This work was supported by a grant from the NIH. The assays shown in Figure 1 was performed by Dr. Joseph Fasolo. We thank Dr. Rui Chen for helpful comments.

1. Preparação Probe <ol><li> Cultura e purificar as sondas V5-quinase de fusão usados ​​para examinar as interacções com outras proteínas, como segue: <ol><li> Use recém-riscado estirpe Y258 levedura (MATa pep4-3, his4-580, ura3-53, leu2-3,112) contendo proteína V5-fusão (expressa a partir pYES-DEST52 vetor gateway). Use a proteína isolada como sonda sobre os microarrays. A chapa completa de levedura-uracilo sintético (Sc-Ura) / 2% de dextrose / Agar e crescer a 30 ° C durante 3 dias de cultura congelada (-80 ° C em glicerol). </li><li> Inocular culturas de arranque (5-20 ml) a partir de uma única colônia e crescer durante a noite em Sc-Ura / 2% de dextrose em plataforma de agitação (220-250 rpm) ou roda a 30 ° C. </li><li> Na manhã seguinte, inocular 400 ml de SC-ura / 2% de rafinose cultura com cultura fermento suficiente para um OD 600 de 0,1 definitiva. </li><li> Cresça os inóculos para DO600 de 0,6, seguido pela indução de galactose do fu V5-cinasesion construção de expressão por adição de uma solução de extracto de levedura 3x / Peptona (YEP) suplementado com 6% de galactose, através da adição de suficiente para diluir o meio de indução por um factor de 3 de modo a que a concentração final de 2% de galactose é. </li><li> Induzir as células a 30 ° C durante 6 horas na mesa vibratória. Usar um balão de Erlenmeyer de 2 L para garantir arejamento adequado. </li><li> Células colheita utilizando um JA-10 (ou equivalente) do rotor de fiação de 400 ml de suspensão de células a 1000 xg durante 5 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> Lavar as células uma vez com 50 ml de tampão gelado PBS e transferir para um tubo de 50 ml. Lave o pellet novamente em tampão PBS frio gelo (sem detergentes ou outros aditivos) utilizados para a lise e transferência de 2 ml snap-cap tubos para a lise. </li><li> Rodar as células a 20.000 xg durante 1 min a 4 ° C, a uma pelete e a pipeta de distância tampão. </li><li> Coloque os tubos em gelo e continue com a etapa de lise. </li><li> Lisar as células (pelete de 250-350 uL) com 00,5 milímetros esferas de zircónia em um 1: 1: 1 de volume de sedimento celular, os grânulos, e solução salina tamponada com fosfato (PBS) de tampão de lise e vórtice a mistura utilizando uma plataforma de agitação 3 vezes em intervalos de 2 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> Centrifugar o lisado a 20.000 x g numa microcentrífuga mesa durante 10 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> Pipeta sobrenadante para um tubo de centrífuga de policarbonato de alta velocidade e por esclarecer ulracentrufugation durante 30 minutos a 150.000 x g a 4 ° C. </li><li> Transferir o lisado clarificado para um tubo contendo resina de afinidade de Ni 2+ pré-lavada (~ 100 mL) e incuba-se em um nutator durante 2 horas a 4 ° C para capturar Histidina (His) 6X com etiquetas V5-proteína de fusão. </li><li> Lavou-se a resina três vezes durante 10 min a 4 ° C com tampão de lavagem. Pellet da resina utilizando uma centrífuga de topo de mesa durante 5 min a 1000 xg, a 4 ° C e aspirar o sobrenadante. Adicionar tampão de lavagem fresca para cada lavagem e devolver o tubo do nutator para a agitação durante a lavagem. </li><li> Após a lavagem steps estão completos, aplicar a resina é lavada para uma nova coluna G-25 para a eluição. </li><li> Aplicar 25 ul de tampão de eluição de uma forma passo a passo começando com imidazole 100 mM a 500 mM de imidazole em incrementos de 50 mm, para um total de 9 fracções. </li><li> Ensaio das fracções recolhidas utilizando gel de dodecilsulfato de sódio poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE) e coloração com Coomassie para identificar a fracção (s) mais altamente enriquecida para utilização no ensaio e adicionar glicerol a 30% e armazenar a -80 ° C até serem usadas no ensaio. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Sondagem os Arrays NOTA: Por favor consulte o passo 2.6 desta seção para preparar a solução de anticorpos antes de iniciar o ensaio. <ol><li> Para detectar interacções, dilui-se o conjugado anticorpo-V5 fluoróforo (isto é AlexaFluor 647) a 260 ng / ml em tampão de sonda e homogeneizar por agitação. NOTA: Preparar esta solução de anticorpo 30 minutos antes da utilização e colocar o tubo sobre um nutatou ou roda para assegurar a mistura completa e uma suspensão homogénea de anticorpo. </li><li> Dilui-se a sonda de proteína V5-fusão numa gama de concentrações de 5-500 ug / ml. NOTA: optimizada para cada ensaio de interacção proteína-proteína, usando tampão de sonda. Optimization envolve a adição de mais sondas para sondar buffer. Tipicamente, 10 ug / ml é utilizada como ponto de partida e ajustado em conformidade com base na intensidade do sinal. </li><li> Remover os microarrays da proteína a partir do congelador (-20 ° C) e trazer a 4 ° C no frigorífico imediatamente antes da utilização. </li><li> Adicionar tampão de bloqueio directamente para o porta-lâminas contendo as proteínas micorarrays e cobrir o topo com parafilme para evitar fugas. Bloquear as matrizes em tampão de bloqueio durante 1 hora, agitando a 50 rpm em uma fase, a 4 ° C. </li><li> Após o bloqueio, as matrizes de transferência para uma câmara humidif içada arrefecida a 4 ° C, e adicionar 90 ul de sonda diluída directamente para a superfície da matriz. Overlay o arrays com um deslizamento levantador levantada e incubar estático (sem agitação) na câmara humidificada a 4 ° C durante 1,5 h. </li><li> Lavam-se as matrizes de três vezes durante 1 min cada em tampão de sonda em três tubos de 50 mL cónicos. Adicionar o slide para tubos cônicos contendo tampão sonda pré-refrigerados suficiente para envolver completamente o slide. Permitir que o deslizamento levantador para deslizar suavemente fora do microarray proteína (não forçá-lo, pois isso pode resultar em danos à superfície da matriz). </li><li> Aplique a solução de anticorpo diretamente a matriz imediatamente após a conclusão da lavagem (passo 2.5) e sobreposição com um deslizamento levantador criado como antes. Incubar as matrizes durante 30 min a 4 ° C na câmara humidificada. </li><li> Execute o mesmo passo de lavagem como anteriormente (3 vezes 1 min em tampão de sonda), e centrifugação num tubo de 50 ml a 800 xg numa centrifugadora de mesa, durante 5 min à temperatura ambiente. Secar as matrizes em um suporte de slides no escuro por 30 minutos antes de a digitalização da matriz em 647 nm. </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

O protocolo apresentado foi inicialmente realizada usando 85 proteínas de fusão de cinase-V5 únicas proteínas de levedura para comparar a actividade de ligação entre as famílias distintas e relacionadas de proteína-quinases de levedura, resultando na identificação de novas redes de interacção quinase in vivo 1. Como uma tecnologia de criação de perfil proteômica emergentes, o desenvolvimento de Alto Rendimento (HTP) rastreio de proteomas usando microarrays da proteína contavam com bib...

A necessidade de se realizar análises globais de bioquímica de proteínas e actividade in vivo de ligação resultou no desenvolvimento de novos métodos para perfilar as interacções proteína-proteína (IBP) e as modificações pós-traducionais de proteomas inteiros 1,3-8. Microarrays da proteína são fabricados como microarrays funcionais de proteínas utilizando proteínas funcionais full-length 4-6,8,9, ou microarrays da proteína analíticas contendo anticorpos 10,11. Eles foram concebidos para conter uma elevada densidade de proteínas dispostas em lâminas de microscópio com uma variedade de químicas de superfície para facilitar uma variedade de condições experimentais necessários para a realização de uma ampla análises bioquímicas 12. Nitrocelulose e de superfície aldeído químicas para fixação química através de métodos de lisina ou de fixação de afinidade, tais como lâminas de quelatos de níquel para a fixação de proteínas His-tag e glutationa para fixação afinidade entre outros 13. </p&gt; A utilização de microarranjos de proteínas funcionais para detectar interacções proteína-proteína requer acesso a uma biblioteca de proteínas de alta qualidade funcional 14. S. cerevisiae é favorável à produção de uma tal biblioteca através do emparelhamento de afinidade de elevada cópia etiquetados com construções de proteínas de alto rendimento técnicas de purificação cromatográfica. A grande maioria do genoma da levedura foi sequenciado e quase todo o proteoma pode ser expresso a partir de um plasmídeo de elevado número de cópias para a purificação e análises bioquímicas 12. Uma vez que as proteínas são obtidas e dispostos em formato de 384 poços, eles são impressas em uma lâmina de microscópio permitindo a análise bioquímica rápida paralelo multi-paramétricos e interrogatório bioinformática 8,14-16. Protein microarrays foram utilizadas para ensaios enzimáticos e interacções com proteínas, lípidos, moléculas pequenas, e ácidos nucleicos, entre muitas outras aplicações. A acessibilidade de proteínas na superfície de proteomamatrizes de torná-los passíveis de diferentes tipos de detecção analítica, incluindo imuno-afinidade, Surface Plasmon Resonance, fluorescência e muitas outras técnicas. Além disso, permite o controle preciso da condição experimental, onde ele pode ser difícil de fazer in vivo. O objectivo deste protocolo é para demonstrar o uso apropriado de microarrays de proteína funcionais para detectar interacções proteína-proteína. Esta aplicação permite a análise bioquímica paralela de alta taxa de transferência de actividades de ligação de proteínas utilizando uma substância altamente purificado (proteína) de interesse. Um C-terminal (C-terminal) com a etiqueta de proteína isco V5-fusão de interesse é produzida a partir de um plasmídeo de elevado número de cópias numa estirpe de levedura optimizado para a purificação de proteínas. Marcação de C-terminal assegura que a proteína de comprimento completo foi traduzido. A proteína utilizada no presente estudo é Tda1-V5 proteína de fusão de cinase, que é purificado utilizando resina de afinidade de níquel através de uma marcação His6X. A construç fusão Tda1-V5t é purificado através de eluição em série, utilizando um gradiente de imidazole para eluir a fracção mais altamente enriquecida para uso no ensaio.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="855">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Petri Dishes</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR</td>
			<td>NC-10747</td>
			<td>or comparable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacto yeast extract</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Difco</td>
			<td>0217-17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacto peptone</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Difco</td>
			<td>0118-17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacto agar</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Difco</td>
			<td>0140-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Dextrose</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>D9434</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Raffinose</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>R0514</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Galactose</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>G0750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Sc-Ura drop out media</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">MP Bio</td>
			<td>114410622</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Small Culture tubes</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR/Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Large Erlenmeyer Flask</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR/Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Centrifuge JA-10 rotor</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Centrifuge tubes (500 mL)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Falcon tube (50 mL)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR/Fisher</td>
			<td>21008-951</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">PBS Tablets</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>P4417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">FastPrep Tubes(2ml screw cap tube)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">FastPrep Machine</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">116004500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Zircon Beads</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">BioSpec</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">11079105</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Triton X100</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>P4417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">DTT</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>D9779</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:267px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>M8266&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>S3014&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Imidazole (pH = 7.4)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>I5513&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">PMSF</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>93482</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Complete Inhibitor Cocktail (EDTA Free)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11873580001</td>
			<td style="width:291px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 1</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">sigma</td>
			<td>P2850</td>
			<td style="width:291px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>A2153&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Tween-20</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>P1379&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">ATP</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>A1852&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Shaking Incubator (30 &#176;C)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Nickel Affinity Resin</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>R901-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">G25 column</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">GE life sciences</td>
			<td>27-5325-01&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Nutator</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR/Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">SDS-PAGE Gel (NuPage)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Coomassie Blue Stain</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Monoclonal V5 Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>R960-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:267px;">Alexa647 Tagged monoclonal V5 Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>451098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Protein Microarrays Kit</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>PAH0525013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Genepix Scanner</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:63px;width:267px;">Lifter Slips</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:291px;">http://www.thomassci.com/Supplies/Microscope-Cover-Glass/_/LIFTER-SLIPS/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="124">
			<td height="124" style="height:124px;width:267px;">Lysis Buffer: 0.1% Triton X-100, 0.5 mM DTT, 
			2 mM MgCl2, 500 mM NaCl, 50 mM imidazole (pH 7.4), Complete protease inhibitor cocktail &#8211; EDTA-free, Phosphatase inhibitor Cocktail 1, 1 mM PMSF&#160; (add just prior to use)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Add the reagents to 1 X PBS (0.01 M phosphate buffer, 0.0027 M potassium chloride, 0.137 M sodium chloride; pH 7.4) to obtain the desired volume of lysis solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:267px;">Blocking Buffer: 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA), 0.1% Tween-20</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Add the reagents to 1 X PBS to obtain the desired volume of blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:267px;">Probe Buffer: 2 mM MgCl2, 0.5 mM DTT, 0.05% Triton X-100, 50 mM NaCl,500 &#956;M ATP (for kinases), 1% BSA</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Add the reagent to 1 X PBS to obtain desired volume of probe buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="67">
			<td height="67" style="height:67px;width:267px;">Wash Buffer: 0.1% Triton X-100, 500 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM DTT, 50 mM imidazole (pH 7.4),2 mM MgCl2</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Add the reagent to 1 X PBS to obtain desired volume of probe buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="168">
			<td height="168" style="height:168px;width:267px;">Elution Buffer: 0.1% Triton X-100, 0.5 mM DTT, 2 mM MgCl2, 500 mM NaCl, 50 &#8211; 500 mM imidazole (pH 7.4), Complete protease inhibitor cocktail &#8211; EDTA-free, Phosphatase inhibitor Cocktail 1, 1 mM PMSF (add just prior to use)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Before you begin, it is important to note the concentration gradient of imidazole (50 &#8211; 500 mM) and to create separate tubes for each concentration (it is advisable to create the interval using 50 mM increments). Add the reagent to 1 X PBS to obtain desired volume of probe buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:267px;">3x YEP +6% galactose: Dissolve 30 g of yeast extract and&#160; 60 g of peptone in 700 ml of H2O, and autoclave. Add 300 ml of filter sterilized 20% galactose (wt/vol)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>&#160;galactose should not be autoclaved</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

probing high-density functional protein microarrays to detect protein-protein interactions

Microarrays proteicos funcionais de alta densidade contendo ~ 4200 proteínas de levedura recombinantes são examinados para interacções proteína-proteína-quinase, utilizando uma proteína de fusão purificada por afinidade, de levedura de quinase contendo uma etiqueta de epitopo-V5 para read-out. Quinase purificada é obtida através da cultura de uma estirpe de levedura optimizado para a produção de proteínas de cópias elevado contendo um plasmídeo contendo uma fusão de quinase-V5 construir sob um promotor GAL indutível. A levedura é cultivada em meios restritiva com uma fonte de carbono neutro durante 6 horas, seguido por indução com galactose a 2%. Em seguida, a cultura é colhida e quinase é purificado usando técnicas cromatográficas padrão de afinidade para se obter uma proteína-quinase de elevada pureza para utilização no ensaio. A quinase purificada é diluída com tampão de quinase de um conjunto adequado para o ensaio e os microarrays da proteína estão bloqueados antes da hibridação com o microarray da proteína. Após a hibridação, as matrizes são sondados com V5 monoclonal ANTIBody para identificar proteínas ligadas pela proteína cinase-V5. Finalmente, as matrizes são digitalizados utilizando um scanner de microarray padrão, e os dados são extraídos para a análise informática jusante 1,2 para determinar uma confiança elevada conjunto de interacções de proteínas a jusante para validação in vivo.

A actividade de interacção proteína-proteína foi observada usando um leitor de chip padrão para avaliar a Tda1-V5 proteína quinase construção de fusão como uma proteína de isco contra um microarray proteico funcional levedura contendo aproximadamente 4200 único S. proteínas de fusão com GST cerevisiae. Além disso interrogatório com o software GenePix revelou uma infinidade de eventos de diferentes intensidades de ligação. A afinidade foi medida a partir da intensidade do sinal graduada...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Probing High-density Functional Protein Microarrays to Detect Protein-protein Interactions at JoVE.com

Probing High-density Functional Protein Microarrays to Detect Protein-protein Interactions

Utilizando microarrays de proteína que contêm quase toda a S. cerevisiae proteoma é sondado para um rápido interrogatório imparcial de milhares de interações proteína-proteína em paralelo. Este método pode ser utilizado para a molécula de proteína-pequena, a modificação pós-traducional, e outros ensaios in high-throughput.

Sondagem de alta densidade microarrays proteína funcional para detectar interacções proteína-proteína

High-density functional protein microarrays containing ~4,200 recombinant yeast proteins are examined for kinase protein-protein interactions using an ...

probing-high-density-functional-protein-microarrays-to-detect-protein

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

7.9K visualizações.  Stanford University.  Utilizando microarrays de proteína que contêm quase toda a S. cerevisiae proteoma é sondado para um rápido interrogatório imparcial de milhares de interações proteína-proteína em paralelo. Este método pode ser utilizado para a molécula de proteína-pequena, a modificação pós-traducional, e outros ensaios in high-throughput. 

Vídeo: Probing High-density Functional Protein Microarrays to Detect Protein-protein Interactions

Split-Ubiquitin Based Membrane Yeast Two-Hybrid (MYTH) System: A Powerful Tool For Identifying Protein-Protein Interactions

The fundamental biological and clinical importance of integral membrane proteins prompted the development of a yeast-based system for the high-throughput identification of protein-protein interactions (PPI) for full-length transmembrane proteins. To this end, our lab developed the split-ubiquitin based Membrane Yeast Two-Hybrid (MYTH) system. This technology allows for the sensitive detection of transient and stable protein interactions using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a host organism. MYTH takes advantage of the observation that ubiquitin can be separated into two stable moieties: the C-terminal half of yeast ubiquitin (Cub) and the N-terminal half of the ubiquitin moiety (Nub). In MYTH, this principle is adapted for use as a 'sensor' of protein-protein interactions. Briefly, the integral membrane bait protein is fused to Cub which is linked to an artificial transcription factor. Prey proteins, either in individual or library format, are fused to the Nub moiety. Protein interaction between the bait and prey leads to reconstitution of the ubiquitin moieties, forming a full-length 'pseudo-ubiquitin' molecule. This molecule is in turn recognized by cytosolic deubiquitinating enzymes, resulting in cleavage of the transcription factor, and subsequent induction of reporter gene expression. The system is highly adaptable, and is particularly well-suited to high-throughput screening. It has been successfully employed to investigate interactions using integral membrane proteins from both yeast and other organisms.

Split-Ubiquitin Based Membrane Yeast Two-Hybrid MYTH System: A Powerful Tool For Identifying Protein-Protein Interactions

MYTH allows the sensitive detection of transient and stable interactions between proteins that are expressed in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has been successfully applied to study exogenous and yeast integral membrane proteins in order to identify their interacting partners in a high throughput manner.

Split-Ubiquitina Yeast Membrana Baseado Two-Hybrid (MITO) do sistema: uma ferramenta poderosa para identificação de interações proteína-proteína

The fundamental biological and clinical importance of integral membrane proteins prompted the development of a yeast-based system for the high-throughput ...

Biologia

In-vivo Detection of Protein-protein Interactions on Micro-patterned Surfaces

Unraveling the interaction network of molecules in-vivo is key to understanding the mechanisms that regulate cell function and metabolism. A multitude of methodological options for addressing molecular interactions in cells have been developed, but most of these methods suffer from being rather indirect and therefore hardly quantitative. On the contrary, a few high-end quantitative approaches were introduced, which however are difficult to extend to high throughput. To combine high throughput capabilities with the possibility to extract quantitative information, we recently developed a new concept for identifying protein-protein interactions (Schwarzenbacher et al., 2008). Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the design and the construction of this system which allows for analyzing interactions between a fluorophore-labeled protein ("prey") and a membrane protein ("bait") in-vivo. Cells are plated on micropatterned surfaces functionalized with antibodies against the bait exoplasmic domain. Bait-prey interactions are assayed via the redistribution of the fluorescent prey. The method is characterized by high sensitivity down to the level of single molecules, the capability to detect weak interactions, and high throughput capability, making it applicable as screening tool.

In-vivo Detection of Protein-protein Interactions on Micro-patterned Surfaces

This video shows experiments with subsequent analysis of protein-protein interactions by the use of micro-patterned surfaces. The approach offers the possibility to detect protein interactions in living cells and combines high throughput capabilities with the possibility to extract quantitative information.

In vivo Detecção de interações proteína-proteína em Micro-padrão Superfícies

Unraveling the interaction network of molecules in-vivo is key to understanding the mechanisms that regulate cell function and metabolism. A multitude of ...

Imaging Protein-protein Interactions in vivo

Protein-protein interactions are a hallmark of all essential cellular processes. However, many of these interactions are transient, or energetically weak, preventing their identification and analysis through traditional biochemical methods such as co-immunoprecipitation. In this regard, the genetically encodable fluorescent proteins (GFP, RFP, etc.) and their associated overlapping fluorescence spectrum have revolutionized our ability to monitor weak interactions in vivo using F&ouml;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET)1-3. Here, we detail our use of a FRET-based proximity assay for monitoring receptor-receptor interactions on the endothelial cell surface.

Imaging Protein-protein Interactions in vivo

This protocol describes how to image protein-protein interactions using a FRET-based proximity assay.

Imagem interações proteína-proteína In vivo</em

Protein-protein interactions are a hallmark of all essential cellular processes. However, many of these interactions are transient, or energetically weak, ...

A Protocol for the Identification of Protein-protein Interactions Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Affinity Modulation

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental for many biological processes in the cell. Therefore, their characterization plays an important role in current research and a plethora of methods for their investigation is available1. Protein-protein interactions often are highly dynamic and may depend on subcellular localization, post-translational modifications and the local protein environment2. Therefore, they should be investigated in their natural environment, for which co-immunoprecipitation approaches are the method of choice3. Co-precipitated interaction partners are identified either by immunoblotting in a targeted approach, or by mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in an untargeted way. The latter strategy often is adversely affected by a large number of false positive discoveries, mainly derived from the high sensitivity of modern mass spectrometers that confidently detect traces of unspecifically precipitating proteins. A recent approach to overcome this problem is based on the idea that reduced amounts of specific interaction partners will co-precipitate with a given target protein whose cellular concentration is reduced by RNAi, while the amounts of unspecifically precipitating proteins should be unaffected. This approach, termed QUICK for QUantitative Immunoprecipitation Combined with Knockdown4, employs Stable Isotope Labeling of Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC)5 and MS to quantify the amounts of proteins immunoprecipitated from wild-type and knock-down strains. Proteins found in a 1:1 ratio can be considered as contaminants, those enriched in precipitates from the wild type as specific interaction partners of the target protein. Although innovative, QUICK bears some limitations: first, SILAC is cost-intensive and limited to organisms that ideally are auxotrophic for arginine and/or lysine. Moreover, when heavy arginine is fed, arginine-to-proline interconversion results in additional mass shifts for each proline in a peptide and slightly dilutes heavy with light arginine, which makes quantification more tedious and less accurate5,6. Second, QUICK requires that antibodies are titrated such that they do not become saturated with target protein in extracts from knock-down mutants.
Here we introduce a modified QUICK protocol which overcomes the abovementioned limitations of QUICK by replacing SILAC for 15N metabolic labeling and by replacing RNAi-mediated knock-down for affinity modulation of protein-protein interactions. We demonstrate the applicability of this protocol using the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as model organism and the chloroplast HSP70B chaperone as target protein7 (Figure 1). HSP70s are known to interact with specific co-chaperones and substrates only in the ADP state8. We exploit this property as a means to verify the specific interaction of HSP70B with its nucleotide exchange factor CGE19.

A Protocol for the Identification of Protein-protein Interactions Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Affinity Modulation

We present a variation of the QUICK (QUantitative Immunoprecipitation Combined with Knockdown) approach that was introduced previously to distinguish between true and false protein-protein interactions. Our approach is based on 15N metabolic labeling, the modulation of affinities of protein-protein interactions by the presence/absence of ATP, immunoprecipitation, and quantitative mass spectrometry.

Um protocolo para a identificação de interações proteína-proteína Baseado<sup&gt; 15</sup&gt; Etiquetagem N Metabólica, imunoprecipitação, Quantitativa Espectrometria de Massa e Affinity Modulação

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental for many biological processes in the cell. Therefore, their characterization plays an important role in ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation: A High Throughput Quantitative Method to Study Protein-protein Interaction

Among methods to study protein-protein interaction inside cells, Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) is relatively simple and sensitive. BiFC is based on the production of fluorescence using two non-fluorescent fragments of a fluorescent protein (Venus, a Yellow Fluorescent Protein variant, is used here). Non-fluorescent Venus fragments (VN and VC) are fused to two interacting proteins (in this case, AKAP-Lbc and PDE4D3), yielding fluorescence due to VN-AKAP-Lbc-VC-PDE4D3 interaction and the formation of a functional fluorescent protein inside cells.
BiFC provides information on the subcellular localization of protein complexes and the strength of protein interactions based on fluorescence intensity. However, BiFC analysis using microscopy to quantify the strength of protein-protein interaction is time-consuming and somewhat subjective due to heterogeneity in protein expression and interaction. By coupling flow cytometric analysis with BiFC methodology, the fluorescent BiFC protein-protein interaction signal can be accurately measured for a large quantity of cells in a short time. Here, we demonstrate an application of this methodology to map regions in PDE4D3 that are required for the interaction with AKAP-Lbc. This high throughput methodology can be applied to screening factors that regulate protein-protein interaction.

Flow cytometric analysis of Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation provides a high throughput quantitative method to study protein-protein interaction. This methodology can be applied to mapping protein binding sites and for screening factors that regulate protein-protein interaction.

Citometria de fluxo e de Complementação de fluorescência Bimolecular: A alta taxa de transferência método quantitativo para estudo de interação proteína-proteína

Among methods to study protein-protein interaction inside cells, Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) is relatively simple and sensitive. BiFC ...

Using Coculture to Detect Chemically Mediated Interspecies Interactions

In nature, bacteria rarely exist in isolation; they are instead surrounded by a diverse array of other microorganisms that alter the local environment by secreting metabolites. These metabolites have the potential to modulate the physiology and differentiation of their microbial neighbors and are likely important factors in the establishment and maintenance of complex microbial communities. We have developed a fluorescence-based coculture screen to identify such chemically mediated microbial interactions. The screen involves combining a fluorescent transcriptional reporter strain with environmental microbes on solid media and allowing the colonies to grow in coculture. The fluorescent transcriptional reporter is designed so that the chosen bacterial strain fluoresces when it is expressing a particular phenotype of interest (i.e. biofilm formation, sporulation, virulence factor production, etc.) Screening is performed under growth conditions where this phenotype is not expressed (and therefore the reporter strain is typically nonfluorescent). When an environmental microbe secretes a metabolite that activates this phenotype, it diffuses through the agar and activates the fluorescent reporter construct. This allows the inducing-metabolite-producing microbe to be detected: they are the nonfluorescent colonies most proximal to the fluorescent colonies. Thus, this screen allows the identification of environmental microbes that produce diffusible metabolites that activate a particular physiological response in a reporter strain. This publication discusses how to: a) select appropriate coculture screening conditions, b) prepare the reporter and environmental microbes for screening, c) perform the coculture screen, d) isolate putative inducing organisms, and e) confirm their activity in a secondary screen. We developed this method to screen for soil organisms that activate biofilm matrix-production in Bacillus subtilis; however, we also discuss considerations for applying this approach to other genetically tractable bacteria.

Bacteria produce secreted compounds that have the potential to affect the physiology of their microbial neighbors. Here we describe a coculture screen that allows detection of such chemically mediated interspecies interactions by mixing soil microbes with fluorescent transcriptional reporter strains of Bacillus subtilis on solid media.

Usando Coculture detectar quimicamente mediada interespécies Interações

In nature, bacteria rarely exist in isolation; they are instead surrounded by a diverse array of other microorganisms that alter the local environment by ...

Protein-protein Interactions Visualized by Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation in Tobacco Protoplasts and Leaves

Many proteins interact transiently with other proteins or are integrated into multi-protein complexes to perform their biological function. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) is an in vivo method to monitor such interactions in plant cells. In the presented protocol the investigated candidate proteins are fused to complementary halves of fluorescent proteins and the respective constructs are introduced into plant cells via agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Subsequently, the proteins are transiently expressed in tobacco leaves and the restored fluorescent signals can be detected with a confocal laser scanning microscope in the intact cells. This allows not only visualization of the interaction itself, but also the subcellular localization of the protein complexes can be determined. For this purpose, marker genes containing a fluorescent tag can be coexpressed along with the BiFC constructs, thus visualizing cellular structures such as the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus or the plasma membrane. The fluorescent signal can be monitored either directly in epidermal leaf cells or in single protoplasts, which can be easily isolated from the transformed tobacco leaves. BiFC is ideally suited to study protein-protein interactions in their natural surroundings within the living cell. However, it has to be considered that the expression has to be driven by strong promoters and that the interaction partners are modified due to fusion of the relatively large fluorescence tags, which might interfere with the interaction mechanism. Nevertheless, BiFC is an excellent complementary approach to other commonly applied methods investigating protein-protein interactions, such as coimmunoprecipitation, in vitro pull-down assays or yeast-two-hybrid experiments.

Formation of protein complexes in vivo can be visualized by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Interaction partners are fused to complementary parts of fluorescent tags and transiently expressed in tobacco leaves, resulting in a reconstituted fluorescent signal upon close proximity of the two proteins.

Interações proteína-proteína visualizado por Bimolecular Fluorescência de Complementação em tabaco Protoplastos e folhas

Many proteins interact transiently with other proteins or are integrated into multi-protein complexes to perform their biological function. Bimolecular ...

Investigating Protein-protein Interactions in Live Cells Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Assays based on Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) provide a sensitive and reliable means to monitor protein-protein interactions in live cells. BRET is the non-radiative transfer of energy from a 'donor' luciferase enzyme to an 'acceptor' fluorescent protein. In the most common configuration of this assay, the donor is Renilla reniformis luciferase and the acceptor is Yellow Fluorescent Protein (YFP). Because the efficiency of energy transfer is strongly distance-dependent, observation of the BRET phenomenon requires that the donor and acceptor be in close proximity. To test for an interaction between two proteins of interest in cultured mammalian cells, one protein is expressed as a fusion with luciferase and the second as a fusion with YFP. An interaction between the two proteins of interest may bring the donor and acceptor sufficiently close for energy transfer to occur. Compared to other techniques for investigating protein-protein interactions, the BRET assay is sensitive, requires little hands-on time and few reagents, and is able to detect interactions which are weak, transient, or dependent on the biochemical environment found within a live cell. It is therefore an ideal approach for confirming putative interactions suggested by yeast two-hybrid or mass spectrometry proteomics studies, and in addition it is well-suited for mapping interacting regions, assessing the effect of post-translational modifications on protein-protein interactions, and evaluating the impact of mutations identified in patient DNA.

Interactions between proteins are fundamental to all cellular processes. Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer, the interaction between a pair of proteins can be monitored in live cells and in real time. Furthermore, the effects of potentially pathogenic mutations can be assessed.

Investigando interações proteína-proteína em células vivas usando a transferência de Bioluminescência Resonance Energy

Assays based on Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) provide a sensitive and reliable means to monitor protein-protein interactions in live ...

Identifying Protein-protein Interaction Sites Using Peptide Arrays

Protein-protein interactions mediate most of the processes in the living cell and control homeostasis of the organism. Impaired protein interactions may result in disease, making protein interactions important drug targets. It is thus highly important to understand these interactions at the molecular level. Protein interactions are studied using a variety of techniques ranging from cellular and biochemical assays to quantitative biophysical assays, and these may be performed either with full-length proteins, with protein domains or with peptides. Peptides serve as excellent tools to study protein interactions since peptides can be easily synthesized and allow the focusing on specific interaction sites. Peptide arrays enable the identification of the interaction sites between two proteins as well as screening for peptides that bind the target protein for therapeutic purposes. They also allow high throughput SAR studies. For identification of binding sites, a typical peptide array usually contains partly overlapping 10-20 residues peptides derived from the full sequences of one or more partner proteins of the desired target protein. Screening the array for binding the target protein reveals the binding peptides, corresponding to the binding sites in the partner proteins, in an easy and fast method using only small amount of protein.
In this article we describe a protocol for screening peptide arrays for mapping the interaction sites between a target protein and its partners. The peptide array is designed based on the sequences of the partner proteins taking into account their secondary structures. The arrays used in this protocol were Celluspots arrays prepared by INTAVIS Bioanalytical Instruments. The array is blocked to prevent unspecific binding and then incubated with the studied protein. Detection using an antibody reveals the binding peptides corresponding to the specific interaction sites between the proteins.

Peptide array screening is a high throughput assay for identifying protein-protein interaction sites. This allows mapping multiple interactions of a target protein and can serve as a method for identifying sites for inhibitors that target a protein. Here we describe a protocol for screening and analyzing peptide arrays.

A identificação da proteína-proteína Locais de interacção Usando Peptide Arrays

Protein-protein interactions mediate most of the processes in the living cell and control homeostasis of the organism. Impaired protein interactions may ...

Development of Inhibitors of Protein-protein Interactions through REPLACE: Application to the Design and Development Non-ATP Competitive CDK Inhibitors

REPLACE is a unique strategy developed to more effectively target protein-protein interactions (PPIs). It aims to expand available drug target space by providing improved methodology for the identification of inhibitors for such binding sites and which represent the majority of potential drug targets. The main goal of this paper is to provide a methodological overview of the use and application of the REPLACE strategy which involves computational and synthetic chemistry approaches. REPLACE is exemplified through its application to the development of non-ATP competitive cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) inhibitors as anti-tumor therapeutics. CDKs are frequently deregulated in cancer and hence are considered as important targets for drug development. Inhibition of CDK2/cyclin A in S phase has been reported to promote selective apoptosis of cancer cells in a p53 independent manner through the E2F1 pathway. Targeting the protein-protein interaction at the cyclin binding groove (CBG) is an approach which will allow the specific inhibition of cell cycle over transcriptional CDKs. The CBG is recognized by a consensus sequence derived from CDK substrates and tumor suppressor proteins termed the cyclin binding motif (CBM). The CBM has previously been optimized to an octapeptide from p21Waf (HAKRRIF) and then further truncated to a pentapeptide retaining sufficient activity (RRLIF). Peptides in general are not cell permeable, are metabolically unstable and therefore the REPLACE (REplacement with Partial Ligand Alternatives through Computational Enrichment) strategy has been applied in order to generate more drug-like inhibitors. The strategy begins with the design of Fragment ligated inhibitory peptides (FLIPs) that selectively inhibit cell cycle CDK/cyclin complexes. FLIPs were generated by iteratively replacing residues of HAKRRLIF/RRLIF with fragment like small molecules (capping groups), starting from the N-terminus (Ncaps), followed by replacement on the C-terminus. These compounds are starting points for the generation of non-ATP competitive CDK inhibitors as anti-tumor therapeutics.

We describe implementation of the REPLACE strategy for targeting protein-protein interactions. REPLACE is an iterative strategy involving synthetic and computational approaches for the conversion of optimized peptidic inhibitors into drug like molecules.

Desenvolvimento de inibidores de interacções proteína-proteína através REPLACE: Aplicação para a concepção e desenvolvimento não-ATP inibidores de CDK Competitiva

REPLACE is a unique strategy developed to more effectively target protein-protein interactions (PPIs). It aims to expand available drug target space by ...