Name: methylnitrosourea (mnu)-induced retinal degeneration and regeneration in the zebrafish: histological and functional characteristics
Uploaded: 2014-10-20T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 53 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methylnitrosourea MNU-induced Retinal Degeneration and Regeneration in the Zebrafish: Histological and Functional Characteristics at JoVE.com

We thank Monika Kilchenmann, Federica Bisignani and Agathe Duda for their excellent technical assistance.

모든 실험은 안과 및 비전 연구 협회의 비전 연구 및 안과 (ARVO)에서 동물의 사용에 대한 정책을 준수. 1 동물 <ol><li> 26.5 ° C의 온도 및 14/10 시간의 명 / 암주기를 15 물에 표준 조건 하에서 6~12개월 세 사이의 AB (오레곤) 균주의 야생형 제브라 피쉬 (다니오 rerio)를 유지한다. </li><li> 분할 한 동물 병원의 승인 후 동물 실험에 대한 관련 기관의 동물 관리 가이드 라인을 따르십시오. </li></ol> 2 MNU 처리 <ol><li> N 메틸 N의 -nitrosourea (MNU)의 150 ㎎ / ℓ 건조 물질을 함유 물을 준비합니다. 주의! MNU는 독성; 태아에 암, 유전 적 손상이나 상해가 발생할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 실온에서 60 분 동안 MNU를 함유하는 물에서 배양 지브라 피쉬. </li><li> 빨리와 제브라 피쉬를 씻어신선한 물과는 MNU 않고 새 수조에 물고기를 넣어. 실험을 위해 원하는만큼 표준 조건에서 물고기를 유지한다. </li></ol> 3 시력 측정 <ol><li> , optomotor 체제를 시작 메뉴에서 &#39;테스트&#39;를 선택하고 옵션을 설정 &quot;단순 계단&quot;, &quot;시력 (주파수)&quot;과 &quot;무작위 / 분리&quot;(16)이다. </li><li> optomotor 시스템 위 1m에 대해 500 ml의 물을 가득 주입 병을 설치합니다. </li><li> 시험 챔버에서 한 제브라 피쉬를 놓고 주입 병에 연결합니다. optomotor 시스템의 시험 챔버를 놓습니다. </li><li> 측정을 시작하고, 컴퓨터 화면에 실시간으로 안구의 움직임을 관찰한다. 따라서, 긍정적 인 응답이 ( &quot;예&quot;) 부정 응답 ( &quot;아니오&quot;) 반면, 올바른 방향으로 연속 안구 단속 운동으로 정의된다 역으로 관찰하는 사람과 유사한 임의 눈동자의 움직임을 나타냅니다진 격자. 제브라 피쉬 전시의 눈 경우 세 이상의 후속 optokinetic 응답 (OKR), &#39;예&#39;버튼을 누르면; 그렇지 않은 경우, Enter 키를 누르면 &#39;없음&#39;. </li><li> 메뉴의 &quot;결과&quot;에, optokinetic 자극의 공간 주파수의 임계 값을 결정하여 소프트웨어에 의해 계산 된 시력을 추출합니다. </li></ol> 4 조직학 <ol><li> 에틸 3 - 아미노 벤조 에이트 메탄 (200 ~ 300 ㎎ / ℓ)의 과다 복용으로 제브라 피쉬를 안락사와 눈을 명백히하다. </li><li> 등급 알코올 시리즈에서 샘플을 탈수 한 후 12 시간 동안 4 ° C에서 인산염 완충 생리 식염수에 4 % 파라 포름 알데히드 (PFA) (PBS)에 전체의 눈을 고정합니다. </li><li> 파라핀에 샘플을 포함, 시신경 유두 (시신경 유두)를 통해 5 μm의 섹션을 잘라 유리 슬라이드에 그들을 탑재합니다. </li><li> 4 분간 hemalum와 deparaffized 파라핀 섹션 얼룩과 0.2 % 염산 ACI이어서 증류수 슬라이드 두 번 찍어D와 0.8 % 암모니아. 적어도 10 분 (H &amp; E)에 대한 수돗물 hemalum 염색 현상 후 3 분 동안 에오신 섹션 얼룩. </li><li> 매질에 부착 탈수 슬라이드를 포함하고 광학 현미경 슬라이드를 관찰한다. </li></ol> (5) 면역 조직 화학 <ol><li> 터미널 deoxynucleotidyl 전이 된 dUTP 닉 엔드 라벨링 (TUNEL) <ol><li> 실온에서 15 분간 20 μg / ㎖ 프로 테이나 제 K와 탈 파라핀 섹션 부화. 트리스 절을 세 번 씻어 5 분마다 식염수 (TBS)을 버퍼. </li><li> 60 분 동안 37 ° C에서 가습 챔버 내에서 50 μL TUNEL 반응 액 (10 % 라벨링 용액 및 90 %의 효소 용액)와 섹션을 부화. 5 분마다 TBS로 3 회 세척 할 것. </li><li> DAPI를 포함하는 매체를 장착와 슬라이드 마운트 형광 현미경 슬라이드를 관찰한다. </li></ol></li><li> 증식 세포 핵 항원 (PCNA) 염색 <ol><li> 3 분 동안 항원 검색 버퍼 (트리스-EDTA (에틸렌 다이아 민 테트라 초산) + 0.05 % 트윈 20, 산도 9.0)에서 탈 파라핀 섹션을 삶아 5 분마다 TBS로 3 회 씻는다. 100 μl를 1 시간 동안 실온에서 용액을 (TBS + 10 % 염소 정상 혈청 + 1 % 소 혈청 알부민, pH7.6)로 블로킹 막기. </li><li> 4 ° C에서 하룻밤 가습 챔버에서 200 희석 : 1 항 PCNA 차 항체와 얼룩. 5 분마다 TBS + 트윈 20으로 3 회 반복한다. </li><li> 실온에서 1 시간 동안 500 희석 : 1 차 항체와 함께 해당 검출 마무리. </li><li> DAPI를 포함하는 매체를 장착와 슬라이드 마운트 형광 현미경 슬라이드를 관찰한다. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

이전에, 우리 그룹은 제브라 피쉬의 시스템 구에 설치류에서 시세포 변성의 MNU 모델을 전송하고있다. 계속되는 이벤트 설명 및 최대 30 일 동안 추적 관찰 하였다. 이 기간에 완전한 형태의 망막 변성 및 재생이 초기 치료 후 발생. 첫째, 조직 학적가 감소 된로드 셀 상응 일 8에서 최소에 일 3에서 계산 계시, TUNEL 염색 삼일 MNU 처리 후로드 광 수용체의 세포 사멸을 식별합니다. 재생은 증식 ...

비전은 인간의 가장 중요한 감각과 손상은 높은 사회 경제적 영향을 미친다. 선진국에서는 망막 퇴행성 질환은 노인 1 중 시력 손실과 실명의 주요 원인이다. 대부분의 퇴행성 망막 질환의 원인은 부분적으로 만 이해하고 치료 적 솔루션은 잃어버린 시력을 회복하는 것은 매우 제한되어 있습니다. 색소 성 망막염이 N의 -nitrosourea (MNU) 망막 변성을 유도를 메틸 차 감광체 손실 2-3. N과 망막 퇴행성 질환의 전형적인 예이고 따라서 광범위 일차 시각 세포 사멸 4 질환을 모델링 설치류에서 사용된다. 그것은 알킬화제이며 일반적으로 노출 5-7 후 몇 개월을 나타 양성과 악성 종양으로 이어집니다. 또한, 단기간의 관찰 기간 내에 특정 시각 세포 사멸시킨다. 이로써, 망막 층 structu의 손실다시 상당한 망막 박화는 농도 의존적​​ 방식으로 관찰되었다. 망막 글 리아 세포는 활성화되었지만, 망막 색소 상피 세포 (RPE)의 변경이 발견되지 않음. 소포체 (ER) 스트레스와 관련된 세포 사멸은 망막 8 MNU 조치의 주요 통로가 될 것으로 보인다. 우리는 최근에 제브라 피쉬 구에서 광 수용체의 변성을 유도하는 화학 모델로 MNU를 도입했습니다. 다른 이유의 사이에, 제브라 피쉬 (다니오 rerio)가 있기 때문에 다른 척추 동물 (10)의 그것의 시각 시스템의 유사성 시각 연구에 중요 해지고있다. 외부 망막은 자외선, 짧은, 중간에 피크 감도, 가시 스펙트럼의 장파장 한로드 광 수용체의 유형 네 가지 콘 유형으로 분류 될 수있는 광 수용체를 포함하고 있습니다. 내부 핵 계층 (INL)에서, 바이폴라, 수평 및 무 축삭의 interneurons의 세포 기관은 아 같이 발견뮐러 글 리아 세포의 세포 소마 같은 리터. 외측 얼기 층 (OPL)에서 감광체와 내측 망막 사이의 연접은 렌즈에 가장 가까운 세포층 반면 시신경 및 시신경 요로로 이루어지는 긴 축삭을 형성 성분 신경절 세포 층 (GC)이다 형성된 . 신경절 세포 및 내부 핵 층에있는 세포 간의 연접은 내측 얼기 층 (IPL) (11)에 형성된다. RPE는 감각 신경 망막의 외측에있는 긴 혀끝의 미세 융모 (12) 감광체 외부 세그먼트를 둘러싼 다. 또한, 제브라 피쉬는 매우 회생 및 병변 뇌, 망막, 척수, 심장, 및 기타 조직 (13)를 다시 자라게 할 수 있습니다. 망막 손상이 발생하면, 뮐러 세포 것으로 생각된다 INL에서 세포 활성화 및 각종 망막 세포 유형으로 분화 할 수있는 잠재력을 가지고있다. 또한, 그들은 또한 ONL에있는로드 전구 세포를 생성한다. 또 이렇게새로운 세포로 성인 제브라 피쉬의 망막을 공급, 나아가이 섬모 한계 영역입니다. 이 소스는 연속적으로 성장하는 피쉬 아이 (14)에로드 감광체의 일정한 밀도를 달성하기 위해 필요하다. MNU 모델은 망막 조직에 대한 단순하고 재현성 퇴화 / 재생 방법으로 사용될 수있다. 때문에 제브라 피쉬의 생물학적 과정의 특정 유사성과 인간이 관여 세포 사멸 경로를 확인하기 위해 문을 열 수있는 잠재적 신경 보호 약물을 선별. 우리 그룹에서 이전의 연구를 바탕으로, 우리는 지금 망막 있도록 지연 및 실험실 동영상 구에 따라 기능적인 변화를 포함 필연적 재생이 MNU 유도 제브라 피쉬 모델의 방법을 설명한다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Acetic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td><td>A6283</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ammonia</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td><td>294993</td><td>0.80%</td></tr><tr><td>Bovine serum albumine (BSA)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td><td>05470</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dako Pen</td><td>Dako, Glostrup, Danmark</td><td>S2002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAPI mounting medium</td><td>Vector Labs, Burlingame, CA, USA</td><td>H-1200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eosin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td><td>45260</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td><td>2860</td><td>100%, 96%, 70%</td></tr><tr><td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td><td>ED</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate salt</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td><td>E10521</td><td>Tricaine</td></tr><tr><td>Eukitt</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td><td>3989</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti-rabbit Alexa 594</td><td>Life Technologies, Zug, Switzerland&amp;nbsp;</td><td>A11012</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat normal serum</td><td>Dako, Glostrup, Danmark</td><td>X0907</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td><td>320331</td><td>0.20%</td></tr><tr><td>In situ Cell Death Detection Kit</td><td>Roche Applied Sciences, Rotkreuz, Switzerland</td><td>11684795910</td><td>TUNEL Kit</td></tr><tr><td>Mayer&#039;s hemalum solution</td><td>Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td><td>109249</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Methylnitrosourea (MNU)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td><td>N4766</td><td>Toxic</td></tr><tr><td>OptoMotry</td><td>CerebralMechanics, Lethbridge, AB, Canada</td><td>n.a.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td><td>P6148</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td><td>P5368</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Proteinase K</td><td>Dako, Glostrup, Danmark</td><td>S3004</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rabbit anti-PCNA&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, USA</td><td>sc-33756</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Superfrost Plus glass slides</td><td>Gehard Menzel GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany</td><td>10149870</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris buffered saline (TBS)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td><td>P5912</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trizma base</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td><td>T1503</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tween 20</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td><td>P1379</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Xylene</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland</td><td>534056</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zebrafish (Danio rerio) AB (Oregon) strain</td><td>University of Fribourg, Dept. of Biology</td><td>n.a.</td><td>Own fish facility</td></tr></tbody></table>

methylnitrosourea (mnu)-induced retinal degeneration and regeneration in the zebrafish: histological and functional characteristics

산업계에서 시력 손실의 대부분 감광체 손상 계정 얻어진 망막 퇴행성 질환, 예를 들면 색소 성 망막염,. 동물 모델은 질병을 연구하는 중요한 중요하다. 이 점에있어서의 N - 메틸 - N -nitrosourea (MNU)가 설치류에서 널리 사용되어왔다 감광체 특정 독소는 약리 망막 변성을 유도한다. 이전에, 우리는 제브라 피쉬의 MNU에 의한 망막 변성 모델, 시각 연구에서 또 다른 인기 모델 시스템을 설립했다. 포유 동물 매혹적인 차이는 성인 zebrafish의 망막 손상 후의 재생의 지속적인 신경이다. 우리는 성인 zebrafish의 시력 측정을 채용 한이 관찰을 정량화합니다. 이로써, optokinetic 휘어진 비 마취 물고기 기능적 변화를 수행하는 데 사용되었다. 이것은 면역 staini뿐만 아니라 조직 학적으로 보충 하였다세포 사멸에 대한 NG (TUNEL) 및 확산 (PCNA)의 개발 형태 학적 변화의 상관 관계를합니다. 요약하면, 광 수용체 세포 자멸 사흘 외부 핵 층 (ONL)에서 세포의 현저한 감소로 이어진다 MNU 치료 후 발생한다. 그 후, 내부 핵 층 (INL)와 ONL에서 세포의 증식이 관찰된다. 여기서, 우리는 완전한 조직 학적뿐만 아니라 또한 재생 기능 30 일의 시간을 걸쳐 발생하는 것을 알 수있다. 이제 우리는 정량화 및 비디오 형식으로 MNU를 사용하여 제브라 피쉬의 망막 있도록 지연 및 재생을 수행하는 방법을 설명한다.

시력 : 실험 장치 [공간 주파수 : 0.042 원 /도 (C ​​/ D); 대비 : 100 %; 드리프트 속도 : 20도 / 초 (D / SRC); 백라이트 휘도 : 152 CD / m 2] 본 연구는 성인 제브라 피쉬의 OKR 평가 수 있었다. 물론 절차를 용인 각 제브라 피쉬, 10 분 - VA 측정의 평균 지속 기간은 약 5였다. MNU 노출 전 시력은 0.577 ± 0.014 사이클 /도 (c / d를)이었다. 1가 150 ㎎ / ℓ MNU의 적용 후 시력 과정...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methylnitrosourea MNU-induced Retinal Degeneration and Regeneration in the Zebrafish: Histological and Functional Characteristics at JoVE.com

Methylnitrosourea MNU-induced Retinal Degeneration and Regeneration in the Zebrafish: Histological and Functional Characteristics

여기에서 우리는 망막 있도록 지연 및 재생과 성인 제브라 피쉬에서 N 메틸 N의 -nitrosourea을 사용하여 시각 기능에 미치는 영향의 정량화를 보여줍니다. 시력의 손실 및 감소 감광체 번호는 내부 핵 층에 확산하여 관찰 하였다. 완전한 형태 학적 및 기능적 재생은 30 일 초기 치료 후 발생했습니다.

조직 학적 및 기능적 특성 : Methylnitrosourea (MNU)는 망막 변성과 재생 제브라 피쉬에서 유도 된

Retinal degenerative diseases, e.g. retinitis pigmentosa, with resulting photoreceptor damage account for the majority of vision loss in the industrial ...

methylnitrosourea-mnu-induced-retinal-degeneration-regeneration

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Biology

Methylnitrosourea (MNU)-induced Retinal Degeneration and Regeneration in the Zebrafish: Histological and Functional Characteristics

11.4K 조회수.  University of Bern.  여기에서 우리는 망막 있도록 지연 및 재생과 성인 제브라 피쉬에서 N 메틸 N의 -nitrosourea을 사용하여 시각 기능에 미치는 영향의 정량화를 보여줍니다. 시력의 손실 및 감소 감광체 번호는 내부 핵 층에 확산하여 관찰 하였다. 완전한 형태 학적 및 기능적 재생은 30 일 초기 치료 후 발생했습니다. 

비디오: Methylnitrosourea MNU-induced Retinal Degeneration and Regeneration in the Zebrafish: Histological and Functional Characteristics

Kidney Regeneration in Adult Zebrafish by Gentamicin Induced Injury

The kidney is essential for fluid homeostasis, blood pressure regulation and filtration of waste from the body. The fundamental unit of kidney function is the nephron. Mammals are able to repair existing nephrons after injury, but lose the ability to form new nephrons soon after birth. In contrast to mammals, adult fish produce new nephrons (neonephrogenesis) throughout their lives in response to growth requirements or injury. Recently, lhx1a has been shown to mark nephron progenitor cells in the adult zebrafish kidney, however mechanisms controlling the formation of new nephrons after injury remain unknown. Here we show our method for robust and reproducible injury in the adult zebrafish kidney by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of gentamicin, which uses a noninvasive visual screening process to select for fish with strong but nonlethal injury. Using this method, we can determine optimal gentamicin dosages for injury and go on to demonstrate the effect of higher temperatures on kidney regeneration in zebrafish.

Here we present a reliable method to study adult kidney regeneration by inducing acute kidney injury by gentamicin injection. We show that injury is dependent on gentamicin dosage and environmental temperature using in situ hybridization to label lhx1a+ developing new nephrons.

겐타 마이신 유도 부상으로 성인 Zebrafish의에서 신장 재생

The kidney is essential for fluid homeostasis, blood pressure regulation and filtration of waste from the body. The fundamental unit of kidney function is ...

연구

발생학

Hepatocyte-specific Ablation in Zebrafish to Study Biliary-driven Liver Regeneration

The liver has a great capacity to regenerate. Hepatocytes, the parenchymal cells of the liver, can regenerate in one of two ways: hepatocyte- or biliary-driven liver regeneration. In hepatocyte-driven liver regeneration, regenerating hepatocytes are derived from preexisting hepatocytes, whereas, in biliary-driven regeneration, regenerating hepatocytes are derived from biliary epithelial cells (BECs). For hepatocyte-driven liver regeneration, there are excellent rodent models that have significantly contributed to the current understanding of liver regeneration. However, no such rodent model exists for biliary-driven liver regeneration. We recently reported on a zebrafish liver injury model in which BECs extensively give rise to hepatocytes upon severe hepatocyte loss. In this model, hepatocytes are specifically ablated by a pharmacogenetic means. Here we present in detail the methods to ablate hepatocytes and to analyze the BEC-driven liver regeneration process. This hepatocyte-specific ablation model can be further used to discover the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of biliary-driven liver regeneration. Moreover, these methods can be applied to chemical screens to identify small molecules that augment or suppress liver regeneration.

To help assess the molecular mechanisms underlying zebrafish biliary-driven liver regeneration, we established a liver injury model in which the nitroreductase-expressing hepatocytes are genetically ablated upon metronidazole treatment. In this protocol, we describe how to adeptly manipulate, monitor and analyze hepatocyte ablation and biliary-driven liver regeneration.

담즙 중심의 간 재생을 연구하는 Zebrafish의에서 간세포 특이 절제

The liver has a great capacity to regenerate. Hepatocytes, the parenchymal cells of the liver, can regenerate in one of two ways: hepatocyte- or ...

Development of an Ethanol-induced Fibrotic Liver Model in Zebrafish to Study Progenitor Cell-mediated Hepatocyte Regeneration

Sustained liver fibrosis with continuation of extracellular matrix (ECM) protein build-up results in the loss of cellular competency of the liver, leading to cirrhosis with hepatocellular dysfunction. Among multiple hepatic insults, alcohol abuse can lead to significant health problems including liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Nonetheless, the identity of endogenous cellular sources that regenerate hepatocytes in response to alcohol has not been properly investigated. Moreover, few studies have effectively modeled hepatocyte regeneration upon alcohol-induced injury. We recently reported on establishing an ethanol (EtOH)-induced fibrotic liver model in zebrafish in which hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) gave rise to hepatocytes upon near-complete hepatocyte loss in the presence of fibrogenic stimulus. Furthermore, through chemical screens using this model, we identified multiple small molecules that enhance hepatocyte regeneration. Here we describe in detail the procedures to develop an EtOH-induced fibrotic liver model and to perform chemical screens using this model in zebrafish. This protocol will be a critical tool to delineate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of how hepatocyte regenerates in the fibrotic liver. Furthermore, these methods will facilitate potential discovery of novel therapeutic strategies for chronic liver disease in vivo.

Sustained fibrosis with deposition of excessive extracellular matrix proteins leads to cirrhosis. Alcohol abuse is one of the main causes of severe liver disease. We established an ethanol-induced zebrafish fibrotic liver model to study the mechanisms and strategies of promoting hepatocyte regeneration upon alcohol-induced injury.

Zebrafish의에서 에탄올에 의한 섬유 성 간 모델의 개발은 전구 세포 매개 간세포의 재생을 연구하는

Sustained liver fibrosis with continuation of extracellular matrix (ECM) protein build-up results in the loss of cellular competency of the liver, leading ...

Culture of Adult Transgenic Zebrafish Retinal Explants for Live-cell Imaging by Multiphoton Microscopy

An endogenous regeneration program is initiated by M&#252;ller glia in the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) retina following neuronal damage and death. The M&#252;ller glia re-enter the cell cycle and produce neuronal progenitor cells that undergo subsequent rounds of cell divisions and differentiate into the lost neuronal cell types. Both M&#252;ller glia and neuronal progenitor cell nuclei replicate their DNA and undergo mitosis in distinct locations of the retina, i.e. they migrate between the basal Inner Nuclear Layer (INL) and the Outer Nuclear Layer (ONL), respectively, in a process described as Interkinetic Nuclear Migration (INM). INM has predominantly been studied in the developing retina. To examine the dynamics of INM in the adult regenerating zebrafish retina in detail, live-cell imaging of fluorescently-labeled M&#252;ller glia/neuronal progenitor cells is required. Here, we provide the conditions to isolate and culture dorsal retinas from Tg[gfap:nGFP]mi2004 zebrafish that were exposed to constant intense light for 35 h. We also show that these retinal cultures are viable to perform live-cell imaging experiments, continuously acquiring z-stack images throughout the thickness of the retinal explant for up to 8 h using multiphoton microscopy to monitor the migratory behavior of gfap:nGFP-positive cells. In addition, we describe the details to perform post-imaging analysis to determine the velocity of apical and basal INM. To summarize, we established conditions to study the dynamics of INM in an adult model of neuronal regeneration. This will advance our understanding of this crucial cellular process and allow us to determine the mechanisms that control INM.

Zebrafish retinal regeneration has mostly been studied using fixed retinas. However, dynamic processes such as interkinetic nuclear migration occur during the regenerative response and require live-cell imaging to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Here, we describe culture and imaging conditions to monitor Interkinetic Nuclear Migration (INM) in real-time using multiphoton microscopy.

다중 광자 현미경으로 라이브 셀 이미징을위한 성인 형질 전환 Zebrafish의 망막의 Explants의 문화

An endogenous regeneration program is initiated by M&#252;ller glia in the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) retina following neuronal damage and death. The ...

Lens Transplantation in Zebrafish and its Application in the Analysis of Eye Mutants

The lens plays an important role in the development of the optic cup[1,2]. Using the zebrafish as a model organism, questions regarding lens development can be addressed. The zebrafish is useful for genetic studies due to several advantageous characteristics, including small size, high fecundity, short lifecycle, and ease of care. Lens development occurs rapidly in zebrafish. By 72 hpf, the zebrafish lens is functionally mature [3]. Abundant genetic and molecular resources are available to support research in zebrafish. In addition, the similarity of the zebrafish eye to those of other vertebrates provides basis for its use as an excellent animal model of human defects[4-7]. Several zebrafish mutants exhibit lens abnormalities, including high levels of cell death, which in some cases leads to a complete degeneration of lens tissues [8]. To determine whether lens abnormalities are due to intrinsic causes or to defective interactions with the surrounding tissues, transplantation of a mutant lens into a wild-type eye is performed. Using fire-polished metal needles, mutant or wild-type lenses are carefully dissected from the donor animal, and transferred into the host. To distinguish wild-type and mutant tissues, a transgenic line is used as the donor. This line expresses membrane-bound GFP in all tissues, including the lens. This transplantation technique is an essential tool in the studies of zebrafish lens mutants.

Lens development involves interactions with other tissues. Several zebrafish eye mutants are characterized by an abnormally small lens size. Here we demonstrate a lens transplantation experiment to determine whether this phenotype is due to intrinsic causes or defective interactions with tissues that surround the lens.

렌즈 Zebrafish의 이식과 눈 돌연변이의 분석에의 응용

The lens plays an important role in the development of the optic cup[1,2]. Using the zebrafish as a model organism, questions regarding lens development ...

생물학

A Novel Light Damage Paradigm for Use in Retinal Regeneration Studies in Adult Zebrafish

Light-induced retinal degeneration (LIRD) is commonly used in both rodents and zebrafish to damage rod and cone photoreceptors. In adult zebrafish, photoreceptor degeneration triggers M&#252;ller glial cells to re-enter the cell cycle and produce transient-amplifying progenitors. These progenitors continue to proliferate as they migrate to the damaged area, where they ultimately give rise to new photoreceptors. Currently, there are two widely-used LIRD paradigms, each of which results in varying degrees of photoreceptor loss and corresponding differences in the regeneration response. As more genetic and pharmacological tools are available to test the role of individual genes of interest during regeneration, there is a need to develop a robust LIRD paradigm. Here we describe a LIRD protocol that results in widespread and consistent loss of both rod and cone photoreceptors in which we have combined the use of two previously established LIRD techniques. Furthermore, this protocol can be extended for use in pigmented animals, which eliminates the need to maintain transgenic lines of interest on the albino background for LIRD studies.

Multiple light damage protocols have been described to damage photoreceptors and consequently induce a retinal regeneration response in adult zebrafish. This protocol describes an improved method that can be used in pigmented animals and that damages the vast majority of rod and cone photoreceptors across the entire retina.

성인 Zebrafish의 망막 재생 연구에있는 사용을위한 비발 한 가벼운 손상 패러다임

Light-induced retinal degeneration (LIRD) is commonly used in both rodents and zebrafish to damage rod and cone photoreceptors. In adult zebrafish, ...

신경과학

Transplantation of GFP-expressing Blastomeres for Live Imaging of Retinal and Brain Development in Chimeric Zebrafish Embryos

Cells change extensively in their locations and property during embryogenesis. These changes are regulated by the interactions between the cells and their environment. Chimeric embryos, which are composed of cells of different genetic background, are great tools to study the cell-cell interactions mediated by genes of interest. The embryonic transparency of zebrafish at early developmental stages permits direct visualization of the morphogenesis of tissues and organs at the cellular level. Here, we demonstrate a protocol to generate chimeric retinas and brains in zebrafish embryos and to perform live imaging of the donor cells. The protocol covers the preparation of transplantation needles, the transplantation of GFP-expressing donor blastomeres to GFP-negative hosts, and the examination of donor cell behavior under live confocal microscopy. With slight modifications, this protocol can also be used to study the embryonic development of other tissues and organs in zebrafish. The advantages of using GFP to label donor cells are also discussed. 

We demonstrate a protocol to generate chimeric zebrafish embryos for live imaging cellular behavior during embryogenesis.

의 이식 GFP - 표현 키메라 Zebrafish의 태아의 망막과 두뇌 개발의 라이브 영상에 대한 Blastomeres을

Cells change extensively in their locations and property during embryogenesis. These changes are regulated by the interactions between the cells and their ...

M&#252;ller Glia Cell Activation in a Laser-induced Retinal Degeneration and Regeneration Model in Zebrafish

A fascinating difference between teleost and mammals is the lifelong potential of the teleost retina for retinal neurogenesis and regeneration after severe damage. Investigating the regeneration pathways in zebrafish might bring new insights to develop innovative strategies for the treatment of retinal degenerative diseases in mammals. Herein, we focused on the induction of a focal lesion to the outer retina in adult zebrafish by means of a 532 nm diode laser. A localized injury allows investigating biological processes that take place during retinal degeneration and regeneration directly at the area of damage. Using non-invasive optical coherence tomography (OCT), we were able to define the location of the damaged area and monitor subsequent regeneration in vivo. Indeed, OCT imaging produces high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the zebrafish retina, providing information which was previously only available with histological analyses. In order to confirm the data from real-time OCT, histological sections were performed and regenerative response after the induction of the retinal injury was investigated by immunohistochemistry.

The zebrafish is a popular animal model to study mechanisms of retinal degeneration/regeneration in vertebrates. This protocol describes a method to induce localized injury disrupting the outer retina with minimal damage to the inner retina. Subsequently, we monitor in vivo the retinal morphology and the M&#252;ller glia response throughout retinal regeneration.

레이저 유도 된 망막 변성 및 재생 Zebrafish 모델 뮐러 명과 셀 활성화

A fascinating difference between teleost and mammals is the lifelong potential of the teleost retina for retinal neurogenesis and regeneration after ...

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Adult Zebrafish Retina

Many devastating inherited eye diseases result in progressive and irreversible blindness because humans cannot regenerate dying or diseased retinal neurons. In contrast, the adult zebrafish retina possesses the robust ability to spontaneously regenerate any neuronal class that is lost in a variety of different retinal damage models, including retinal puncture, chemical ablation, concentrated high temperature, and intense light treatment 1-8. Our lab extensively characterized regeneration of photoreceptors following constant intense light treatment and inner retinal neurons after intravitreal ouabain injection 2, 5, 9. In all cases, resident M&uuml;ller glia re-enter the cell cycle to produce neuronal progenitors, which continue to proliferate and migrate to the proper retinal layer, where they differentiate into the deficient neurons. 
	We characterized five different stages during regeneration of the light-damaged retina that were highlighted by specific cellular responses. We identified several differentially expressed genes at each stage of retinal regeneration by mRNA microarray analysis 10. Many of these genes are also critical for ocular development. To test the role of each candidate gene/protein during retinal regeneration, we needed to develop a method to conditionally limit the expression of a candidate protein only at times during regeneration of the adult retina. 
	Morpholino oligos are widely used to study loss of function of specific proteins during the development of zebrafish, Xenopus, chick, mouse, and tumors in human xenografts 11-14. These modified oligos basepair with complementary RNA sequence to either block the splicing or translation of the target RNA. Morpholinos are stable in the cell and can eliminate or "knockdown" protein expression for three to five days 12. 
	Here, we describe a method to efficiently knockdown target protein expression in the adult zebrafish retina. This method employs lissamine-tagged antisense morpholinos that are injected into the vitreous of the adult zebrafish eye. Using electrode forceps, the morpholino is then electroporated into all the cell types of the dorsal and central retina. Lissamine provides the charge on the morpholino for electroporation and can be visualized to assess the presence of the morpholino in the retinal cells. 
	Conditional knockdown in the retina can be used to examine the role of specific proteins at different times during regeneration. Additionally, this approach can be used to study the role of specific proteins in the undamaged retina, in such processes as visual transduction and visual processing in second order neurons.

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Adult Zebrafish Retina

A method to conditionally knockdown a target protein&#x2019;s expression in the adult zebrafish retina is described, which involves intravitreally injecting antisense morpholinos and electroporating them into the retina. The resulting protein is knocked down for several days, which allows testing the protein&#x2019;s role in the regenerating or intact retina.

Morpholinos의 생체내의 Electroporation에서 성인 Zebrafish의 망막에

Many devastating inherited eye diseases result in progressive and irreversible blindness because humans cannot regenerate dying or diseased retinal ...

Nitroreductase/Metronidazole-Mediated Ablation and a MATLAB Platform (RpEGEN) for Studying Regeneration of the Zebrafish Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) resides at the back of the eye and performs functions essential for maintaining the health and integrity of adjacent retinal and vascular tissues. At present, the limited reparative capacity of mammalian RPE, which is restricted to small injuries, has hindered progress to understanding in vivo RPE regenerative processes. Here, a detailed methodology is provided to facilitate the study of in vivo RPE repair utilizing the zebrafish, a&#160;vertebrate model capable of robust tissue regeneration. This protocol describes a transgenic nitroreductase/metronidazole (NTR/MTZ)-mediated injury paradigm (rpe65a:nfsB-eGFP), which results in ablation of the central two-thirds of the RPE after 24 h treatment with MTZ, with subsequent tissue recovery. Focus is placed on RPE ablations in larval zebrafish and methods for testing the effects of pharmacological compounds on RPE regeneration are also outlined. Generation and validation of RpEGEN, a MATLAB script created to automate quantification of RPE regeneration based on pigmentation, is also discussed. Beyond active RPE repair mechanisms, this protocol can be expanded to studies of RPE degeneration and injury responses as well as the effects of RPE damage on adjacent retinal and vascular tissues, among other cellular and molecular processes. This zebrafish system holds significant promise in identifying genes, networks, and processes that drive RPE regeneration and RPE disease-related mechanisms, with the long-term goal of applying this knowledge to mammalian systems and, ultimately, toward therapeutic development.

Nitroreductase/Metronidazole-Mediated Ablation and a MATLAB Platform RpEGEN for Studying Regeneration of the Zebrafish Retinal Pigment Epithelium

This protocol describes the methodology to genetically ablate the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) using a transgenic zebrafish model. Adapting the protocol to incorporate signaling pathway modulation using pharmacological compounds is extensively detailed. A MATLAB platform for quantifying RPE regeneration based on pigmentation was developed and is presented and discussed.

니트로환원효소/메트로니다졸 매개 절제 및 제브라피쉬 망막 색소 상피의 재생 연구를 위한 MATLAB 플랫폼(RpEGEN)

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) resides at the back of the eye and performs functions essential for maintaining the health and integrity of adjacent ...