-088753 (A.S.), MH-092443 (A.S.), and MH-096208 (K.I.), grants from DANA (E.N.), Stanley (A.S.), RUSK (A.S.), S-R foundations (A.S.), NARSAD (A.S. and K.I.), and Maryland Stem Cell Research Fund (A.S. and K.I.).
We sincerely appreciate the efforts and contributions of Pearl Kim, Maria Papapavlou, Nao Gamo, Youjin Chung, Yukiko Lema and Mark Christie towards coordination of the biopsy process.

NOTA: Todos os voluntários da pesquisa neste estudo foram administrados documentos de consentimento aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Universidade de Howard e Johns Hopkins University. Somente os participantes que consentiram ao assinar os documentos de consentimento informado foram incluídos no estudo. A base de estudo para esta análise foram: 20 indivíduos (12 BD e 10 controles, 30% do sexo masculino) e idade (DP) de 38,2 (14,1) anos significam. NOTA: Spray de todas as superfícies com RNase Zap para eliminar a contaminação RNase de superfícies de vidro e plástico. 1. Biópsia Procedimento <ol><li> Pulverize tópica lidocaína (xilocaína) líquido 4% e oximetazolina HCl 0,05% na cavidade nasal do participante do estudo e permitir que 15 minutos de tempo de entorpecente. </li><li> Mergulhe cotonóides cirúrgicos ½ x 3 polegadas em uma mistura de lidocaína e oxymetazoline e inserir na cavidade nasal ao longo da parte superior do septo nasal e deixe descansar por 15 min. </li><li> Usando um 30 ° rígidaendoscópio nasal para localizar a seção superior da cavidade nasal, remover mucosa nasal, utilizando-se de roer forceps nasais a partir da porção superior do septo nasal, tendo várias pequenas amostras. </li></ol> 2. Preparação de blocos de tecidos <ol><li> Imediatamente antes da biópsia, preencher cryomolds tamanho padrão com tecido congelamento médio. </li><li> Com uma pinça autoclavado, montar tecido fresco no meio de congelamento e congelar em gelo seco. Preencha restante cryoblock com o meio de congelamento, congelar cryoblock em gelo seco, e armazenar blocos a -80ºC. </li></ol> 3. cryosectioning <ol><li> Prepare o naftalato de polietileno (PEN) lâminas de vidro imediatamente antes da membrana cryosectioning. Spray de slides com solução RNase Zap por 5 min. Em seguida, lavar as lâminas em dietilpirocarbonato (DEPC) de água e deixe secar por 30 min. Ative lâminas secas sob luz UV por 30 minutos. </li><li> Cada criocorte bloquear completamente a 30 um. Mantenha lâminas sobre i secaCE e cortes congelados, tanto quanto possível. Loja slides em -80 ºC após a conclusão. </li></ol> 4. Laser-Capture Microdissection <ol><li> Comece por desidratação lâminas imediatamente antes microdissection. Vamos lâminas congeladas descongelar por 10 s, e em seguida, aplique a seguinte série de etanol para cada slide: 60% (2 ml, 15 segundos), 80% (2 ml, 15 segundos), 95% (3 ml, 25 seg), 100 % (7 ml, 60 seg). </li><li> Vire microscopia localização fotoactivado (PALM) microscópio e definido para as seguintes condições: Para aumento de 10x definir a energia para 82, o foco para 74, e velocidade para 25 - 30. Para ampliação de 20x, defina a energia para 63, o foco para 67, e velocidade de 5 - 6. Ajustar conforme necessário para se obter resultados óptimos de corte. </li><li> Visualmente identificar neurônios utilizando 20X ou 10X de ampliação. Distinguir a superfície fina camada subjacente neurónio olfactivo de sub-mucosa sob um microscópio sem o uso do procedimento de coloração. Observe neurônios como um aspecto colunar densa 18.</li><li> Usando a função Pencil no microscópio acima mencionado na etapa 4.2, contorne a camada neuronal. Traçar um pouco longe de neurônios para evitar a queima de neurônios de laser. Isto é essencial para a obtenção de RNA de alta qualidade. Em seguida, inicie o corte a laser guiada. </li><li> Pegue seções dissecadas usando uma pinça de ponta fina microdissecção e colocar o tecido em um microtubo contendo 100 mL de tampão de lise em gelo. Repita o procedimento para todas as seções neuronais obtidos a partir de uma única amostra. Tempo de dissecção total por amostra não deve ultrapassar 50 min. </li><li> Uma vez que a dissecção é completas, imediatamente lisados ​​amostra de vórtice e manter em gelo seco. Armazene as amostras a -80ºC para isolamento do RNA total. </li></ol> 5. Isolamento de ARN total e análise de controle de qualidade <ol><li> Lisados ​​amostra Descongele no gelo. Realizar isolamento total RNA com RNAqueous Micro Kit com DNase-I inativação, seguindo o protocolo do fabricante, sem modificações (veja &lt;forte&gt; Figura 1). O volume total de eluição é de aproximadamente 20 l. </li><li> Medir a concentração de RNA e avaliar a qualidade do RNA com RNA Integrity Number (RIN) usando Bioanalyzer. As amostras que atendem aos critérios de controle de qualidade na Figura 2 pode ser usado para a síntese de cDNA. </li></ol> 6. Síntese de ADNc <ol><li> Sintetizar cDNA utilizando um kit comercial validado (ver Tabela de Reagentes). Realizar o passo de recozimento através da combinação de 0,1-1,0 ng de ARN (dependendo da disponibilidade) e RNase isenta de água para um volume total de 8 ul por tubo. Em seguida, adicionar 1 ml de oligo d (T) 20 e iniciador 1 ul de 10 mM de dNTP mix por tubo, para um volume total de 10 ul. </li><li> Delicadamente amostras de vórtice e centrifugação e amostras de recozimento a 65 ° C por 5 min. Depois da reacção estar completa, as amostras frescas imediatamente em gelo. </li><li> Preparar a solução de mistura principal de acordo com as especificações da Tabela 1. Em seguida, adicione 9,5 μmistura l mestre e 0,5 ul de preparados comercialmente transcriptase reversa (TR) para cada tubo. Adicionar 0,5 mL de água livre de RNase para controlar tubo em vez de RT. </li><li> Executar uma reacção de RT com a primeira incubação a 50 ºC durante 50 min, em seguida 85 ° C durante 5 min e uma retenção finais 4 ° C, sem ciclagem. </li><li> Diluir todas as amostras de 5x com água e alíquota. Armazene as amostras a -80 ºC. </li></ol> 7. PCR em Tempo Real - Confirme Neuronal Enriquecimento <ol><li> Preparar a solução de mistura principal de acordo com as especificações da Tabela 2. Use um controle interno, como GAPDH. Compare expressão olfativa proteína marcadora (OMP) no tecido microdissecados com expressão OMP no tecido não dissecado para determinar enriquecimento neuronal. NOTA: OMP é um marcador de neurônios olfativos. OMP sequência: para a frente, 5&#39;-CTGTCGGACCTGGCCAAG-3 &#39; reverso, 5&#39;-CACCCTCGCCAAAGGTGA-3 &#39; Seqüência GAPDH: para a frente, 5&#39;-CATGAGAAGTATGACAACAGCCT-3 &#39; reverso, 5&#39;-AGTCCTTCCACGATACCAAAGT-3 &#39;. </li><li> Configurar placa PCR adicionando 7 l de mistura principal em cada poço e 3 l de cDNA. </li><li> Placa Centrifugar durante 5 minutos a 300 xg (1300 rpm). Reação Run real Time-PCR utilizando as condições de ciclos térmicos padrão especificado para Supermix comercial tal como SYBR Greener qPCR. </li><li> Analisar dados (ver Figura 2 para as especificações). </li></ol> 8. PCR em Tempo Real - Expressão de genes de interesse <ol><li> Realizar em amostras que mostram o enriquecimento neuronal de 2 vezes ou mais. </li><li> Prepare mix mestre em gelo para cada sonda (sonda marcada com FAM de interesse e VIC marcado GAPDH) em tubos separados de acordo com as especificações da Tabela 3. </li><li> Configurar uma placa de PCR com mix mestre 8 mL em cada poço e 2 l de cDNA. </li><li> Centrifugar a placa durante 5 minutos a 300 xg (1300 rpm). Execute reação real Time-PCR usando o defcondições de ciclos térmicos ault conforme o protocolo de mistura principal expressão do gene fornecido pelo fabricante. Analisar os resultados de expressão (veja a Figura 2 para obter as especificações). </li></ol>

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Uma nova plataforma para a obtenção de camadas de neurônios olfativos enriquecidos pela combinação de biópsia nasal e LCM é apresentado e foi validado neste estudo. Esta técnica pode ter grandes implicações. Ele pode ser aplicado para os estudos de biomarcadores, incluindo aqueles para a resposta ao tratamento, e os esforços de descoberta de medicamentos para outras doenças neuropsiquiátricas, fazendo um impacto mais amplo no campo. Para obter neurônios de alta qualidade passí...

O transtorno bipolar (TB) é uma doença neuropsiquiátrica grave, caracterizada por alterações patológicas do humor, conduzir e cognição 1. Lítio utilizada para o tratamento de BD tem sido mostrado para alterar os níveis de mRNA de estado estacionário de um grande número de genes em estudos com animais 2, mas continua a ser desconhecida, se qualquer destas moléculas está associada com a resposta clínica em seres humanos 2. Compreender o mecanismo de resposta de lítio exigiria investigar alterações moleculares induzidas por lítio em tecidos neuronais. Infelizmente, não é prático para a obtenção de biópsias do cérebro de pacientes com TB pré e pós-terapia de lítio para identificar assinaturas moleculares de resposta de lítio. Tecidos cerebrais pós-morte foram usados ​​para estudar biomarcadores em BD, no entanto, eles não podem ser usados ​​para avaliar marcadores moleculares associados com mudanças dinâmicas na emoções, cognição e dirigir; e a validade do retrospectivamente apurado resposta ao tratamento de lítio pode ser problemático 4. Os linfócitos e outras células do sangue pode ser útil, mas as mudanças moleculares nas células do sangue podem não refletir alterações neuronal 3-5. O líquido cefalorraquidiano pode ser insuficiente para obter informações sobre as moléculas intracelulares que podem refletir mudanças intrínsecas associados à doença e medicação reversível. O epitélio olfatório (OE) é uma parte única do sistema nervoso central (SNC), relacionada com a embryologically de estruturas límbicas 6; e é facilmente acessível através de biópsias nasais. É constituída por glial-células como células de suporte (ou seja, sustentaculares), basais em proliferação e neurónios dos receptores olfactivos em diferentes fases de desenvolvimento 7-9. Portanto, OE oferece uma oportunidade única para estudar acessível mudanças dinâmicas no SNC de pacientes com doenças neuropsiquiátricas 7. Estudos demonstram a utilidade do OE como um substituto do tecido para investigar acontecimentos de doença associados que reflectem aquelas occurring nos neurônios do cérebro 8,9. Por exemplo, estudos têm utilizado OE para investigar os perfis moleculares associados com condições psiquiátricas 10-14. Olfactiva sistema também serve para identificar endophenoytpes clínicos, tais como défices cheiro que estão associados com sintomas negativos da esquizofrenia 15. Além disso, os processos de desenvolvimento neurológico continuar no OE ao longo da vida, fornecendo um caminho útil para modelar a fisiopatologia subjacente de condições psiquiátricas 8,9. No entanto, uma desvantagem da utilização deste tecido é a contaminação substancial de biópsias olfactivos com células não-neuronais 16. Por exemplo, o RNA total usado para estudos de expressão de genes em estudos anteriores OE continha RNA extraído de todo o tecido biopsiado nasal incluindo ARN a partir de células não-neuronais 17. Portanto, abordagens anteriores têm sido limitados pela qualidade das células. Para superar esse problema, uma nova abordagem para obter<html> populações de células neuronais enriquecido por combinando biópsias nasais com captura a laser microdissection (LCM) foi desenvolvido 18. LCM é uma técnica que permite o isolamento selectivo de células usando corte por laser combinado com UV de infra-vermelho do laser 19-21. Combinando LCM com OE abordagem minimiza a contaminação substancial de OE por células não-neuronais, aumentando assim o enriquecimento de células neuronais 18. Além disso, a camada neuronal pode ser distinguida a partir da submucosa, sob um microscópio, eliminando assim a necessidade de coloração. Tipos de células neuronais pode ainda ser distinguida de outras populações de células, utilizando anticorpos primários que são expressas pelo tipo celular de interesse 7. Por conseguinte, este procedimento estabelece um método mais fácil para o enriquecimento da população de células quase puramente neuronal que pode ser utilizada para estudos de expressão de genes, imuno-histoquímica e outras investigações morfológicas. ve_content &quot;&gt; Este estudo visa estabelecer uma plataforma experimental para investigar as alterações moleculares em neurônios olfativos associadas a estados de doença e resposta ao tratamento. Para resolver isso, um pequeno grupo de pacientes não-fumantes, que preencheram os critérios diagnósticos do DSM-IV para BD baseado em Entrevista Diagnóstica para Estudos Genéticos (DIG) 22 foi recrutado para passar por duas biópsias nasais: uma biópsia pré-tratamento com lítio e a segunda biópsia, após 6 semanas de tratamento com lítio oral diária Além disso, os pacientes com TB elegíveis devem ser:. sintomático para a depressão , com base na pontuação ≥10 de 60 em o clínico administrado Montgomery-Asberg Rating Scale (MADRS) 23; sintomática de hipomania ou mania, baseado em uma pontuação ≥10 de 56 sobre o clínico administrado Young-Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) 24;. ≥10 ou em ambos MADRS e YMRS coeficiente Rater-Inter-Rater de acordo entre os clínicos para ambas as escalas é&gt; 0,96 Depois de biópsias, os neurônios foram enri.ched do OE por LCM. Na sequência das medidas adicionais de controle de qualidade, para garantir a extração de RNA de alta qualidade a partir do tecido e enriquecimento neuronal, Tempo real RT PCR foi realizado para investigar os níveis pré e pós-tratamento de expressão de genes de interesse. As seções seguintes, conter uma descrição da validação desta abordagem, com destaque para a otimização do protocolo e as estratégias que foram aplicadas para o protocolo de resolução de problemas.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Manufacturuer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Manufacturer Catalog #</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tissue Preparation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tissue-Tek Cryomold Molds</td>
			<td>Sakura Finetek</td>
			<td>4557</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tissue-Tek O.C.T Compound</td>
			<td>Sakura Finetek</td>
			<td>4583</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cryosectioning</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Membrane Slide 1.0 PEN (D)</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss Microscopy</td>
			<td>415190-9041-000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Rnase Zap</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td>AM9780</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DEPC Treated Water</td>
			<td>Quality Biological</td>
			<td>351-068-131</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Microdissection</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Microscope: PALM Series MicroLaser System</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss Microscopy</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Model: Axiovert 200M</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Software: Robo v3.2</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">No.5 Dumont Microdissction Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-49085</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">RNA Extraction</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RNAqueous Micro Kit</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td>AM1931</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">cDNA Synthesis</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SuperScript III First Strand Synthesis Kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td>18080-051</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">OMP qPCR</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SYBR GreenER qPCR SuperMix</td>
			<td>Invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td>11760-500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Taqman qPCR</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">TaqMan Expression Assay Probes</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>Various</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TaqMan Gene Expression Master Mix</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>4369016</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

olfactory neurons obtained through nasal biopsy combined with laser-capture microdissection: a potential approach to study treatment response in mental disorders

O transtorno bipolar (TB) é uma doença neuropsiquiátrica grave com fisiopatologia mal compreendido e, normalmente tratados com o estabilizador de humor, carbonato de lítio. Os estudos em animais, bem como estudos genéticos humanos indicam que o lítio afecta alvos moleculares que estão envolvidas no crescimento neuronal, a sobrevivência e a maturação, e nomeadamente as moléculas envolvidas na sinalização de Wnt. Dado o desafio ético para a obtenção de biópsias cerebrais para investigar as alterações moleculares associadas a dinâmicas de lítio-resposta no sistema nervoso central (SNC), pode-se considerar o uso de neurônios obtidos a partir de tecidos olfativos para alcançar este goal.The epitélio olfatório contém neurônios receptores olfativos em diferentes fases de desenvolvimento e glia do tipo células de suporte. Isso proporciona uma oportunidade única para estudar as alterações dinâmicas do CNS de pacientes com doenças neuropsiquiátricas, usando tecido olfativo obtido com segurança a partir de biópsias nasais. Para superar o problema colocado por substantial contaminação de tecido biopsiado olfactivo com células não neuronais, uma nova abordagem para a obtenção de populações de células neuronais enriquecido foi desenvolvido através da combinação de biópsias nasais com captura por laser microdissecação. Neste estudo, um sistema para investigar as alterações moleculares dinâmicas associadas ao tratamento no tecido neuronal foi desenvolvido e validado, utilizando uma pequena amostra piloto de pacientes com TB recrutados para o estudo dos mecanismos moleculares de resposta ao tratamento de lítio.

A estratégia de protocolo e solução de problemas no estudo de assinaturas moleculares foram otimizados com sucesso. Qualidade e critérios de enriquecimento de ARN para neuronais amostras para ser utilizado em mais a jusante análise PCR em tempo real foram padronizadas. RIN e concentração de RNA foram examinados como fatores de confusão para os níveis de expressão detectados. Com base na análise de diversas amostras com RINs variando de 1 - 10, foi determinado que um RIN mínimo de ~ 3,0 e acima é suficiente ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disord

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders

Neste estudo, um romance plataforma para investigar assinaturas moleculares intraneuronal de resposta ao tratamento do transtorno bipolar (TB) foi desenvolvido e validado. O epitélio olfatório de pacientes com TB foi obtido através de biópsias nasais. Em seguida, captura a laser microdissection foi combinado com Tempo real RT PCR para investigar a assinatura molecular de resposta de lítio em BD.

Neurônios olfativos obtida através Nasal Biópsia Combinada com Laser-Capture Microdissection: Uma Abordagem Potencial para tratamento estudo Response em Transtornos Mentais

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder with poorly understood pathophysiology and typically treated with the mood stabilizer, lithium ...

olfactory-neurons-obtained-through-nasal-biopsy-combined-with-laser

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

9.7K visualizações.  Johns Hopkins University.  Neste estudo, um romance plataforma para investigar assinaturas moleculares intraneuronal de resposta ao tratamento do transtorno bipolar (TB) foi desenvolvido e validado. O epitélio olfatório de pacientes com TB foi obtido através de biópsias nasais. Em seguida, captura a laser microdissection foi combinado com Tempo real RT PCR para investigar a assinatura molecular de resposta de lítio em BD. 

Vídeo: Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders

Laser Capture Microdissection of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons

The dendritic arborization (da) neurons of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) provide an excellent model system in which to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying class-specific dendrite morphogenesis1,2. To facilitate molecular analyses of class-specific da neuron development, it is vital to obtain these cells in a pure population. Although a range of different cell, and tissue-specific RNA isolation techniques exist for Drosophila cells, including magnetic bead based cell purification3,4, Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)5-8, and RNA binding protein based strategies9, none of these methods can be readily utilized for isolating single or multiple class-specific Drosophila da neurons with a high degree of spatial precision. Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM) has emerged as an extremely powerful tool that can be used to isolate specific cell types from tissue sections with a high degree of spatial resolution and accuracy. RNA obtained from isolated cells can then be used for analyses including qRT-PCR and microarray expression profiling within a given cell type10-16. To date, LCM has not been widely applied in the analysis of Drosophila tissues and cells17,18, including da neurons at the third instar larval stage of development. 
Here we present our optimized protocol for isolation of Drosophila da neurons using the infrared (IR) class of LCM. This method allows for the capture of single, class-specific or multiple da neurons with high specificity and spatial resolution. Age-matched third instar larvae expressing a UAS-mCD8::GFP19 transgene under the control of either the class IV da neuron specific ppk-GAL420 driver or the pan-da neuron specific 21-7-GAL421 driver were used for these experiments. RNA obtained from the isolated da neurons is of very high quality and can be directly used for downstream applications, including qRT-PCR or microarray analyses. Furthermore, this LCM protocol can be readily adapted to capture other Drosophila cell types a various stages of development dependent upon the cell type specific, GAL4-driven expression pattern of GFP.

Laser Capture Microdissection of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons

In this video-article we present a method for isolating single or multiple Drosophila da neurons from third instar larvae using the infrared capture (IR) class of Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM). RNA obtained from the isolated neurons can be readily used for downstream applications including qRT-PCR or microarray analyses.

Laser Microdissecção Captura de Drosophila Neurônios periféricos

The dendritic arborization (da) neurons of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) provide an excellent model system in which to investigate the ...

Neurociência

Isolating Nasal Olfactory Stem Cells from Rodents or Humans

The olfactory mucosa, located in the nasal cavity, is in charge of detecting odours. It is also the only nervous tissue that is exposed to the external environment and easily accessible in every living individual. As a result, this tissue is unique for anyone aiming to identify molecular anomalies in the pathological brain or isolate adult stem cells for cell therapy. 
Molecular abnormalities in brain diseases are often studied using nervous tissue samples collected post-mortem. However, this material has numerous limitations. In contrast, the olfactory mucosa is readily accessible and can be biopsied safely without any loss of sense of smell1. Accordingly, the olfactory mucosa provides an "open window" in the adult human through which one can study developmental (e.g. autism, schizophrenia)2-4 or neurodegenerative (e.g. Parkinson, Alzheimer) diseases4,5. Olfactory mucosa can be used for either comparative molecular studies4,6 or in vitro experiments on neurogenesis3,7.
The olfactory epithelium is also a nervous tissue that produces new neurons every day to replace those that are damaged by pollution, bacterial of viral infections. This permanent neurogenesis is sustained by progenitors but also stem cells residing within both compartments of the mucosa, namely the neuroepithelium and the underlying lamina propria8-10. We recently developed a method to purify the adult stem cells located in the lamina propria and, after having demonstrated that they are closely related to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC), we named them olfactory ecto-mesenchymal stem cells (OE-MSC)11.
Interestingly, when compared to BM-MSCs, OE-MSCs display a high proliferation rate, an elevated clonogenicity and an inclination to differentiate into neural cells. We took advantage of these characteristics to perform studies dedicated to unveil new candidate genes in schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease4. We and others have also shown that OE-MSCs are promising candidates for cell therapy, after a spinal cord trauma12,13, a cochlear damage14 or in an animal models of Parkinson's disease15 or amnesia16.
In this study, we present methods to biopsy olfactory mucosa in rats and humans. After collection, the lamina propria is enzymatically separated from the epithelium and stem cells are purified using an enzymatic or a non-enzymatic method. Purified olfactory stem cells can then be either grown in large numbers and banked in liquid nitrogen or induced to form spheres or differentiated into neural cells. These stem cells can also be used for comparative omics (genomic, transcriptomic, epigenomic, proteomic) studies.

We describe here a method for biopsying olfactory mucosa from rat and human nasal cavities. These biopsies can be used for either identifying molecular anomalies in brain diseases or isolating multipotent adult stem cells that can be utilized for cell transplantation in animal models of brain trauma/disease.

Isolando Nasal Células-Tronco olfativo dos roedores ou humanos

The olfactory mucosa, located in the nasal cavity, is in charge of detecting odours. It is also the only nervous tissue that is exposed to the external ...

Targeting Olfactory Bulb Neurons Using Combined In Vivo Electroporation and Gal4-Based Enhancer Trap Zebrafish Lines

In vivo electroporation is a powerful method for delivering DNA expression plasmids, RNAi reagents, and morpholino anti-sense oligonucleotides to specific regions of developing embryos, including those of C. elegans, chick, Xenopus, zebrafish, and mouse 1. In zebrafish, in vivo electroporation has been shown to have excellent spatial and temporal resolution for the delivery of these reagents 2-7. The temporal resolution of this method is important because it allows for incorporation of these reagents at specific stages in development. Furthermore, because expression from electroporated vectors occurs within 6 hours 7, this method is more timely than transgenic approaches. While the spatial resolution can be extremely precise when targeting a single cell 2, 6, it is often preferable to incorporate reagents into a specific cell population within a tissue or structure. When targeting multiple cells, in vivo electroporation is efficient for delivery to a specific region of the embryo; however, particularly within the developing nervous system, it is difficult to target specific cell types solely through spatially discrete electroporation. Alternatively, enhancer trap transgenic lines offer excellent cell type-specific expression of transgenes 8. Here we describe an approach that combines transgenic Gal4-based enhancer trap lines 8 with spatially discrete in vivo electroporation 7, 9 to specifically target developing neurons of the zebrafish olfactory bulb. The Et(zic4:Gal4TA4,UAS:mCherry)hzm5 (formerly GA80_9) enhancer trap line previously described 8, displays targeted transgenic expression of mCherry mediated by a zebrafish optimized Gal4 (KalTA4) transcriptional activator in multiple regions of the developing brain including hindbrain, cerebellum, forebrain, and the olfactory bulb. To target GFP expression specifically to the olfactory bulb, a plasmid with the coding sequence of GFP under control of multiple Gal4 binding sites (UAS) was electroporated into the anterior end of the forebrain at 24-28 hours post-fertilization (hpf). Although this method incorporates plasmid DNA into multiple regions of the forebrain, GFP expression is only induced in cells transgenically expressing the KalTA4 transcription factor. Thus, by using the GA080_9 transgenic line, this approach led to GFP expression exclusively in the developing olfactory bulb. GFP expressing cells targeted through this approach showed typical axonal projections, as previously described for mitral cells of the olfactory bulb 10. This method could also be used for targeted delivery of other reagents including short-hairpin RNA interference expression plasmids, which would provide a method for spatially and temporally discrete loss-of-function analysis.

Targeting Olfactory Bulb Neurons Using Combined In Vivo Electroporation and Gal4-Based Enhancer Trap Zebrafish Lines

The temporal and spatial resolution of genetic manipulations determines the spectrum of biological phenomena that they can perturb. Here we use temporally and spatially discrete in vivo electroporation, combined with transgenic lines of zebrafish, to induce expression of a GFP transgene specifically in neurons of the developing olfactory bulb.

Segmentação Olfactory Neurônios Bulb Usando Combinado In Vivo Eletroporação e Gal4-Based Enhancer Lines Armadilha Zebrafish

In vivo electroporation is a powerful method for delivering DNA expression plasmids, RNAi reagents, and morpholino anti-sense oligonucleotides to specific ...

Non-Laser Capture Microscopy Approach for the Microdissection of Discrete Mouse Brain Regions for Total RNA Isolation and Downstream Next-Generation Sequencing and Gene Expression Profiling

As technological platforms, approaches such as next-generation sequencing, microarray, and qRT-PCR have great promise for expanding our understanding of the breadth of molecular regulation. Newer approaches such as high-resolution RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq)1 provides new and expansive information about tissue- or state-specific expression such as relative transcript levels, alternative splicing, and micro RNAs2-4. Prospects for employing the RNA-Seq method in comparative whole transcriptome profiling5 within discrete tissues or between phenotypically distinct groups of individuals affords new avenues for elucidating molecular mechanisms involved in both normal and abnormal physiological states. Recently, whole transcriptome profiling has been performed on human brain tissue, identifying gene expression differences associated with disease progression6. However, the use of next-generation sequencing has yet to be more widely integrated into mammalian studies.
Gene expression studies in mouse models have reported distinct profiles within various brain nuclei using laser capture microscopy (LCM) for sample excision7,8. While LCM affords sample collection with single-cell and discrete brain region precision, the relatively low total RNA yields from the LCM approach can be prohibitive to RNA-Seq and other profiling approaches in mouse brain tissues and may require sub-optimal sample amplification steps. Here, a protocol is presented for microdissection and total RNA extraction from discrete mouse brain regions. Set-diameter tissue corers are used to isolate 13 tissues from 750-&mu;m serial coronal sections of an individual mouse brain. Tissue micropunch samples are immediately frozen and archived. Total RNA is obtained from the samples using magnetic bead-enabled total RNA isolation technology. Resulting RNA samples have adequate yield and quality for use in downstream expression profiling. This microdissection strategy provides a viable option to existing sample collection strategies for obtaining total RNA from discrete brain regions, opening possibilities for new gene expression discoveries.

Non-Laser Capture Microscopy Approach for the Microdissection of Discrete Mouse Brain Regions for Total RNA Isolation and Downstream Next-Generation Sequencing and Gene Expression Profiling  |

RNA expression profiling of discrete mouse brain regions requires a precise and repeatable tissue collection strategy. A protocol that uses both coronal brain sectioning and tissue corer-assisted microdissection is described here. The yield and quality of total RNA obtained from the resulting samples confirms the utility of the outlined method.

Laser não-Abordagem Microscopia de captura para o Microdissecção de regiões cerebrais discretas Mouse para isolamento de RNA total e Seqüenciamento Next-Generation Downstream e perfil de expressão gênica

As technological platforms, approaches such as next-generation sequencing, microarray, and qRT-PCR have great promise for expanding our understanding of ...

Laser Capture Microdissection of Enriched Populations of Neurons or Single Neurons for Gene Expression Analysis After Traumatic Brain Injury

Long-term cognitive disability after TBI is associated with injury-induced neurodegeneration in the hippocampus-a region in the medial temporal lobe that is critical for learning, memory and executive function.1,2 Hence our studies focus on gene expression analysis of specific neuronal populations in distinct subregions of the hippocampus. The technique of laser capture microdissection (LCM), introduced in 1996 by Emmert-Buck, et al.,3 has allowed for significant advances in gene expression analysis of single cells and enriched populations of cells from heterogeneous tissues such as the mammalian brain that contains thousands of functional cell types.4 We use LCM and a well established rat model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) to investigate the molecular mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of TBI. Following fluid-percussion TBI, brains are removed at pre-determined times post-injury, immediately frozen on dry ice, and prepared for sectioning in a cryostat. The rat brains can be embedded in OCT and sectioned immediately, or stored several months at -80 &deg;C before sectioning for laser capture microdissection. Additionally, we use LCM to study the effects of TBI on circadian rhythms. For this, we capture neurons from the suprachiasmatic nuclei that contain the master clock of the mammalian brain. Here, we demonstrate the use of LCM to obtain single identified neurons (injured and degenerating, Fluoro-Jade-positive, or uninjured, Fluoro-Jade-negative) and enriched populations of hippocampal neurons for subsequent gene expression analysis by real time PCR and/or whole-genome microarrays. These LCM-enabled studies have revealed that the selective vulnerability of anatomically distinct regions of the rat hippocampus are reflected in the different gene expression profiles of different populations of neurons obtained by LCM from these distinct regions. The results from our single-cell studies, where we compare the transcriptional profiles of dying and adjacent surviving hippocampal neurons, suggest the existence of a cell survival rheostat that regulates cell death and survival after TBI.

We describe how to use laser capture microdissection (LCM) to obtain enriched populations of hippocampal neurons or single neurons from frozen sections of the injured rat brain for subsequent gene expression analysis using quantitative real time PCR and/or whole-genome microarrays.

Laser Microdissecção Captura de Populações enriquecida de neurônios ou neurônios individuais para análise de expressão gênica após a lesão cerebral traumática

Long-term cognitive disability after TBI is associated with injury-induced neurodegeneration in the hippocampus-a region in the medial temporal lobe that ...

Laser Capture Microdissection of Neurons from Differentiated Human Neuroprogenitor Cells in Culture

Neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) isolated from the human fetal brain were expanded under proliferative conditions in the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) to provide an abundant supply of cells. NPCs were differentiated in the presence of a new combination of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), dibutyryl cAMP (DBC) and retinoic acid on dishes coated with poly-L-lysine and mouse laminin to obtain neuron-rich cultures. NPCs were also differentiated in the absence of neurotrophins, DBC and retinoic acid and in the presence of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) to yield astrocyte-rich cultures. Differentiated NPCs were characterized by immunofluorescence staining for a panel of neuronal markers including NeuN, synapsin, acetylcholinesterase, synaptophysin and GAP43. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and STAT3, astrocyte markers, were detected in 10-15% of differentiated NPCs. To facilitate cell-type specific molecular characterization, laser capture microdissection was performed to isolate neurons cultured on polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) membrane slides. The methods described in this study provide valuable tools to advance our understanding of the molecular mechanism of neurodegeneration.

Human neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) were expanded under proliferating conditions. NPCs were differentiated into neuron-rich cultures in the presence of a combination of neurotrophins. Neuronal markers were detected by immunofluorescence staining. To isolate a pure population of neurons, NPCs were differentiated on PEN membrane slides and laser capture microdissection was performed.

Captura Laser Microdissecção de neurônios a partir de células diferenciadas neuroprogenitoras humanas em cultura

Neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) isolated from the human fetal brain were expanded under proliferative conditions in the presence of epidermal growth factor ...

Production of RNA for Transcriptomic Analysis from Mouse Spinal Cord Motor Neuron Cell Bodies by Laser Capture Microdissection

Preparation of high-quality RNA from cells of interest is critical to precise and meaningful analysis of transcriptional differences among cell types or between the same cell type in health and disease or following pharmacologic treatments.&#160;In the spinal cord, such preparation from motor neurons, the target of interest in many neurologic and neurodegenerative diseases, is complicated by the fact that motor neurons represent &#60;10% of the total cell population.&#160;Laser capture microdissection (LMD) has been developed to address this problem.&#160;Here, we describe a protocol to quickly recover, freeze, and section mouse spinal cord to avoid RNA damage by endogenous and exogenous RNases, followed by staining with Azure B in 70% ethanol to identify the motor neurons while keeping endogenous RNase inhibited.&#160;LMD is then used to capture the stained neurons directly into guanidine thiocyanate lysis buffer, maintaining RNA integrity.&#160;Standard techniques are used to recover the total RNA and measure its integrity.&#160;This material can then be used for downstream analysis of the transcripts by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR.

High-quality total RNA has been prepared from cell bodies of mouse spinal cord motor neurons by laser capture microdissection after staining spinal cord sections with Azure B in 70% ethanol.&#160;Sufficient RNA (~40-60 ng) is recovered from 3,000-4,000 motor neurons to allow downstream RNA analysis by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR.

Produção de RNA para análise transcriômica de corpos celulares de neurônio motor da medula espinhal do rato por microdisseção de captura a laser

Preparation of high-quality RNA from cells of interest is critical to precise and meaningful analysis of transcriptional differences among cell types or ...

Laser Capture Microdissection - A Demonstration of the Isolation of Individual Dopamine Neurons and the Entire Ventral Tegmental Area

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is used to isolate a concentrated population of individual cells or precise anatomical regions of tissue from tissue sections on a microscope slide. When combined with immunohistochemistry, LCM can be used to isolate individual cells types based on a specific protein marker. Here, the LCM technique is described for collecting a specific population of dopamine neurons directly labeled with&#160;tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and for isolation of the dopamine neuron containing region of the ventral tegmental area using indirect tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry on a section adjacent to those used for LCM. An infrared (IR) capture laser is used to both dissect individual neurons as well as the ventral tegmental area off glass slides and onto an LCM cap for analysis. Complete dehydration of the tissue with 100% ethanol and xylene is critical. The combination of the IR capture laser and the ultraviolet (UV) cutting laser is used to isolate individual dopamine neurons or the ventral tegmental area when using PEN membrane slides. A PEN membrane slide has significant advantages over a glass slide as it offers better consistency in capturing and collecting cells, is faster collecting large pieces of tissue, is less reliant on dehydration and results in complete removal of the tissue from the slide. Although removal of large areas of tissue from a glass slide is feasible, it is considerably more time consuming and frequently leaves some residual tissue behind. Data shown here demonstrate that RNA of sufficient quantity and quality can be obtained using these procedures for quantitative PCR measurements. Although RNA and DNA are the most commonly isolated molecules from tissue and cells collected with LCM, isolation and measurement of microRNA, protein and epigenetic changes in DNA can also benefit from the enhanced anatomical and cellular resolution obtained using LCM.

The isolation of individual dopamine neurons or the ventral tegmental area with direct or indirect immunohistochemistry is demonstrated using laser capture microdissection. Parameters for isolation of tissue from a glass slide using an infrared laser and from membrane slides using the combination of an infrared and ultraviolet laser are discussed.

Captura Laser Microdissection - uma demonstração do Isolamento de Pessoa dopamina Neurônios e região ventral tegmental Entire

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is used to isolate a concentrated population of individual cells or precise anatomical regions of tissue from tissue ...

Stereotactic Atlas-Guided Laser Capture Microdissection of Brain Regions Affected by Traumatic Injury

The ability to isolate specific brain regions of interest can be impeded in tissue disassociation techniques that do not preserve their spatial distribution. Such techniques also potentially skew gene expression analysis because the process itself can alter expression patterns in individual cells. Here we describe a laser capture microdissection (LCM) method to selectively collect specific brain regions affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI) by using a modified Nissl (cresyl violet) staining protocol and the guidance of a rat brain atlas. LCM provides access to brain regions in their native positions and the ability to use anatomical landmarks for identification of each specific region. To this end, LCM has been used previously to examine brain region specific gene expression in TBI. This protocol allows examination of TBI-induced alterations in gene and microRNA expression in distinct brain areas within the same animal. The principles of this protocol can be amended and applied to a wide range of studies examining genomic expression in other disease and/or animal models.

We describe the use of laser capture microdissection to obtain samples of distinct cell populations from different brain regions for gene and microRNA analysis. This technique allows the study of differential effects of traumatic brain injury in specific regions of the rat brain.

Estereotáxica guiada por Atlas Laser Microdissection de captura de regiões do cérebro afetadas por lesão traumática

The ability to isolate specific brain regions of interest can be impeded in tissue disassociation techniques that do not preserve their spatial ...

Tracking Drosophila Larval Behavior in Response to Optogenetic Stimulation of Olfactory Neurons

The ability of insects to navigate toward odor sources is based on the activities of their first-order olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). While a considerable amount of information has been generated regarding ORN responses to odorants, the role of specific ORNs in driving behavioral responses remains poorly understood. Complications in behavior analyses arise due to different volatilities of odorants that activate individual ORNs, multiple ORNs activated by single odorants, and the difficulty in replicating naturally observed temporal variations in olfactory stimuli using conventional odor-delivery methods in the laboratory. Here, we describe a protocol that analyzes Drosophila larval behavior in response to simultaneous optogenetic stimulation of its ORNs. The optogenetic technology used here allows for specificity of ORN activation and precise control of temporal patterns of ORN activation. Corresponding larval movement is tracked, digitally recorded, and analyzed using custom written software. By replacing odor stimuli with light stimuli, this method allows for a more precise control of individual ORN activation in order to study its impact on larval behavior. Our method could be further extended to study the impact of second-order projection neurons (PNs) as well as local neurons (LNs) on larval behavior. This method will thus enable a comprehensive dissection of olfactory circuit function and complement studies on how olfactory neuron activities translate in to behavior responses.

Tracking Drosophila Larval Behavior in Response to Optogenetic Stimulation of Olfactory Neurons

This protocol analyzes navigational behavior of Drosophila larva in response to simultaneous optogenetic stimulation of its olfactory neurons. Light of 630 nm wavelength is used to activate individual olfactory neurons expressing a red-shifted channel rhodopsin. Larval movement is simultaneously tracked, digitally recorded, and analyzed using custom-written software.