We thank Monika Kilchenmann, Federica Bisignani and Agathe Duda for their excellent technical assistance.

모든 실험은 안과 및 비전 연구 협회의 비전 연구 및 안과 (ARVO)에서 동물의 사용에 대한 정책을 준수. 1 동물 <ol><li> 26.5 ° C의 온도 및 14/10 시간의 명 / 암주기를 15 물에 표준 조건 하에서 6~12개월 세 사이의 AB (오레곤) 균주의 야생형 제브라 피쉬 (다니오 rerio)를 유지한다. </li><li> 분할 한 동물 병원의 승인 후 동물 실험에 대한 관련 기관의 동물 관리 가이드 라인을 따르십시오. </li></ol> 2 MNU 처리 <ol><li> N 메틸 N의 -nitrosourea (MNU)의 150 ㎎ / ℓ 건조 물질을 함유 물을 준비합니다. 주의! MNU는 독성; 태아에 암, 유전 적 손상이나 상해가 발생할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 실온에서 60 분 동안 MNU를 함유하는 물에서 배양 지브라 피쉬. </li><li> 빨리와 제브라 피쉬를 씻어신선한 물과는 MNU 않고 새 수조에 물고기를 넣어. 실험을 위해 원하는만큼 표준 조건에서 물고기를 유지한다. </li></ol> 3 시력 측정 <ol><li> , optomotor 체제를 시작 메뉴에서 &#39;테스트&#39;를 선택하고 옵션을 설정 &quot;단순 계단&quot;, &quot;시력 (주파수)&quot;과 &quot;무작위 / 분리&quot;(16)이다. </li><li> optomotor 시스템 위 1m에 대해 500 ml의 물을 가득 주입 병을 설치합니다. </li><li> 시험 챔버에서 한 제브라 피쉬를 놓고 주입 병에 연결합니다. optomotor 시스템의 시험 챔버를 놓습니다. </li><li> 측정을 시작하고, 컴퓨터 화면에 실시간으로 안구의 움직임을 관찰한다. 따라서, 긍정적 인 응답이 ( &quot;예&quot;) 부정 응답 ( &quot;아니오&quot;) 반면, 올바른 방향으로 연속 안구 단속 운동으로 정의된다 역으로 관찰하는 사람과 유사한 임의 눈동자의 움직임을 나타냅니다진 격자. 제브라 피쉬 전시의 눈 경우 세 이상의 후속 optokinetic 응답 (OKR), &#39;예&#39;버튼을 누르면; 그렇지 않은 경우, Enter 키를 누르면 &#39;없음&#39;. </li><li> 메뉴의 &quot;결과&quot;에, optokinetic 자극의 공간 주파수의 임계 값을 결정하여 소프트웨어에 의해 계산 된 시력을 추출합니다. </li></ol> 4 조직학 <ol><li> 에틸 3 - 아미노 벤조 에이트 메탄 (200 ~ 300 ㎎ / ℓ)의 과다 복용으로 제브라 피쉬를 안락사와 눈을 명백히하다. </li><li> 등급 알코올 시리즈에서 샘플을 탈수 한 후 12 시간 동안 4 ° C에서 인산염 완충 생리 식염수에 4 % 파라 포름 알데히드 (PFA) (PBS)에 전체의 눈을 고정합니다. </li><li> 파라핀에 샘플을 포함, 시신경 유두 (시신경 유두)를 통해 5 μm의 섹션을 잘라 유리 슬라이드에 그들을 탑재합니다. </li><li> 4 분간 hemalum와 deparaffized 파라핀 섹션 얼룩과 0.2 % 염산 ACI이어서 증류수 슬라이드 두 번 찍어D와 0.8 % 암모니아. 적어도 10 분 (H &amp; E)에 대한 수돗물 hemalum 염색 현상 후 3 분 동안 에오신 섹션 얼룩. </li><li> 매질에 부착 탈수 슬라이드를 포함하고 광학 현미경 슬라이드를 관찰한다. </li></ol> (5) 면역 조직 화학 <ol><li> 터미널 deoxynucleotidyl 전이 된 dUTP 닉 엔드 라벨링 (TUNEL) <ol><li> 실온에서 15 분간 20 μg / ㎖ 프로 테이나 제 K와 탈 파라핀 섹션 부화. 트리스 절을 세 번 씻어 5 분마다 식염수 (TBS)을 버퍼. </li><li> 60 분 동안 37 ° C에서 가습 챔버 내에서 50 μL TUNEL 반응 액 (10 % 라벨링 용액 및 90 %의 효소 용액)와 섹션을 부화. 5 분마다 TBS로 3 회 세척 할 것. </li><li> DAPI를 포함하는 매체를 장착와 슬라이드 마운트 형광 현미경 슬라이드를 관찰한다. </li></ol></li><li> 증식 세포 핵 항원 (PCNA) 염색 <ol><li> 3 분 동안 항원 검색 버퍼 (트리스-EDTA (에틸렌 다이아 민 테트라 초산) + 0.05 % 트윈 20, 산도 9.0)에서 탈 파라핀 섹션을 삶아 5 분마다 TBS로 3 회 씻는다. 100 μl를 1 시간 동안 실온에서 용액을 (TBS + 10 % 염소 정상 혈청 + 1 % 소 혈청 알부민, pH7.6)로 블로킹 막기. </li><li> 4 ° C에서 하룻밤 가습 챔버에서 200 희석 : 1 항 PCNA 차 항체와 얼룩. 5 분마다 TBS + 트윈 20으로 3 회 반복한다. </li><li> 실온에서 1 시간 동안 500 희석 : 1 차 항체와 함께 해당 검출 마무리. </li><li> DAPI를 포함하는 매체를 장착와 슬라이드 마운트 형광 현미경 슬라이드를 관찰한다. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

이전에, 우리 그룹은 제브라 피쉬의 시스템 구에 설치류에서 시세포 변성의 MNU 모델을 전송하고있다. 계속되는 이벤트 설명 및 최대 30 일 동안 추적 관찰 하였다. 이 기간에 완전한 형태의 망막 변성 및 재생이 초기 치료 후 발생. 첫째, 조직 학적가 감소 된로드 셀 상응 일 8에서 최소에 일 3에서 계산 계시, TUNEL 염색 삼일 MNU 처리 후로드 광 수용체의 세포 사멸을 식별합니다. 재생은 증식 ...

비전은 인간의 가장 중요한 감각과 손상은 높은 사회 경제적 영향을 미친다. 선진국에서는 망막 퇴행성 질환은 노인 1 중 시력 손실과 실명의 주요 원인이다. 대부분의 퇴행성 망막 질환의 원인은 부분적으로 만 이해하고 치료 적 솔루션은 잃어버린 시력을 회복하는 것은 매우 제한되어 있습니다. 색소 성 망막염이 N의 -nitrosourea (MNU) 망막 변성을 유도를 메틸 차 감광체 손실 2-3. N과 망막 퇴행성 질환의 전형적인 예이고 따라서 광범위 일차 시각 세포 사멸 4 질환을 모델링 설치류에서 사용된다. 그것은 알킬화제이며 일반적으로 노출 5-7 후 몇 개월을 나타 양성과 악성 종양으로 이어집니다. 또한, 단기간의 관찰 기간 내에 특정 시각 세포 사멸시킨다. 이로써, 망막 층 structu의 손실다시 상당한 망막 박화는 농도 의존적​​ 방식으로 관찰되었다. 망막 글 리아 세포는 활성화되었지만, 망막 색소 상피 세포 (RPE)의 변경이 발견되지 않음. 소포체 (ER) 스트레스와 관련된 세포 사멸은 망막 8 MNU 조치의 주요 통로가 될 것으로 보인다. 우리는 최근에 제브라 피쉬 구에서 광 수용체의 변성을 유도하는 화학 모델로 MNU를 도입했습니다. 다른 이유의 사이에, 제브라 피쉬 (다니오 rerio)가 있기 때문에 다른 척추 동물 (10)의 그것의 시각 시스템의 유사성 시각 연구에 중요 해지고있다. 외부 망막은 자외선, 짧은, 중간에 피크 감도, 가시 스펙트럼의 장파장 한로드 광 수용체의 유형 네 가지 콘 유형으로 분류 될 수있는 광 수용체를 포함하고 있습니다. 내부 핵 계층 (INL)에서, 바이폴라, 수평 및 무 축삭의 interneurons의 세포 기관은 아 같이 발견뮐러 글 리아 세포의 세포 소마 같은 리터. 외측 얼기 층 (OPL)에서 감광체와 내측 망막 사이의 연접은 렌즈에 가장 가까운 세포층 반면 시신경 및 시신경 요로로 이루어지는 긴 축삭을 형성 성분 신경절 세포 층 (GC)이다 형성된 . 신경절 세포 및 내부 핵 층에있는 세포 간의 연접은 내측 얼기 층 (IPL) (11)에 형성된다. RPE는 감각 신경 망막의 외측에있는 긴 혀끝의 미세 융모 (12) 감광체 외부 세그먼트를 둘러싼 다. 또한, 제브라 피쉬는 매우 회생 및 병변 뇌, 망막, 척수, 심장, 및 기타 조직 (13)를 다시 자라게 할 수 있습니다. 망막 손상이 발생하면, 뮐러 세포 것으로 생각된다 INL에서 세포 활성화 및 각종 망막 세포 유형으로 분화 할 수있는 잠재력을 가지고있다. 또한, 그들은 또한 ONL에있는로드 전구 세포를 생성한다. 또 이렇게새로운 세포로 성인 제브라 피쉬의 망막을 공급, 나아가이 섬모 한계 영역입니다. 이 소스는 연속적으로 성장하는 피쉬 아이 (14)에로드 감광체의 일정한 밀도를 달성하기 위해 필요하다. MNU 모델은 망막 조직에 대한 단순하고 재현성 퇴화 / 재생 방법으로 사용될 수있다. 때문에 제브라 피쉬의 생물학적 과정의 특정 유사성과 인간이 관여 세포 사멸 경로를 확인하기 위해 문을 열 수있는 잠재적 신경 보호 약물을 선별. 우리 그룹에서 이전의 연구를 바탕으로, 우리는 지금 망막 있도록 지연 및 실험실 동영상 구에 따라 기능적인 변화를 포함 필연적 재생이 MNU 유도 제브라 피쉬 모델의 방법을 설명한다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" >
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >Acetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>A6283</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ammonia</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>294993</td>
			<td>0.80%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Bovine serum albumine (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>05470</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Dako Pen</td>
			<td>Dako, Glostrup, Danmark</td>
			<td>S2002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >DAPI mounting medium</td>
			<td>Vector Labs, Burlingame, CA, USA</td>
			<td>H-1200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Eosin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>45260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>2860</td>
			<td>100%, 96%, 70%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>ED</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>E10521</td>
			<td>Tricaine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Eukitt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>3989</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Goat anti-rabbit Alexa 594</td>
			<td>Life Technologies, Zug, Switzerland</td>
			<td>A11012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Goat normal serum</td>
			<td>Dako, Glostrup, Danmark</td>
			<td>X0907</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>320331</td>
			<td>0.20%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >In situ Cell Death Detection Kit</td>
			<td>Roche Applied Sciences, Rotkreuz, Switzerland</td>
			<td>11684795910</td>
			<td>TUNEL Kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Mayer&#39;s hemalum solution</td>
			<td>Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>109249</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Methylnitrosourea (MNU)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>N4766</td>
			<td>Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >OptoMotry</td>
			<td>CerebralMechanics, Lethbridge, AB, Canada</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>P5368</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Proteinase K</td>
			<td>Dako, Glostrup, Danmark</td>
			<td>S3004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Rabbit anti-PCNA</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, USA</td>
			<td>sc-33756</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Superfrost Plus glass slides</td>
			<td>Gehard Menzel GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany</td>
			<td>10149870</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Tris buffered saline (TBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>P5912</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Trizma&#210; base</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>T1503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Tween 20</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>P1379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Xylene</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td>
			<td>534056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Zebrafish (Danio rerio) AB (Oregon) strain</td>
			<td>University of Fribourg, Dept. of Biology</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td>Own fish facility</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

methylnitrosourea (mnu)-induced retinal degeneration and regeneration in the zebrafish: histological and functional characteristics

산업계에서 시력 손실의 대부분 감광체 손상 계정 얻어진 망막 퇴행성 질환, 예를 들면 색소 성 망막염,. 동물 모델은 질병을 연구하는 중요한 중요하다. 이 점에있어서의 N - 메틸 - N -nitrosourea (MNU)가 설치류에서 널리 사용되어왔다 감광체 특정 독소는 약리 망막 변성을 유도한다. 이전에, 우리는 제브라 피쉬의 MNU에 의한 망막 변성 모델, 시각 연구에서 또 다른 인기 모델 시스템을 설립했다. 포유 동물 매혹적인 차이는 성인 zebrafish의 망막 손상 후의 재생의 지속적인 신경이다. 우리는 성인 zebrafish의 시력 측정을 채용 한이 관찰을 정량화합니다. 이로써, optokinetic 휘어진 비 마취 물고기 기능적 변화를 수행하는 데 사용되었다. 이것은 면역 staini뿐만 아니라 조직 학적으로 보충 하였다세포 사멸에 대한 NG (TUNEL) 및 확산 (PCNA)의 개발 형태 학적 변화의 상관 관계를합니다. 요약하면, 광 수용체 세포 자멸 사흘 외부 핵 층 (ONL)에서 세포의 현저한 감소로 이어진다 MNU 치료 후 발생한다. 그 후, 내부 핵 층 (INL)와 ONL에서 세포의 증식이 관찰된다. 여기서, 우리는 완전한 조직 학적뿐만 아니라 또한 재생 기능 30 일의 시간을 걸쳐 발생하는 것을 알 수있다. 이제 우리는 정량화 및 비디오 형식으로 MNU를 사용하여 제브라 피쉬의 망막 있도록 지연 및 재생을 수행하는 방법을 설명한다.

시력 : 실험 장치 [공간 주파수 : 0.042 원 /도 (C ​​/ D); 대비 : 100 %; 드리프트 속도 : 20도 / 초 (D / SRC); 백라이트 휘도 : 152 CD / m 2] 본 연구는 성인 제브라 피쉬의 OKR 평가 수 있었다. 물론 절차를 용인 각 제브라 피쉬, 10 분 - VA 측정의 평균 지속 기간은 약 5였다. MNU 노출 전 시력은 0.577 ± 0.014 사이클 /도 (c / d를)이었다. 1가 150 ㎎ / ℓ MNU의 적용 후 시력 과정...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methylnitrosourea MNU-induced Retinal Degeneration and Regeneration in the Zebrafish: Histological and Functional Characteristics at JoVE.com

Methylnitrosourea MNU-induced Retinal Degeneration and Regeneration in the Zebrafish: Histological and Functional Characteristics

여기에서 우리는 망막 있도록 지연 및 재생과 성인 제브라 피쉬에서 N 메틸 N의 -nitrosourea을 사용하여 시각 기능에 미치는 영향의 정량화를 보여줍니다. 시력의 손실 및 감소 감광체 번호는 내부 핵 층에 확산하여 관찰 하였다. 완전한 형태 학적 및 기능적 재생은 30 일 초기 치료 후 발생했습니다.

조직 학적 및 기능적 특성 : Methylnitrosourea (MNU)는 망막 변성과 재생 제브라 피쉬에서 유도 된

Retinal degenerative diseases, e.g. retinitis pigmentosa, with resulting photoreceptor damage account for the majority of vision loss in the industrial ...

methylnitrosourea-mnu-induced-retinal-degeneration-regeneration

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Methylnitrosourea (MNU)-induced Retinal Degeneration and Regeneration in the Zebrafish: Histological and Functional Characteristics

11.4K 조회수.  University of Bern.  여기에서 우리는 망막 있도록 지연 및 재생과 성인 제브라 피쉬에서 N 메틸 N의 -nitrosourea을 사용하여 시각 기능에 미치는 영향의 정량화를 보여줍니다. 시력의 손실 및 감소 감광체 번호는 내부 핵 층에 확산하여 관찰 하였다. 완전한 형태 학적 및 기능적 재생은 30 일 초기 치료 후 발생했습니다. 

비디오: Methylnitrosourea MNU-induced Retinal Degeneration and Regeneration in the Zebrafish: Histological and Functional Characteristics

In Utero Intraventricular Injection and Electroporation of E16 Rat Embryos

In-utero in-vivo injection and electroporation of the embryonic rat neocortex provides a powerful tool for the manipulation of individual progenitors lining the walls of the lateral ventricle. This technique is now widely used to study the processes involved in corticogenesis by over-expressing or knocking down genes and observing the effects on cellular proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In comparison to traditional knockout strategies, in-utero electroporation provides a rapid means to manipulate a population of cells during a specific temporal window. In this video protocol, we outline the experimental methodology for preparing rats for surgery, exposing the uterine horns through laporatomy, injecting DNA into the lateral ventricles of the developing embryo, electroporating DNA into the progenitors lining the lateral wall, and caring for animals post-surgery. Our laboratory uses this protocol for surgeries on E15-E21 rats, however it is most commonly performed at E16 as shown in this video.

E16 랫 태아의 Utero의 심실 주입 및 Electroporation에

In-utero in-vivo injection and electroporation of the embryonic rat neocortex provides a powerful tool for the manipulation of individual progenitors ...

연구

생물학

Laser Ablation of the Zebrafish Pronephros to Study Renal Epithelial Regeneration

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by high mortality rates from deterioration of renal function over a period of hours or days that culminates in renal failure1. AKI can be caused by a number of factors including ischemia, drug-based toxicity, or obstructive injury1. This results in an inability to maintain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. While AKI has been observed for decades, effective clinical therapies have yet to be developed. Intriguingly, some patients with AKI recover renal functions over time, a mysterious phenomenon that has been only rudimentally characterized1,2. Research using mammalian models of AKI has shown that ischemic or nephrotoxin-injured kidneys experience epithelial cell death in nephron tubules1,2, the functional units of the kidney that are made up of a series of specialized regions (segments) of epithelial cell types3. Within nephrons, epithelial cell death is highest in proximal tubule cells. There is evidence that suggests cell destruction is followed by dedifferentiation, proliferation, and migration of surrounding epithelial cells, which can regenerate the nephron entirely1,2. However, there are many unanswered questions about the mechanisms of renal epithelial regeneration, ranging from the signals that modulate these events to reasons for the wide variation of abilities among humans to regenerate injured kidneys.
The larval zebrafish provides an excellent model to study kidney epithelial regeneration as its pronephric kidney is comprised of nephrons that are conserved with higher vertebrates including mammals4,5. The nephrons of zebrafish larvae can be visualized with fluorescence techniques because of the relative transparency of the young zebrafish6. This provides a unique opportunity to image cell and molecular changes in real-time, in contrast to mammalian models where nephrons are inaccessible because the kidneys are structurally complex systems internalized within the animal. Recent studies have employed the aminoglycoside gentamicin as a toxic causative agent for study of AKI and subsequent renal failure: gentamicin and other antibiotics have been shown to cause AKI in humans, and researchers have formulated methods to use this agent to trigger kidney damage in zebrafish7,8. However, the effects of aminoglycoside toxicity in zebrafish larvae are catastrophic and lethal, which presents a difficulty when studying epithelial regeneration and function over time. Our method presents the use of targeted cell ablation as a novel tool for the study of epithelial injury in zebrafish. Laser ablation gives researchers the ability to induce cell death in a limited population of cells. Varying areas of cells can be targeted based on morphological location, function, or even expression of a particular cellular phenotype. Thus, laser ablation will increase the specificity of what researchers can study, and can be a powerful new approach to shed light on the mechanisms of renal epithelial regeneration. This protocol can be broadly applied to target cell populations in other organs in the zebrafish embryo to study injury and regeneration in any number of contexts of interest.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) in humans is a common clinical problem caused by damage to the epithelial cells that comprise kidney nephrons, and AKI is associated with high mortality rates of 50-70%1. Following epithelial cell destruction, nephrons have a limited ability to regenerate, though the mechanisms and limitations that guide this phenomenon remain poorly understood. In this video article, we describe our technique for targeted laser ablation of kidney nephron cells in the zebrafish embryo kidney, or pronephros. Our new method can be used to complement nephrotoxicity-induced models of AKI and gain a high-resolution understanding of the cell and molecular alterations that are associated with epithelial regeneration in the kidney nephron.

Zebrafish의 Pronephros의 레이저 절제는 신장 상피 조직이 재생된를 공부

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by high mortality rates from deterioration of renal function over a period of hours or days that culminates in ...

Pharmacological and Functional Genetic Assays to Manipulate Regeneration of the Planarian Dugesia japonica

Free-living planarian flatworms have a long history of experimental usage owing to their remarkable regenerative abilities1. Small fragments excised from these animals reform the original body plan following regeneration of missing body structures. For example if a 'trunk' fragment is cut from an intact worm, a new 'head' will regenerate anteriorly and a 'tail' will regenerate posteriorly restoring the original 'head-to-tail' polarity of body structures prior to amputation (Figure 1A).
Regeneration is driven by planarian stem cells, known as 'neoblasts' which differentiate into ~30 different cell types during normal body homeostasis and enforced tissue regeneration. This regenerative process is robust and easy to demonstrate. Owing to the dedication of several pioneering labs, many tools and functional genetic methods have now been optimized for this model system. Consequently, considerable recent progress has been made in understanding and manipulating the molecular events underpinning planarian developmental plasticity2-9.
The planarian model system will be of interest to a broad range of scientists. For neuroscientists, the model affords the opportunity to study the regeneration of an entire nervous system, rather than simply the regrowth/repair of single nerve cell process that typically are the focus of study in many established models. Planarians express a plethora of neurotransmitters10, represent an important system for studying evolution of the central nervous system11, 12 and have behavioral screening potential13, 14. 
Regenerative outcomes are amenable to manipulation by pharmacological and genetic apparoaches. For example, drugs can be screened for effects on regeneration simply by placing body fragments in drug-containing solutions at different time points after amputation. The role of individual genes can be studied using knockdown methods (in vivo RNAi), which can be achieved either through cycles of microinjection or by feeding bacterially-expressed dsRNA constructs8, 9, 15. Both approaches can produce visually striking phenotypes at high penetrance- for example, regeneration of bipolar animals16-21. To facilitate adoption of this model and implementation of such methods, we showcase in this video article protocols for pharmacological and genetic assays (in vivo RNAi by feeding) using the planarian Dugesia japonica.

Pharmacological and Functional Genetic Assays to Manipulate Regeneration of the Planarian Dugesia japonica

An attractive model for studying stem cell differentiation within a live animal is the planarian flatworm. Regeneration is studied by simple amputation experiments that are easily performed in a basic laboratory and are amenable to pharmacological and genetic (in vivo RNAi) manipulation as detailed by protocols in this article.

약리 및 기능성 유전자 Assays은 Planarian의 재생을 조작하는<em자포니카> Dugesia</em

Free-living planarian flatworms have a long history of experimental usage owing to their remarkable regenerative abilities1. Small fragments excised from ...

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Adult Zebrafish Retina

Many devastating inherited eye diseases result in progressive and irreversible blindness because humans cannot regenerate dying or diseased retinal neurons. In contrast, the adult zebrafish retina possesses the robust ability to spontaneously regenerate any neuronal class that is lost in a variety of different retinal damage models, including retinal puncture, chemical ablation, concentrated high temperature, and intense light treatment 1-8. Our lab extensively characterized regeneration of photoreceptors following constant intense light treatment and inner retinal neurons after intravitreal ouabain injection 2, 5, 9. In all cases, resident M&uuml;ller glia re-enter the cell cycle to produce neuronal progenitors, which continue to proliferate and migrate to the proper retinal layer, where they differentiate into the deficient neurons. 
	We characterized five different stages during regeneration of the light-damaged retina that were highlighted by specific cellular responses. We identified several differentially expressed genes at each stage of retinal regeneration by mRNA microarray analysis 10. Many of these genes are also critical for ocular development. To test the role of each candidate gene/protein during retinal regeneration, we needed to develop a method to conditionally limit the expression of a candidate protein only at times during regeneration of the adult retina. 
	Morpholino oligos are widely used to study loss of function of specific proteins during the development of zebrafish, Xenopus, chick, mouse, and tumors in human xenografts 11-14. These modified oligos basepair with complementary RNA sequence to either block the splicing or translation of the target RNA. Morpholinos are stable in the cell and can eliminate or "knockdown" protein expression for three to five days 12. 
	Here, we describe a method to efficiently knockdown target protein expression in the adult zebrafish retina. This method employs lissamine-tagged antisense morpholinos that are injected into the vitreous of the adult zebrafish eye. Using electrode forceps, the morpholino is then electroporated into all the cell types of the dorsal and central retina. Lissamine provides the charge on the morpholino for electroporation and can be visualized to assess the presence of the morpholino in the retinal cells. 
	Conditional knockdown in the retina can be used to examine the role of specific proteins at different times during regeneration. Additionally, this approach can be used to study the role of specific proteins in the undamaged retina, in such processes as visual transduction and visual processing in second order neurons.

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Adult Zebrafish Retina

A method to conditionally knockdown a target protein&#x2019;s expression in the adult zebrafish retina is described, which involves intravitreally injecting antisense morpholinos and electroporating them into the retina. The resulting protein is knocked down for several days, which allows testing the protein&#x2019;s role in the regenerating or intact retina.

Morpholinos의 생체내의 Electroporation에서 성인 Zebrafish의 망막에

Many devastating inherited eye diseases result in progressive and irreversible blindness because humans cannot regenerate dying or diseased retinal ...

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Regenerating Adult Zebrafish Tail Fin

Certain species of urodeles and teleost fish can regenerate their tissues. Zebrafish have become a widely used model to study the spontaneous regeneration of adult tissues, such as the heart1, retina2, spinal cord3, optic nerve4, sensory hair cells5, and fins6.
The zebrafish fin is a relatively simple appendage that is easily manipulated to study multiple stages in epimorphic regeneration. Classically, fin regeneration was characterized by three distinct stages: wound healing, blastema formation, and fin outgrowth. After amputating part of the fin, the surrounding epithelium proliferates and migrates over the wound. At 33 &deg;C, this process occurs within six hours post-amputation (hpa, Figure 1B)6,7. Next, underlying cells from different lineages (ex. bone, blood, glia, fibroblast) re-enter the cell cycle to form a proliferative blastema, while the overlying epidermis continues to proliferate (Figure 1D)8. Outgrowth occurs as cells proximal to the blastema re-differentiate into their respective lineages to form new tissue (Figure 1E)8. Depending on the level of the amputation, full regeneration is completed in a week to a month.
The expression of a large number of gene families, including wnt, hox, fgf, msx, retinoic acid, shh, notch, bmp, and activin-betaA genes, is up-regulated during specific stages of fin regeneration9-16. However, the roles of these genes and their encoded proteins during regeneration have been difficult to assess, unless a specific inhibitor for the protein exists13, a temperature-sensitive mutant exists or a transgenic animal (either overexpressing the wild-type protein or a dominant-negative protein) was generated7,12. We developed a reverse genetic technique to quickly and easily test the function of any gene during fin regeneration.
Morpholino oligonucleotides are widely used to study loss of specific proteins during zebrafish, Xenopus, chick, and mouse development17-19. Morpholinos basepair with a complementary RNA sequence to either block pre-mRNA splicing or mRNA translation. We describe a method to efficiently introduce fluorescein-tagged antisense morpholinos into regenerating zebrafish fins to knockdown expression of the target protein. The morpholino is micro-injected into each blastema of the regenerating zebrafish tail fin and electroporated into the surrounding cells. Fluorescein provides the charge to electroporate the morpholino and to visualize the morpholino in the fin tissue.
This protocol permits conditional protein knockdown to examine the role of specific proteins during regenerative fin outgrowth. In the Discussion, we describe how this approach can be adapted to study the role of specific proteins during wound healing or blastema formation, as well as a potential marker of cell migration during blastema formation.

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Regenerating Adult Zebrafish Tail Fin

We describe a method to conditionally knockdown the expression of a target protein during adult zebrafish fin regeneration. This technique involves micro-injecting and electroporating antisense oligonucleotide morpholinos into fin tissue, which allows testing the protein&#x2019;s role in various stages of fin regeneration, including wound healing, blastema formation, and regenerative outgrowth.

생성중 성인 Zebrafish 테일 핀으로 Morpholinos의 생체내 Electroporation에

Certain species of urodeles and teleost fish can regenerate their tissues. Zebrafish have become a widely used model to study the spontaneous regeneration ...

Gavaging Adult Zebrafish

The zebrafish has become an important in vivo model in biomedical research. Effective methods must be developed and utilized to deliver compounds or agents in solutions for scientific research. Current methods for administering compounds orally to adult zebrafish are inaccurate due to variability in voluntary consumption by the fish. A gavage procedure was developed to deliver precise quantities of infectious agents to zebrafish for study in biomedical research. Adult zebrafish over 6 months of age were anesthetized with 150 mg/L of buffered MS-222 and gavaged with 5 &mu;l of solution using flexible catheter implantation tubing attached to a cut 22-G needle tip. The flexible tubing was lowered into the oral cavity of the zebrafish until the tip of the tubing extended past the gills (approximately 1 cm). The solution was then injected slowly into the intestinal tract. This method was effective 88% of the time, with fish recovering uneventfully. This procedure is also efficient as one person can gavage 20-30 fish in one hour. This method can be used to precisely administer agents for infectious diseases studies, or studies of other compounds in adult zebrafish.

The increasing use of zebrafish as an animal model requires the development of effective methods for the delivery of known quantities of compounds and solutions. The gavage procedure described below allows for the oral delivery of precise volumes of solution reliably, safely and efficiently to adult zebrafish.

성인 Zebrafish의를 Gavaging

The zebrafish has become an important in vivo model in biomedical research. Effective methods must be developed and utilized to deliver compounds or ...

An Assay for Lateral Line Regeneration in Adult Zebrafish

Due to the clinical importance of hearing and balance disorders in man, model organisms such as the zebrafish have been used to study lateral line development and regeneration. The zebrafish is particularly attractive for such studies because of its rapid development time and its high regenerative capacity. To date, zebrafish studies of lateral line regeneration have mainly utilized fish of the embryonic and larval stages because of the lower number of neuromasts at these stages. This has made quantitative analysis of lateral line regeneration/and or development easier in the earlier developmental stages. Because many zebrafish models of neurological and non-neurological diseases are studied in the adult fish and not in the embryo/larvae, we focused on developing a quantitative lateral line regenerative assay in adult zebrafish so that an assay was available that could be applied to current adult zebrafish disease models. Building on previous studies by Van Trump et al.17&#160;that described procedures for ablation of hair cells in adult Mexican blind cave fish and zebrafish (Danio rerio), our assay was designed to allow quantitative comparison between control and experimental groups. This was accomplished by developing a regenerative neuromast standard curve based on the percent of neuromast reappearance over a 24 hr time period following gentamicin-induced necrosis of hair cells in a defined region of the lateral line. The assay was also designed to allow extension of the analysis to the individual hair cell level when a higher level of resolution is required.

Because many zebrafish models of neurological and non-neurological diseases are studied in the adult fish rather than the embryo/larvae, we developed a quantitative lateral line regenerative assay that can be applied to adult zebrafish disease models. The assay involved resolution at the 1) neuromast and 2) individual hair cell levels.

성인 Zebrafish의의 측면 라인 재생을위한 분석

Due to the clinical importance of hearing and balance disorders in man, model organisms such as the zebrafish have been used to study lateral line ...

Functional Reconstitution and Channel Activity Measurements of Purified Wildtype and Mutant CFTR Protein

The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) is a unique channel-forming member of the ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamily of transporters. The phosphorylation and nucleotide dependent chloride channel activity of CFTR has been frequently studied in whole cell systems and as single channels in excised membrane patches. Many Cystic Fibrosis-causing mutations have been shown to alter this activity. While a small number of purification protocols have been published, a fast reconstitution method that retains channel activity and a suitable method for studying population channel activity in a purified system have been lacking. Here rapid methods are described for purification and functional reconstitution of the full-length CFTR protein into proteoliposomes of defined lipid composition that retains activity as a regulated halide channel. This reconstitution method together with a novel flux-based assay of channel activity is a suitable system for studying the population channel properties of wild type CFTR and the disease-causing mutants F508del- and G551D-CFTR. Specifically, the method has utility in studying the direct effects of phosphorylation, nucleotides and small molecules such as potentiators and inhibitors on CFTR channel activity. The methods are also amenable to the study of other membrane channels/transporters for anionic substrates.

Described here is a rapid and effective procedure for functional reconstitution of purified wild-type and mutant CFTR protein that preserves activity for this chloride channel, which is defective in Cystic Fibrosis. Iodide efflux from reconstituted proteoliposomes mediated by CFTR allows studies of channel activity and the effects of small molecules.

정제 된 야생형과 돌연변이 체 CFTR 단백질의 기능의 재구성 및 채널 활동 측정

The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) is a unique channel-forming member of the ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamily of ...

Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication: A Functional Biomarker to Assess Adverse Effects of Toxicants and Toxins, and Health Benefits of Natural Products

This protocol describes a scalpel loading-fluorescent dye transfer (SL-DT) technique that measures intercellular communication through gap junction channels, which is a major intercellular process by which tissue homeostasis is maintained. Interruption of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) by toxicants, toxins, drugs, etc. has been linked to numerous adverse health effects. Many genetic-based human diseases have been linked to mutations in gap junction genes. The SL-DT technique is a simple functional assay for the simultaneous assessment of GJIC in a large population of cells. The assay involves pre-loading cells with a fluorescent dye by briefly perturbing the cell membrane with a scalpel blade through a population of cells. The fluorescent dye is then allowed to traverse through gap junction channels to neighboring cells for a designated time. The assay is then terminated by the addition of formalin to the cells. The spread of the fluorescent dye through a population of cells is assessed with an epifluorescence microscope and the images are analyzed with any number of morphometric software packages that are available, including free software packages found on the public domain. This assay has also been adapted for in vivo studies using tissue slices from various organs from treated animals. Overall, the SL-DT assay can serve a broad range of in vitro pharmacological and toxicological needs, and can be potentially adapted for high throughput set-up systems with automated fluorescence microscopy imaging and analysis to elucidate more samples in a shorter time.

This protocol describes a scalpel loading-fluorescent dye transfer technique that measures intercellular communication through gap junction channels. Gap junctional intercellular communication is a major cellular process by which tissue homeostasis is maintained and disruption of this cell signaling has adverse health effects.

갭 접합부 세포 간 통신 : 천연 제품의 독성 물질과 독소의 반작용을 평가하기위한 기능성 바이오 마커, 보건 혜택

This protocol describes a scalpel loading-fluorescent dye transfer (SL-DT) technique that measures intercellular communication through gap junction ...

Immunolabelling Myofiber Degeneration in Muscle Biopsies

The necrosis of muscle fibres (myonecrosis) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of several muscle conditions, including muscular dystrophies. Therapeutic options addressing the causes of muscular dystrophy pathogenesis are expected to alleviate muscle degeneration. Therefore, a method to assay and quantify the extent of cell death in muscle biopsies is needed. Conventional methods to observe myofiber degeneration in situ are either poorly quantitative or rely on the injection of vital dyes. In this article, an immunofluorescence protocol is described that stains necrotic myofibers by targeting immunoglobulin G (IgG) uptake by myofibers. The IgG uptake method is based on cell features characterizing the necrotic demise, including 1) the loss of plasma membrane integrity with the release of damage-associated molecular patterns and 2) the uptake of plasmatic proteins. In murine cross-sections, the co-immunolabelling of myofibers, extracellular matrix proteins, and mouse IgG allows clean and straightforward identification of myofibers with necrotic fate. This simple method is suitable for quantitative analysis and applicable to all species, including human samples, and does not require the injection of vital dye. The staining of necrotic myofibers by IgG uptake can also be paired with other co-immunolabelling.

Described here is a protocol for direct immunolabelling of necrotic myofibers in muscle cryosections. Necrotic cells are permeable to serum proteins, including immunoglobulin G (IgG). Revealing the uptake of IgG by myofibers allows the identification and quantification of myofibers that undergo necrosis regardless of muscle condition.

조직 학적 및 기능적 특성 : Methylnitrosourea (MNU)는 망막 변성과 재생 제브라 피쉬에서 유도 된

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