We thank Monika Kilchenmann, Federica Bisignani and Agathe Duda for their excellent technical assistance.

All experiments adhered to the Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO).
1. Animals
<ol>
	<li>Maintain the wild-type zebrafish (Danio rerio) of the AB (Oregon) strain aged between 6-12 months under standard conditions in water with a temperature of 26.5 &#176;C and a 14/10 hr light/dark cycle 15.</li>
	<li>Follow the animal care guidelines of the involved institutions for the anim...

<ol>
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P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinitis+pigmentosa.">Retinitis pigmentosa.</a> Lancet. 368, 1795-1809 (2006).</li><li>Tsubura, A., Yoshizawa, K., Kuwata, M., Uehara, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+for+retinitis+pigmentosa+induced+by+MNU;+disease+progression,+mechanisms+and+therapeutic+trials.">Animal models for retinitis pigmentosa induced by MNU; disease progression, mechanisms and therapeutic trials.</a> Histol. 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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+zebrafish+as+a+model+for+complex+tissue+regeneration.">The zebrafish as a model for complex tissue regeneration.</a> Trends Genet. 29 (11), 611-620 (2013).</li><li>Brockerhoff, S. E., Fadool, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetics+of+photoreceptor+degeneration+and+regeneration+in+zebrafish.">Genetics of photoreceptor degeneration and regeneration in zebrafish.</a> Cell Mol. Life Sci. 68, 651-659 (2011).</li><li>Brand, M., Granato, M., N&#252;sslein-Volhard, C., N&#252;sslein-Volhard, C., Dahm, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Keeping+and+raising+zebrafish.">Keeping and raising zebrafish.</a> Zebrafish: A Practical Approach. , 7-38 (2002).</li><li>Tappeiner, C., Gerber, S., Enzmann, V., Balmer, J., Jazwinska, A., Tschopp, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+acuity+and+contrast+sensitivity+of+adult+zebrafish.">Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity of adult zebrafish.</a> Front. Zool. 9 (1), 10 (2012).</li><li>Bailey, T. J., Fossum, S. L., Fimbel, S. M., Montgomery, J. E., Hyde, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+inhibitor+of+phagocytosis,+O-phospho-L-serine,+suppresses+M&#252;ller+glia+proliferation+and+cone+cell+regeneration+in+the+light-damaged+zebrafish+retina.">The inhibitor of phagocytosis, O-phospho-L-serine, suppresses M&#252;ller glia proliferation and cone cell regeneration in the light-damaged zebrafish retina.</a> Exp. Eye Res. 91, 601-612 (2010).</li><li>Nelson, C. M., Hyde, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=M&#252;ller+glia+as+a+source+of+neuronal+progenitor+cells+to+regenerate+the+damaged+zebrafish+retina.">M&#252;ller glia as a source of neuronal progenitor cells to regenerate the damaged zebrafish retina.</a> Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 723, 425-430 (2012).</li><li>Prusky, G. T., Alam, N. M., Beekman, S., Douglas, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+quantification+of+adult+and+developing+mouse+spatial+vision+using+a+virtual+optomotor+system.">Rapid quantification of adult and developing mouse spatial vision using a virtual optomotor system.</a> Invest. Ophthalmol Vis. Sci. 45 (12), 4611-4616 (2004).</li><li>Beck, J. C., Gilland, E., Tank, D. W., Baker, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantifying+the+ontogeny+of+optokinetic+and+vestibulo-ocular+behaviors+in+zebrafish,+medaka,+and+goldfish.">Quantifying the ontogeny of optokinetic and vestibulo-ocular behaviors in zebrafish, medaka, and goldfish.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 92 (6), 3546-3561 (2004).</li><li>Fimbel, S. M., Montgomery, J. E., Burket, C. T., Hyde, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regeneration+of+Inner+Retinal+Neurons+after+Intravitreal+Injection+of+Ouabain+in.">Regeneration of Inner Retinal Neurons after Intravitreal Injection of Ouabain in.</a> Zebrafish. J. Neurosci. 27, 1712-1724 (2007).</li><li>Sherpa, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ganglion+cell+regeneration+following+whole-retina+destruction+in+zebrafish.">Ganglion cell regeneration following whole-retina destruction in zebrafish.</a> Dev. Neurobiol. 68, 166-181 (2008).</li><li>Yurco, P., Cameron, D. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Previously, our group has transferred the MNU model of photoreceptor degeneration from rodents into the zebrafish system 9. The ensuing events were described and followed for up to 30 days. In this time period complete retinal morphological degeneration and regeneration occurred after the initial treatment. First, histology reveals a reduced rod cell count from day 3 on with a minimum at day 8. Correspondingly, TUNEL staining identifies apoptosis of rod photoreceptors 3 days after MNU treatment. Regeneration s...

Vision is the most essential sense for the human being and its impairment has a high socio-economic impact. In the developed world, retinal degenerative diseases are the leading cause of vision loss and blindness among older adults 1. The cause of most degenerative retinal diseases is only partly understood and therapeutical solutions to regain lost vision are very limited. Retinitis pigmentosa is a typical example of a retinal degenerative disease with primary photoreceptor loss 2-3. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) induces retinal degeneration and is therefore widely used in rodents to model diseases with primary photoreceptor cell death 4. It is an alkylating agent and leads to benign and malignant tumors, which usually appear several months after exposure 5-7. In addition, it causes specific photoreceptor cell death within a short term observation period. Thereby, the loss of the retinal layer structure and significant retinal thinning were observed in a concentration-dependent manner. Retinal glia cells were activated, but no changes in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) were found. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related apoptosis appears to be the main pathway of MNU action in the retina 8.
We have recently introduced MNU as a chemical model to induce photoreceptor degeneration in zebrafish 9. Amongst other reasons, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become important in visual research because of the similarities of its visual system to that of other vertebrates 10. The outer retina contains the photoreceptors, which can be grouped into four different cone types with peak sensitivities in the ultraviolet, short, middle, and long wavelength of the visible spectra and one rod photoreceptor type. In the inner nuclear layer (INL), the cell bodies of bipolar, horizontal, and amacrine interneurons are found, as well as the cell soma of Muller glia cells. In the outer plexiform layer (OPL) the synaptic contacts between photoreceptors and the inner retina are formed, whereas the cell layer closest to the lens is the ganglion cell layer (GC), which components form long axons comprising the optic nerve and the optic tract. Synaptic contacts between ganglion cells and the cells in the inner nuclear layer are formed in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) 11. The RPE lies outside the neurosensory retina and surrounds the photoreceptor outer segments with long apical microvilli 12. Furthermore, the zebrafish is highly regenerative and able to regrow lesioned brain, retina, spinal cord, heart, and other tissues 13. When retinal damage occurs, cells in the INL, which are thought to be M&#252;ller cells, are activated and have the potential to differentiate into various retinal cell types. In addition, they also generate rod progenitors, which are located in the ONL. Another source that supplies the retina of adult zebrafish with new cells is the ciliary marginal zone. This source is needed to achieve a constant density of rod photoreceptors in the continuously growing zebrafish eye 14.
The MNU model can be used as a simple and reproducible degeneration/regeneration approach for retinal tissue. Due to certain similarities of biological processes in zebrafish and in humans this could open the doors to identify involved cell death pathways and to screen potential neuroprotective drugs. Based on a previous study from our group, we now illustrate the methods of this MNU-induced zebrafish model of retinal de- and consequent regeneration including functional changes with according laboratory videos 9.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" >
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >Acetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>A6283</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ammonia</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>294993</td>
			<td>0.80%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Bovine serum albumine (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>05470</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Dako Pen</td>
			<td>Dako, Glostrup, Danmark</td>
			<td>S2002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >DAPI mounting medium</td>
			<td>Vector Labs, Burlingame, CA, USA</td>
			<td>H-1200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Eosin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>45260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>2860</td>
			<td>100%, 96%, 70%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>ED</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>E10521</td>
			<td>Tricaine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Eukitt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>3989</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Goat anti-rabbit Alexa 594</td>
			<td>Life Technologies, Zug, Switzerland</td>
			<td>A11012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Goat normal serum</td>
			<td>Dako, Glostrup, Danmark</td>
			<td>X0907</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>320331</td>
			<td>0.20%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >In situ Cell Death Detection Kit</td>
			<td>Roche Applied Sciences, Rotkreuz, Switzerland</td>
			<td>11684795910</td>
			<td>TUNEL Kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Mayer&#39;s hemalum solution</td>
			<td>Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>109249</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Methylnitrosourea (MNU)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>N4766</td>
			<td>Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >OptoMotry</td>
			<td>CerebralMechanics, Lethbridge, AB, Canada</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>P5368</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Proteinase K</td>
			<td>Dako, Glostrup, Danmark</td>
			<td>S3004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Rabbit anti-PCNA</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, USA</td>
			<td>sc-33756</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Superfrost Plus glass slides</td>
			<td>Gehard Menzel GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany</td>
			<td>10149870</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Tris buffered saline (TBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>P5912</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Trizma&#210; base</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>T1503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Tween 20</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>P1379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Xylene</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>534056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Zebrafish (Danio rerio) AB (Oregon) strain</td>
			<td>University of Fribourg, Dept. of Biology</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td>Own fish facility</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

methylnitrosourea (mnu)-induced retinal degeneration and regeneration in the zebrafish: histological and functional characteristics

Retinal degenerative diseases, e.g. retinitis pigmentosa, with resulting photoreceptor damage account for the majority of vision loss in the industrial world. Animal models are of pivotal importance to study such diseases. In this regard the photoreceptor-specific toxin N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) has been widely used in rodents to pharmacologically induce retinal degeneration. Previously, we have established a MNU-induced retinal degeneration model in the zebrafish, another popular model system in visual research.
A fascinating difference to mammals is the persistent neurogenesis in the adult zebrafish retina and its regeneration after damage. To quantify this observation we have employed visual acuity measurements in the adult zebrafish. Thereby, the optokinetic reflex was used to follow functional changes in non-anesthetized fish. This was supplemented with histology as well as immunohistochemical staining for apoptosis (TUNEL) and proliferation (PCNA) to correlate the developing morphological changes.
In summary, apoptosis of photoreceptors occurs three days after MNU treatment, which is followed by a marked reduction of cells in the outer nuclear layer (ONL). Thereafter, proliferation of cells in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and ONL is observed. Herein, we reveal that not only a complete histological but also a functional regeneration occurs over a time course of 30 days. Now we illustrate the methods to quantify and follow up zebrafish retinal de- and regeneration using MNU in a video-format.

Visual acuity:
The experimental set-up [spatial frequency: 0.042 circles/degree (c/d); contrast: 100%; drift speed: 20 degrees/second (d/src); back light luminance: 152 cd/m2] of this study enabled OKR assessment of adult zebrafish. The mean duration of VA measurement was about 5 &#8211; 10 minutes for each zebrafish, which tolerated the procedure well. Visual acuity before MNU exposure was 0.577 &#177; 0.014 cycles/degree (c/d). Figure 1 shows the visual acuity cou...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methylnitrosourea MNU-induced Retinal Degeneration and Regeneration in the Zebrafish: Histological and Functional Characteristics at JoVE.com

Methylnitrosourea MNU-induced Retinal Degeneration and Regeneration in the Zebrafish: Histological and Functional Characteristics

Herein we demonstrate quantification of retinal de- and regeneration and its impact on visual function using N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in the adult zebrafish. Loss of visual acuity and decreased photoreceptor numbers were followed by proliferation in the inner nuclear layer. Complete morphological and functional regeneration occurred 30 days after the initial treatment.

Methylnitrosourea (MNU)-induced Retinal Degeneration and Regeneration in the Zebrafish: Histological and Functional Characteristics

Retinal degenerative diseases, e.g. retinitis pigmentosa, with resulting photoreceptor damage account for the majority of vision loss in the industrial ...

methylnitrosourea-mnu-induced-retinal-degeneration-regeneration

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.4K visualizações.  University of Bern.  Aqui demonstramos quantificação de mento de retina e de regeneração e seu impacto na função visual usando N-metil-N -nitrosourea no peixe-zebra adulto. Perda da acuidade visual e um decréscimo no número de fotorreceptores foram seguidos por proliferação na camada nuclear interna. Regeneração morfológica e funcional completa ocorreu 30 dias após o tratamento inicial. 