This project was funded by the Land Baden-W&#252;rttemberg as well as by the European Union, Europ&#228;ischer Fonds f&#252;r die Regionale Entwicklung. The authors thank Rainer Wittig (ILM Ulm) for providing the U251-MG-L106-Grx1-roGFP2 cell line and Claudia Hintze for skillful technical assistance.

1. Cell Spheroid Growing and Incubation
<ol>
	<li>Experiment 1: Cell spheroids incubated with a chemotherapeutic drug
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare agarose 1.5% in culture medium by adding 0.45 g of agarose to 30 ml culture medium (sufficient for 6 plates).</li>
		<li>Heat the mixture from step 1.1.1 to at least 80 &#176;C while stirring it from time to time.</li>
		<li>Fill 50 &#181;l of the heated mixture from step 1.1.2 into each well of a 96-well plate and let it solidify within 1&#8211;2 hr. Store the plates closed and cove...

<ol>
	<li>Pawley, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of biological confocal microscopy. , (1990).</li><li>Webb, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Confocal+optical+microscopy.">Confocal optical microscopy.</a> Rep. Prog. Phys. 59, 427-471 (1996).</li><li>Denk, W., Strickler, J. H., Webb, W. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-photon+laser+scanning+fluorescence+microscopy.">Two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy.</a> Science. 248 (4951), 73-76 (1990).</li><li>K&#246;nig, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiphoton+microscopy+in+life+sciences.">Multiphoton microscopy in life sciences.</a> J. Microsc. 200 (2), 83-104 (2000).</li><li>Neil, M. A., Juskaitis, R., Wilson, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+of+obtaining+optical+sectioning+by+using+structured+light+in+a+conventional+microscope.">Method of obtaining optical sectioning by using structured light in a conventional microscope.</a> Opt. Lett. 22 (24), 1905-1907 (1997).</li><li>Gustafsson, M. G. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+resolution+doubling+in+wide-field+fluorescence+microscopy+by+structured+illumination.">Three-dimensional resolution doubling in wide-field fluorescence microscopy by structured illumination.</a> Biophys. J. 94 (12), 4957-4970 (2008).</li><li>Huisken, J., Swoger, J., del Bene, F., Wittbrodt, J., Stelzer, E. H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+sectioning+deep+inside+live+embryos+by+SPIM.">Optical sectioning deep inside live embryos by SPIM.</a> Science. 305 (5686), 1007-1009 (2004).</li><li>Huisken, J., Stainier, D. Y. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+plane+illumination+microscopy+techniques+in+development+biology.">Selective plane illumination microscopy techniques in development biology.</a> Development. 136 (12), 1963-1975 (2009).</li><li>Santi, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light+sheet+fluorescence+microscopy:+a+review.">Light sheet fluorescence microscopy: a review.</a> J. Histochem. Cytochem. 59 (2), 129-138 (2011).</li><li>Kunz-Schughart, L. A., Freyer, J. P., Hofstaedter, F., Ebner, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+3-D+cultures+for+high+throughput+screening:+the+multi-cellular+spheroid+model.">The use of 3-D cultures for high throughput screening: the multi-cellular spheroid model.</a> J. Biomol. Screen. 9 (4), 273-285 (2004).</li><li>Schneckenburger, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-dimensional+fluorescence+microscopy+of+living+cells.">Multi-dimensional fluorescence microscopy of living cells.</a> J. Biophotonics. 4 (3), 143-149 (2011).</li><li>Schneckenburger, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light+exposure+and+cell+viability+in+fluorescence+microscopy.">Light exposure and cell viability in fluorescence microscopy.</a> J. Microsc. 245 (3), 311-318 (2012).</li><li>Ritter, J. G., Veith, R., Veenendaal, A., Siebrasse, J. P., Kubitschek, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light+sheet+microscopy+for+single+molecule+tracking+in+living+tissue.">Light sheet microscopy for single molecule tracking in living tissue.</a> PLoS One. 5 (7), e11639:1-e11639:7 (2010).</li><li>Mertz, J., Kim, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scanning+light-sheet+microscopy+in+the+whole+mouse+brain+with+HiLo+background+rejection.">Scanning light-sheet microscopy in the whole mouse brain with HiLo background rejection.</a> J. Biomed. Opt. 15 (1), 016027 (2010).</li><li>Fahrbach, F. O., Rohrbach, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+line-scanned+light-sheet+microscope+with+phase+shaped+self-reconstructing+beams.">A line-scanned light-sheet microscope with phase shaped self-reconstructing beams.</a> Opt. Express. 18 (23), 24229-24244 (2010).</li><li>Bruns, T., Schickinger, S., Wittig, R., Schneckenburger, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+strategy+and+illumination+of+3D+cell+cultures+in+light-sheet+based+fluorescence+microscopy.">Preparation strategy and illumination of 3D cell cultures in light-sheet based fluorescence microscopy.</a> J. Biomed. Opt. 17 (10), 101518 (2012).</li><li>Ma, H. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multicellular+tumor+spheroids+as+an+in+vivo-like+tumor+model+for+three-dimensional+imaging+of+chemotherapeutic+and+nano+material+cellular+penetration.">Multicellular tumor spheroids as an in vivo-like tumor model for three-dimensional imaging of chemotherapeutic and nano material cellular penetration.</a> Mol. Imaging. 11 (6), 487-498 (2012).</li><li>Weber, P., Wagner, M., Schneckenburger, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cholesterol+dependent+uptake+and+interaction+of+doxorubicin+in+MCF-7+breast+cancer+cells.">Cholesterol dependent uptake and interaction of doxorubicin in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.</a> Int. J. Mol. Sci. 14 (4), 8358-8366 (2013).</li><li>Hovorka, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectral+analysis+of+doxorubicin+accumulation+and+the+indirect+quantification+of+its+DNA+intercalation.">Spectral analysis of doxorubicin accumulation and the indirect quantification of its DNA intercalation.</a> Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 76 (3), 514-524 (2010).</li><li>Schickinger, S., Bruns, T., Wittig, R., Weber, P., Wagner, M., Schneckenburger, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanosecond+ratio+imaging+of+redox+states+in+tumor+cell+spheroids+using+light+sheet-based+fluorescence+microscopy.">Nanosecond ratio imaging of redox states in tumor cell spheroids using light sheet-based fluorescence microscopy.</a> J. Biomed. Opt. 18 (12), 126007 (2013).</li><li>Lippert, H., Wald, M., Radt, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+arrangement+for+the+production+of+a+light+sheet.">Optical arrangement for the production of a light sheet.</a> U.S. Patent. , (2010).</li><li>Lorenzo, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+cell+division+dynamics+monitoring+in+3D+large+spheroid+tumor+models+using+light+sheet+microscopy.">Live cell division dynamics monitoring in 3D large spheroid tumor models using light sheet microscopy.</a> Cell Division. 6 (22), 1-8 (2011).</li><li>Bruns, T., Schneckenburger, H., Schickinger, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sample+holder+for+rotation+of+three-dimensional+specimens+in+microscopy.">Sample holder for rotation of three-dimensional specimens in microscopy.</a> European Patent Application. , (2013).</li></ol>

No conflicts of interest declared.

The present manuscript describes a light sheet or single plane illumination microscopy (SPIM) device which is optimized for 3-dimensional cell systems, e.g., multi-cellular tumor spheroids (MCTS). Three exemplary applications include (1) uptake of a cytostatic drug and its partial conversion to a degradation product (whose contribution to chemotherapeutic efficacy still remains to be evaluated), (2) measurements of the redox state by use of a genetically encoded glutathione sensor upon addition of an oxidizing a...

In addition to well established methods (confocal or multi-photon laser scanning microscopy1-4, structured illumination microscopy5,6) light sheet or single plane illumination microscopy (SPIM) has proven to be a valuable method of 3D imaging7,8,9. Of particular interest is its application to 3-dimensional cell cultures, e.g., multi-cellular tumor spheroids (MCTS), which are used increasingly for drug discovery research10,11. Furthermore, SPIM is a preferential method when even upon long-term exposure or repetitive measurements low light doses are required to maintain the sample&#8217;s viability, since for measurement of each plane of the sample only this plane is exposed to light. This is in contrast to other microscopy techniques, where for detection of each focal plane the whole sample is illuminated, so that upon recording of numerous planes the light dose sums up and may damage the sample12.
Light sheet microscopy or SPIM is based on illumination of the sample in perpendicular direction to the observation path either by use of a cylindrical lens or by scanning the exciting laser beam (for a review see Ref. 8). This often requires special sample chambers13,14 or matrices, e.g., agarose7,15, implemented in special high-cost microscopes. As an alternative to those systems a comparably simple illumination device for SPIM has been developed and adapted to a conventional inverted microscope16 (see Figure 1). It consists of a laser beam expanded to a diameter of 8&#160;mm and focused by a cylindrical lens (focal length: 50&#160;mm, numerical aperture: 0.08) to a light sheet of 6&#8211;10&#160;&#181;m thickness over a depth of field of about 100&#160;&#181;m. Samples are located in a rectangular capillary of 600&#8211;900&#160;&#181;m inner diameter placed in front of the microscope objective lens for fluorescence detection. These main features are presently completed and optimized by the use of advanced micro-capillary approaches for holding and for rotating the samples, the synchronous adjustment of the illuminating light sheet (in axial direction) and the objective lens used for fluorescence detection (identical optical path lengths of displacement require a correction of the mechanical feed), and the adaptation of a microfluidic system for application of fluorescent dyes, pharmaceutical agents or drugs, thus minimizing the required quantities and expenses.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="944">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:243px;">Name of the Material/Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">&#160;Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Comments/Description(optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">microtiter plate</td>
			<td>Orange Scientific</td>
			<td>4430100</td>
			<td>for cell spheroid growing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">agarose&#160;</td>
			<td>Carl Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>3810.1</td>
			<td>for cell spheroid growing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">MCF-7 cell line</td>
			<td>CLS Cell Lines Service GmbH</td>
			<td>300273</td>
			<td>cell line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">U251-MG-L106 cell line</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>cell line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">DMEM</td>
			<td>Biochrom AG (Merck Millipore)</td>
			<td>FG0435</td>
			<td>culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">DMEM/Ham&#39;s F-12</td>
			<td>Biochrom AG (Merck Millipore)</td>
			<td>FG4815</td>
			<td>culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">FCS</td>
			<td>Biochrom AG (Merck Millipore)</td>
			<td>S0615</td>
			<td>cell culture supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>Biochrom AG (Merck Millipore)</td>
			<td>A 2213</td>
			<td>antibiotics</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">hygromycin B</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">PAA Laboratories&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>P02-015</td>
			<td>antibiotic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">EBSS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Inc.</td>
			<td>E3024</td>
			<td>cell culture supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">doxorubicin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Inc.</td>
			<td>D1515</td>
			<td>fluorescent dye (CAUTION: acute toxicity)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">green cytotoxicity dye</td>
			<td>Promega GmbH</td>
			<td>G8742</td>
			<td>CellTox - fluorescent cytotoxicity dye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">rotenone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Inc.</td>
			<td>R8875</td>
			<td>cellular inhibitor (CAUTION: acute toxicity)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Inc.</td>
			<td>95302</td>
			<td>reagent for oxidation (CAUTION: acute toxicity)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">capillary</td>
			<td>VitroCom&#160;</td>
			<td>8260-050</td>
			<td>sample preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">microscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss Jena</td>
			<td>Axiovert 200M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">AxioCam MRc CCD-camera</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss MicroImaging GmbH</td>
			<td>426508-9901-000</td>
			<td>CCD-camera</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">AxioVision data aquisition software</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss MicroImaging GmbH</td>
			<td>version 4.8.2.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">laser diode</td>
			<td>Pico Quant GmbH</td>
			<td>LDH-P-C-470</td>
			<td>used with driver PDL800-B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">perestaltic pump</td>
			<td>Ismatec Labortechnik</td>
			<td>MS-1 Reglo</td>
			<td>re-callibrated to reduce the minimum pump speed by 1/10&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">silicone tubes</td>
			<td>IDEX Health &#38; Science GmbH</td>
			<td>TYGON R3607</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

single plane illumination module and micro-capillary approach for a wide-field microscope

A module for light sheet or single plane illumination microscopy (SPIM) is described which is easily adapted to an inverted wide-field microscope and optimized for 3-dimensional cell cultures, e.g., multi-cellular tumor spheroids (MCTS). The SPIM excitation module shapes and deflects the light such that the sample is illuminated by a light sheet perpendicular to the detection path of the microscope. The system is characterized by use of a rectangular capillary for holding (and in an advanced version also by a micro-capillary approach for rotating) the samples, by synchronous adjustment of the illuminating light sheet and the objective lens used for fluorescence detection as well as by adaptation of a microfluidic system for application of fluorescent dyes, pharmaceutical agents or drugs in small quantities. A protocol for working with this system is given, and some technical details are reported. Representative results include (1) measurements of the uptake of a cytostatic drug (doxorubicin) and its partial conversion to a degradation product, (2) redox measurements by use of a genetically encoded glutathione sensor upon addition of an oxidizing agent, and (3) initiation and labeling of cell necrosis upon inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Differences and advantages of the present SPIM module in comparison with existing systems are discussed.

Experiment 1: Cell spheroids incubated with a chemotherapeutic drug
A z-stack scan of a previously incubated MCF-7 cell spheroid (8&#160;&#181;M doxorubicin, 6&#160;hr) is depicted in Figure 3. It gives detailed information about the cellular uptake and distribution of doxorubicin17 and its degradation product18,19. Within the outer cell layer of the spheroid red fluorescent doxorubicin is mainly localized in the nucleus, whereas in inner...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Single Plane Illumination Module and Micro-capillary Approach for a Wide-field Microscope at JoVE.com

Single Plane Illumination Module and Micro-capillary Approach for a Wide-field Microscope

A module for single plane illumination microscopy (SPIM) is described which is easily adapted to an inverted wide-field microscope and optimized for 3-dimensional cell cultures. The sample is located within a rectangular capillary, and via a microfluidic system fluorescent dyes, pharmaceutical agents or drugs can be applied in small quantities.

A module for light sheet or single plane illumination microscopy (SPIM) is described which is easily adapted to an inverted wide-field microscope and ...

single-plane-illumination-module-micro-capillary-approach-for-wide

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

9.6K visualizações.  Aalen University.  Um módulo para microscopia de iluminação plano único (SPIM) está descrito que é facilmente adaptado a um microscópio de campo amplo invertido e optimizado para culturas de células de 3-dimensionais. A amostra está localizado dentro de um capilar rectangular, e através de um sistema de microfluidos corantes fluorescentes, agentes farmacêuticos ou de drogas pode ser aplicada em pequenas quantidades. 