Name: methods for cell-attached capacitance measurements in mouse adrenal chromaffin cell
Uploaded: 2014-10-22T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 24 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods for Cell-attached Capacitance Measurements in Mouse Adrenal Chromaffin Cell at JoVE.com

This work is supported by a National Science Foundation award (1145581) to LWG.

NOTA: Todo o procedimento foi realizado de acordo com as diretrizes dos Institutos Nacionais de Saúde, aprovado pelo Comitê de Cuidados e Uso da Universidade de Illinois, em Chicago Animal. 1. Soluções e Meios de Cultura Preparações <ol><li> Mantenha todas as soluções a -20 ° C durante até seis meses. Mantenha o meio de cultura, a 4 ° C por até 3 meses. </li><li> Preparar 100 ml de meio de cultura por mistura de 1 ml de solução pen-strep e 1 ml de ITSX (insulina-transferrina-selênio-suplementação) a 100 ml com DMEM. </li><li> Preparar a solução de enzima por mistura de 250 mL de DMEM, 2,5 mL de 100 mM CaCl2, e 2,5 ml de EDTA 50 mM. </li><li> Preparar a solução de inactivação pela mistura de 225 ml de DMEM, 25 mL de FBS, 625 mg de albumina, e 625 mg de inibidor de tripsina. </li><li> Prepare uma solução de Locke de NaCl 154 mM, KCl 5,6 mM, HEPES 5,0 mM, NaHCO3 3,6 mM, glicose 5,6 mM. Ajustar o pH para 7,3 com NaOH. </li><li>Prepara-se uma solução de poli-d-lisina (PDL) de 50 mg / ml. Use uma concentração final de 1 mg / ml para lamelas de revestimento. </li><li> Prepara-se uma solução extracelular de 140 mM de NaCl, 5 mM de KCl, 2 mM de CaCl2, 1 mM de MgCl2, 10 mM HEPES-NaOH, e 10 mM de glucose. Ajustar o pH para 7,3 com NaOH, com uma osmolaridade de ~ 310 nmol / kg. </li><li> Prepara-se uma solução de pipeta de 50 mM de NaCl, TEACl 100 mM, KCl 5, 2 mM de CaCl2, 1 mM de MgCl2, e 10 mM de HEPES. Ajustar o pH para 7,3 com NaOH, com uma osmolaridade de ~ 290 nmol / kg. </li></ol> 2. glândula adrenal Isolamento <ol><li> Autoclave um par de tesouras de dissecação grandes e pequenos e dois pares de fórceps. Usar luvas durante todo o processo e colocar a bandeja de dissecação em um balde de gelo. </li><li> Use camundongos tomadas no dia 0-3. Eutanásia animais com um tanque pressurizado de CO 2, seguida por decapitação. </li><li> Utilizar o menor conjunto de tesoura para cortar a parte de trás do filhote após a coluna de cervi<html> cal de caudal região. Certifique-se de cortar superficialmente sob a pele e não furar na cavidade do corpo. </li><li> Em seguida, pele casca de distância da coluna vertebral para que a musculatura está exposto a ter uma visão clara da coluna vertebral. A partir daqui, fazer um corte transectional na medula espinhal cervical e, em seguida, fazer dois cortes paralelos ao longo dos lados da coluna vertebral. </li><li> Com um par de pinças que seguram o corpo principal do animal, usar o outro par de pinças para agarrar coluna vertebral e descascar espinha até rins estão expostos. </li><li> Neste momento, as glândulas supra-renais visualizar na parte superior dos rins. Em seguida, coloque cuidadosamente as duas glândulas de cada animal em um tubo cônico preenchido com solução de Locke. NOTA: Às vezes, as glândulas vai ficar com a pinça. Se este for o caso, usam suavemente outro par de pinças para ajudar na remoção das glândulas de a pinça e para a solução de Locke. As glândulas podem ser mantidas nesse estado durante até 2 horas. </li></ol>e &quot;&gt; 3. Digestão Tissue <ol><li> No entanto, a solução de enzima de bolha com 5% de CO 2 + 95% de O 2 durante 15 minutos antes de usar. Certifique-se de que a solução equilibrada passa de uma cor-de-rosa brilhante em rosa / laranja cor. </li><li> Adicionar a papaína para a solução de enzima recentemente borbulhar a uma concentração final de 20-25 unidades / ml. Incubar cada par de glândulas de cada animal para 40-60 min a 37 ° C na solução de enzima com papaína. </li><li> Adicionar 75% de solução de inactivação para cada tubo e incubar a 37 ° C durante mais 10 min. Esta incubação inativa a atividade enzimática da papaína. </li><li> Após a incubação de 10 min com a solução de inactivação, suavemente transferir as glândulas para um tubo novo rotulados e depois lavar as glândulas 3x com meio de cultura. </li></ol> 4. celular dissociação e Galvanização <ol><li> Após a lavagem, colocar as duas glândulas em 200 ul de meio de cultura e em seguida titula-se suavemente para cima e as glândulaspara baixo através da ponta da pipeta com uma pipeta de 200 uL até que não haja mais de um grande pedaço de tecido na solução. NOTA: Quando a titulação, mantêm glândulas na parte inferior do tubo com uma força para baixo a partir da ponta de pipeta 200 uL e envolver o tecido suave e lentamente. Esteja certo de usar, traços contínuos lentos, nunca pipetar rápido ou abrupta. </li><li> Adicionar um meio adicional de 250 ul de cultura para levar o volume total de meio de cultura até 450 ul. </li><li> Placa de 60 ul desta solução contendo as células em cada um dos sete lamelas 12 milímetros PDL-pré-revestidas, que são colocados em um 60 x 15 mm prato de cultura. </li><li> Uma vez chapeado, colocar o prato na incubadora que está definida para 37 ° C e mantida com um fluxo / suprimento constante de 5% de CO 2 durante 30 minutos para assegurar um ambiente para a viabilidade celular. Após a incubação, adicionar cuidadosamente 5 ml de meio de cultura pré-aquecido no prato de cultura e devolver o prato de volta na incubadora durante 24 horas antes da célula-adidogravações d. NOTA: Tipicamente, as células podem ser utilizadas para registos electrofisiolicos por até 4 dias. </li></ol> 5. celular Formação Identificação e gigaohm selo <ol><li> Coloque a lamela de 12 milímetros em solução extracelular. Como toda a glândulas supra-renais são utilizados para a preparação celular, misturar as células cromafins (normalmente muito brilhantes com um marrom / coloração bege e uma forma circular quase perfeita (Figura 1) em cultura com células corticais (menores e mais escuro do que as células cromafins). </li><li> Puxe as pipetas de patch em quatro etapas usando um programável P-97 extrator. Mergulhe a ponta da pipeta em uma cera derretida, o que ajudará a reduzir a capacidade do vidro e, em seguida, disparar polonês ponta para &quot;blow-away&quot; esta cera de dentro da ponta da pipeta. NOTA: Quando preenchido com solução de patch pipeta pipetas de patch normalmente têm uma resistência de ~ 2 mohms. </li><li> Aproxime-se da pipeta remendo perto da célula dentro de vários microns. Para obter uma configuração ligado à célula, para qualquer célula pequena deformação durante a aproximação da pipeta patch de mais perto da célula. Aplicar sucção suave até um selo GÊ seja alcançado. </li></ol> 6. Recordings capacitância Anexado-Cell <ol><li> Uma vez que um vedante GÊ é revelado, fazer gravações ligado de células, através da utilização de um amplificador EPC-7 mais de patch-clamp e um amplificador lock-in analógico de duas fases (ver tabela anexa do equipamento). Aplique uma onda senoidal com amplitude de 50 mV (rms) e freqüência de 20 kHz a partir do amplificador lock-in. </li><li> Defina o filtro do amplificador lock-in de saída a 1 constante de tempo ms e 24 db. Defina a fase do amplificador lock-in de modo que as mudanças de capacitância transitórios produzidos por pulsos de sucção suave só aparecem no rastreamento de patch capacitância (Im) sem projeção para o traço remendo condutância (Re) (Figura 2). NOTA: Por favor, veja os detalhes para a calibração do sistema de reference 19. </li><li> Identificar mudanças típicas de capacitância por etapas &quot;para baixo&quot; (Figura 3). NOTA: A gravação sólida será visto como uma &quot;escada&quot; tipo de semelhança com muitos passos para baixo, o que indica a internalização vesículas individuais. O processo de correção serve como um estímulo mecânico desde atual ação pode ser normalmente registrada da maioria das células. </li><li> Nomear arquivos como pastas individuais, incluindo data: dd / mm / ano e cada gravação ligado à célula como a sua própria numeração indivíduo (xx) dentro desse arquivo. </li></ol>

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Os autores declaram que não têm interesses financeiros concorrentes.

Medições de capacitância anexado-Cell exigir várias etapas críticas, a fim de obter sucesso gravações com alta qualidade: 1) células viáveis ​​e saudáveis ​​preparados a partir de glândulas supra-renais; 2) PDL revestimento das lamelas; 3) de formação de selo gigaohm; 4) o nível de ruído do sistema; e 5) correção de fase. Para a cirurgia animal, modificações pode potencialmente fazer é ajustar a abordagem cirúrgica para melhor atender destreza e para evitar danos...

A transmissão sináptica é mediada por exocitose de vesículas sinápticas contendo neurotransmissores e estas vesículas deve sofrer reciclagem endocítica local no terminal nervoso para manter a comunicação neuronal, a longo prazo. Dado o papel essencial da transmissão sináptica no cérebro, a compreensão do mecanismo molecular que constitui o ciclo de vesículas sinápticas é um fundamento essencial para uma melhor compreensão na comunicação celular como um todo. Entre os sistemas modelo de célula, a célula chromaffin adrenal tem proporcionado alguns dos insights mais definitivo na maquinaria molecular subjacente a reciclagem de vesículas sinápticas. Exocitose, o passo final na libertação de neurotransmissores, foi imensamente estudado e analisado por meio da utilização da célula cromafina adrenal 1,2. Na verdade, a maioria dos jogadores moleculares que orquestram a formação, a segmentação de encaixe, e fusão de grânulos de secreção foram identificados devido à aplicação do divtécnicas erse em células cromafins 1. Além disso, ao proporcionar uma oportunidade para permitir a resolução de um único vesícula da maquinaria proteína envolvida na exocitose, a célula cromafina continua a ser um poderoso modelo para resolver as questões de fusão das vesículas 3. Medições de capacitância-attached celulares foram utilizados pela primeira vez na resolução de fusão única vesícula durante exocitose 3. Exocitose de vesículas pequenas como ~ 60 nm de diâmetro foram demonstrados para ser detectado por meio de medições de admissão da membrana celular com a técnica de patch-clamp na célula ligada configuração 4-7. A admissão é definido como uma medida da facilidade com um circuito ou dispositivo irá permitir que um fluxo de corrente; que é o inverso da impedância. Assim, as medições de admissão de fornecer uma compreensão da capacitância da membrana. Isto é conseguido através da incorporação da membrana vesicular na membrana plasmática; essa incorporação revela mudanças na superfícieárea 8. Cada vesícula fusão provoca um aumento gradual na capacitância de membrana 9,10. Para além disso, esta medição de admissão proporciona a condutância da membrana e a condutância de poros de fusão durante um evento exocitótico 3. Como essa técnica tem proporcionado uma ferramenta única de identificar cinética de um único vesícula durante exocitose, nosso laboratório foi recentemente aplicado esse conceito para detectar a endocitose de vesículas individuais 11,12. Nosso interesse específico é mediada por clatrina endocitose (CME), que tem sido considerada como um componente fundamental na arrumação muitas células 13 e como uma via principal para sináptica endocitose de vesículas nos terminais neuronais 14,15. CME é conhecido por ser biologicamente importante, no entanto, sua cinética não ficar bem entendido devido a limitações técnicas no monitoramento de eventos endocíticas singulares. Dadas as semelhanças nos mecanismos exocíticos entre as células cromafins e neurônios 1, é plausible que os mecanismos de fissão em células cromafins, provavelmente, pode aplicar-se a vesícula sináptica endocitose em neurônios. As medidas de capacitância ligado de células foram utilizadas para monitorar eventos endocíticas individuais e analisar a cinética de fissão, que a maioria dos métodos não são capazes de resolver. Nas nossas gravações ligado de células, uma onda sinusoidal de 20 kHz é sobreposta sobre o potencial de manutenção, e a corrente de saída é separado a condutância da membrana em um canal e a capacitância da membrana no outro canal a partir de uma de duas fases amplificador lock-in 16 18. A partir das alterações na condutância da membrana e capacitância, pode calcular-se a cinética da cisão de poros, o que provavelmente corresponde ao gargalo da membrana tubular que liga a vesícula internalização da membrana do plasma antes da vesícula pinch-off. Coletivamente, essa técnica dá-nos a oportunidade de examinar os mecanismos de regulação da vesícula fissão durante CME.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Poly-D-Lysine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P0899</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM</td><td></td><td>15066024</td><td>Keep out of UV</td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&amp;rsquo;s Modified Eagle Medium</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cover Glass</td><td>Carolina Biological</td><td>633029</td><td>12 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin Streptomycin</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15140122</td><td>100 ml</td></tr><tr><td>Insulin-Trans-Sel-X</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>51500056</td><td>Only thaw on ICE!</td></tr><tr><td>Papain</td><td>Worthington</td><td>39S11614</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EPC-7 plus patch amplifier</td><td>HEKA</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BNC-2090 data acquisition board</td><td>National Instruments</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Igor data acquisition software</td><td>Wavemetrics</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>P-97 pipette puller</td><td>Sutter Instruments</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microforge</td><td>Scientific Instruments</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Borosilicate glass capillaries</td><td>Sutter Instruments</td><td>B150-110-10</td><td>Outer diameter: 1.5 mm&lt;br /&gt;
Inner diameter: 1.10 mm&lt;br/&gt;
Length: 10 cm</td></tr></tbody></table>

methods for cell-attached capacitance measurements in mouse adrenal chromaffin cell

Neuronal transmission is an integral part of cellular communication within the brain. Depolarization of the presynaptic membrane leads to vesicle fusion known as exocytosis that mediates synaptic transmission. Subsequent retrieval of synaptic vesicles is necessary to generate new neurotransmitter-filled vesicles in a process identified as endocytosis. During exocytosis, fusing vesicle membranes will result in an increase in surface area and subsequent endocytosis results in a decrease in the surface area. Here, our lab demonstrates a basic introduction to cell-attached capacitance recordings of single endocytic events in the mouse adrenal chromaffin cell. This type of electrical recording is useful for high-resolution recordings of exocytosis and endocytosis at the single vesicle level. While this technique can detect both vesicle exocytosis and endocytosis, the focus of our lab is vesicle endocytosis. Moreover, this technique allows us to analyze the kinetics of single endocytic events. Here the methods for mouse adrenal gland tissue dissection, chromaffin cell culture, basic cell-attached techniques, and subsequent examples of individual traces measuring singular endocytic event are described.

A viabilidade celular e a qualidade da vedação gigaohm são críticos na determinação da qualidade das gravações capacitância ligado de células. Portanto, é essencial para obter uma cultura de células eficazes e eficientes antes de registos electrofisiolicos, e células viáveis ​​típicas são ilustradas na Figura 1. Prática e tempo será útil na obtenção de uma vedação gigaohm com alta qualidade. Se se pode ver claramente a deformação da célula quando a pipeta patch for aproxima...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods for Cell-attached Capacitance Measurements in Mouse Adrenal Chromaffin Cell at JoVE.com

Methods for Cell-attached Capacitance Measurements in Mouse Adrenal Chromaffin Cell

After exocytosis, fused plasma membrane is retrieved through a process known as endocytosis. This mechanism reforms new synaptic vesicles for the next round of release. Individual endocytic events are captured and analyzed through the use of the cell-attached capacitance recordings in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells.

Métodos de medidas de capacitância ligado por células em Rato Adrenal Cromafim celular

Neuronal transmission is an integral part of cellular communication within the brain. Depolarization of the presynaptic membrane leads to vesicle fusion ...

methods-for-cell-attached-capacitance-measurements-mouse-adrenal

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

8.8K visualizações.  University of Illinois at Chicago. After exocytosis, fused plasma membrane is retrieved through a process known as endocytosis. This mechanism reforms new synaptic vesicles for the next round of release. Individual endocytic events are captured and analyzed through the use of the cell-attached capacitance recordings in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells.

Vídeo: Methods for Cell-attached Capacitance Measurements in Mouse Adrenal Chromaffin Cell

Mouse Adrenal Chromaffin Cell Isolation

Adrenal medullary chromaffin cell culture systems are extremely useful for the study of excitation-secretion coupling in an in vitro setting.  This protocol illustrates the method used to dissect the adrenals and then isolate the medullary region by stripping away the adrenal cortex.  The digestion of the medulla into single chromaffin cells is then demonstrated.

Adrenal medullary chromaffin cell culture systems are extremely useful for the study of excitation-secretion coupling in an in vitro setting. This protocol illustrates the method used to dissect the adrenals and then isolate the medullary region by stripping away the adrenal cortex. The digestion of the medulla into single chromaffin cells is then demonstrated.

Rato de isolamento de células Adrenal Cromafim

Adrenal medullary chromaffin cell culture systems are extremely useful for the study of excitation-secretion coupling in an in vitro setting.  This ...

Biologia

Patch-clamp Capacitance Measurements and Ca2+ Imaging at Single Nerve Terminals in Retinal Slices

Visual stimuli are detected and conveyed over a wide dynamic range of light intensities and frequency changes by specialized neurons in the vertebrate retina. Two classes of retinal neurons, photoreceptors and bipolar cells, accomplish this by using ribbon-type active zones, which enable sustained and high-throughput neurotransmitter release over long time periods. ON-type mixed bipolar cell (Mb) terminals in the goldfish retina, which depolarize to light stimuli and receive mixed rod and cone photoreceptor input, are suitable for the study of ribbon-type synapses both due to their large size (~10-12 &mu;m diameter) and to their numerous lateral and reciprocal synaptic connections with amacrine cell dendrites. Direct access to Mb bipolar cell terminals in goldfish retinal slices with the patch-clamp technique allows the measurement of presynaptic Ca2+ currents, membrane capacitance changes, and reciprocal synaptic feedback inhibition mediated by GABAA and GABAC receptors expressed on the terminals. Presynaptic membrane capacitance measurements of exocytosis allow one to study the short-term plasticity of excitatory neurotransmitter release 14,15. In addition, short-term and long-term plasticity of inhibitory neurotransmitter release from amacrine cells can also be investigated by recordings of reciprocal feedback inhibition arriving at the Mb terminal 21. Over short periods of time (e.g. ~10 s), GABAergic reciprocal feedback inhibition from amacrine cells undergoes paired-pulse depression via GABA vesicle pool depletion 11. The synaptic dynamics of retinal microcircuits in the inner plexiform layer of the retina can thus be directly studied.
The brain-slice technique was introduced more than 40 years ago but is still very useful for the investigation of the electrical properties of neurons, both at the single cell soma, single dendrite or axon, and microcircuit synaptic level 19. Tissues that are too small to be glued directly onto the slicing chamber are often first embedded in agar (or placed onto a filter paper) and then sliced 20, 23, 18, 9. In this video, we employ the pre-embedding agar technique using goldfish retina. Some of the giant bipolar cell terminals in our slices of goldfish retina are axotomized (axon-cut) during the slicing procedure. This allows us to isolate single presynaptic nerve terminal inputs, because recording from axotomized terminals excludes the signals from the soma-dendritic compartment. Alternatively, one can also record from intact Mb bipolar cells, by recording from terminals attached to axons that have not been cut during the slicing procedure. Overall, use of this experimental protocol will aid in studies of retinal synaptic physiology, microcircuit functional analysis, and synaptic transmission at ribbon synapses.

Patch-clamp Capacitance Measurements and Ca2+ Imaging at Single Nerve Terminals in Retinal Slices

Here we describe a protocol for the preparation of agar-embedded retinal slices that are suitable for electrophysiology and Ca2+ imaging. This method allows one to study ribbon-type synapses in retinal microcircuits using direct patch-clamp recordings of single presynaptic nerve terminals.

Patch-clamp medidas de capacitância e Ca 2 + Imaging nos terminais nervosos da retina único em Fatias

Visual stimuli are detected and conveyed over a wide dynamic range of light intensities and frequency changes by specialized neurons in the vertebrate ...

Neurociência

Implementing Dynamic Clamp with Synaptic and Artificial Conductances in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

Ganglion cells are the output neurons of the retina and their activity reflects the integration of multiple synaptic inputs arising from specific neural circuits. Patch clamp techniques, in voltage clamp and current clamp configurations, are commonly used to study the physiological properties of neurons and to characterize their synaptic inputs. Although the application of these techniques is highly informative, they pose various limitations. For example, it is difficult to quantify how the precise interactions of excitatory and inhibitory inputs determine response output. To address this issue, we used a modified current clamp technique, dynamic clamp, also called conductance clamp 1, 2, 3 and examined the impact of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs on neuronal excitability. This technique requires the injection of current into the cell and is dependent on the real-time feedback of its membrane potential at that time. The injected current is calculated from predetermined excitatory and inhibitory synaptic conductances, their reversal potentials and the cell's instantaneous membrane potential. Details on the experimental procedures, patch clamping cells to achieve a whole-cell configuration and employment of the dynamic clamp technique are illustrated in this video article. Here, we show the responses of mouse retinal ganglion cells to various conductance waveforms obtained from physiological experiments in control conditions or in the presence of drugs. Furthermore, we show the use of artificial excitatory and inhibitory conductances generated using alpha functions to investigate the responses of the cells.

This video article illustrates the set-up, the procedures to patch cell bodies and how to implement dynamic clamp recordings from ganglion cells in whole-mount mouse retinae. This technique allows the investigation of the precise contribution of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs, and their relative magnitude and timing to neuronal spiking.

Implementação da braçadeira dinâmico com Condutâncias Synaptic e Artificial em células ganglionares da retina do rato

Ganglion cells are the output neurons of the  retina and their activity reflects the integration of multiple synaptic inputs  arising from specific neural ...

Isolation, Fixation, and Immunofluorescence Imaging of Mouse Adrenal Glands

Immunofluorescence is a well-established technique for detection of antigens in tissues with the employment of fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies and has a broad spectrum of applications. Detection of antigens allows for characterization and identification of multiple cell types. Located above the kidneys and encapsulated by a layer of mesenchymal cells, the adrenal gland is an endocrine organ composed by two different tissues with different embryological origins, the mesonephric intermediate mesoderm-derived outer cortex and the neural crest-derived inner medulla. The adrenal cortex secretes steroids (i.e., mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones), whereas the adrenal medulla produces catecholamines (i.e., adrenaline, noradrenaline). While conducting adrenal research, it is important to be able to distinguish unique cells with different functions. Here we provide a protocol developed in our laboratory that describes a series of sequential steps required for obtaining immunofluorescence staining to characterize the cell types of the adrenal gland. We focus first on the dissection of the mouse adrenal glands, the microscopic removal of periadrenal fat followed by the fixation, processing and paraffin embedding of the tissue. We then describe sectioning of the tissue blocks with a rotary microtome. Lastly, we detail a protocol for immunofluorescent staining of adrenal glands that we have developed to minimize both non-specific antibody binding and autofluorescence in order to achieve an optimal signal.

Here we present a method to isolate adrenal glands from mice, fix the tissues, section them, and perform immunofluorescence staining.

Isolamento, fixação e imagem de imunofluorescência de glândulas supra-renais de Mouse

Immunofluorescence is a well-established technique for detection of antigens in tissues with the employment of fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies and has ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Monitoring the Effect of Osmotic Stress on Secretory Vesicles and Exocytosis

Amperometry recording of cells subjected to osmotic shock show that secretory cells respond to this physical stress by reducing the exocytosis activity and the amount of neurotransmitter released from vesicles in single exocytosis events. It has been suggested that the reduction in neurotransmitters expelled is due to alterations in membrane biophysical properties when cells shrink in response to osmotic stress and with assumptions made that secretory vesicles in the cell cytoplasm are not affected by extracellular osmotic stress. Amperometry recording of exocytosis monitors what is released from cells the moment a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, but does not provide information on the vesicle content before the vesicle fusion is triggered. Therefore, by combining amperometry recording with other complementary analytical methods that are capable of characterizing the secretory vesicles before exocytosis at cells is triggered offers a broader overview for examining how secretory vesicles and the exocytosis process are affected by osmotic shock. We here describe how complementing amperometry recording with intracellular electrochemical cytometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging can be used to characterize alterations in secretory vesicles size and neurotransmitter content at chromaffin cells in relation to exocytosis activity before and after exposure to osmotic stress. By linking the quantitative information gained from experiments using all three analytical methods, conclusions were previously made that secretory vesicles respond to extracellular osmotic stress by shrinking in size and reducing the vesicle quantal size to maintain a constant vesicle neurotransmitter concentration. Hence, this gives some clarification regarding why vesicles, in response to osmotic stress, reduce the amount neurotransmitters released during exocytosis release. The amperometric recordings here indicate this is a reversible process and that vesicle after osmotic shock are refilled with neurotransmitters when placed cells are reverted into an isotonic environment.

Osmotic stress affects exocytosis and the amount of neurotransmitter released during this process. We demonstrate how combining electrochemical methods together with transmission electron microscopy can be used to study the effect of extracellular osmotic pressure on exocytosis activity, vesicle quantal size, and the amount of neurotransmitter released during exocytosis.

O efeito do estresse osmótico em vesículas secretoras e exocitose de monitoramento

Amperometry recording of cells subjected to osmotic shock show that secretory cells respond to this physical stress by reducing the exocytosis activity ...

Isolation of Human Atrial Myocytes for Simultaneous Measurements of Ca2+ Transients and Membrane Currents

The study of electrophysiological properties of cardiac ion channels with the patch-clamp technique and the exploration of cardiac cellular Ca2+ handling abnormalities requires isolated cardiomyocytes. In addition, the possibility to investigate myocytes from patients using these techniques is an invaluable requirement to elucidate the molecular basis of cardiac diseases such as atrial fibrillation (AF).1 Here we describe a method for isolation of human atrial myocytes which are suitable for both patch-clamp studies and simultaneous measurements of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. First, right atrial appendages obtained from patients undergoing open heart surgery are chopped into small tissue chunks ("chunk method") and washed in Ca2+-free solution. Then the tissue chunks are digested in collagenase and protease containing solutions with 20 &mu;M Ca2+. Thereafter, the isolated myocytes are harvested by filtration and centrifugation of the tissue suspension. Finally, the Ca2+ concentration in the cell storage solution is adjusted stepwise to 0.2 mM. We briefly discuss the meaning of Ca2+ and Ca2+ buffering during the isolation process and also provide representative recordings of action potentials and membrane currents, both together with simultaneous Ca2+ transient measurements, performed in these isolated myocytes.

Isolation of Human Atrial Myocytes for Simultaneous Measurements of Ca2+ Transients and Membrane Currents

We describe the isolation of human atrial myocytes which can be used for intracellular Ca2+ measurements in combination with electrophysiological patch-clamp studies.

Isolamento de miócitos atriais humanos para Medições Simultâneas de Ca<sup&gt; 2 +</sup&gt; Transitórios e correntes de membrana

The study of  electrophysiological properties of cardiac ion channels with the patch-clamp  technique and the exploration of cardiac cellular Ca2+ ...

Confocal Microscopy to Measure Three Modes of Fusion Pore Dynamics in Adrenal Chromaffin Cells

Dynamic fusion pore opening and closure mediate exocytosis and endocytosis and determine their kinetics. Here, it is demonstrated in detail how confocal microscopy was used in combination with patch-clamp recording to detect three fusion modes in primary culture bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. The three fusion modes include 1) close-fusion (also called kiss-and-run), involving fusion pore opening and closure, 2) stay-fusion, involving fusion pore opening and maintaining the opened pore, and 3) shrink-fusion, involving shrinkage of the fusion-generated &#937;-shape profile until it merges completely at the plasma membrane.
To detect these fusion modes, the plasma membrane was labeled by overexpressing mNeonGreen attached with the PH domain of phospholipase C &#948; (PH-mNG), which binds to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) at the cytosol-facing leaflet of the plasma membrane; vesicles were loaded with the fluorescent false neurotransmitter FFN511 to detect vesicular content release; and Atto 655 was included in the bath solution to detect fusion pore closure. These three fluorescent probes were imaged simultaneously at ~20-90 ms per frame in live chromaffin cells to detect fusion pore opening, content release, fusion pore closure, and fusing vesicle size changes. The analysis method is described to distinguish three fusion modes from these fluorescence measurements. The method described here can, in principle, apply to many secretory cells beyond chromaffin cells.

This protocol describes a confocal imaging technique to detect three fusion modes in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. These fusion modes include 1) close-fusion (also called kiss-and-run), involving fusion pore opening and closure, 2) stay-fusion, involving fusion pore opening and maintaining the opened pore, and 3) shrink-fusion, involving fused vesicle shrinkage.

Microscopia Confocal para medir três modos de dinâmica de poros de fusão em células adrenal chromaffin

Dynamic fusion pore opening and closure mediate exocytosis and endocytosis and determine their kinetics. Here, it is demonstrated in detail how confocal ...

Whole Cell Electrophysiology of Primary Cultured Murine Enterochromaffin Cells

Enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium constitute the largest subpopulation of enteroendocrine cells. As specialized sensory cells, EC cells sense luminal stimuli and convert them into serotonin (5-hyroxytryptamine, 5-HT) release events. However, the electrophysiology of these cells is poorly understood because they are difficult to culture and to identify. The method presented in this paper outlines primary EC cell cultures optimized for single cell electrophysiology. This protocol utilizes a transgenic cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) reporter to identify mouse EC cells in mixed primary cultures, advancing the approach to obtaining high-quality recordings of whole cell electrophysiology in voltage- and current-clamp modes.

Enterochromaffin (EC) cells comprise a small subset of gastrointestinal epithelial cells. EC cells are electrically excitable and release serotonin, yet difficulties in culturing and identifying EC cells have limited physiological studies. The method presented here establishes a primary culture model amenable to examination of single EC cells by electrophysiology.

Eletrofisiologia celular de células enterocromafins murino culta primário

Enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium constitute the largest subpopulation of enteroendocrine cells. As specialized sensory ...

Camera-based Measurements of Intracellular [Na+] in Murine Atrial Myocytes

Intracellular sodium concentration ([Na+]i) is an important regulator of intracellular Ca2+. Its study provides insight into the activation of the sarcolemmal Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, the behavior of voltage-gated Na+ channels and the Na+,K+-ATPase. Intracellular Ca2+ signaling is altered in atrial diseases such as atrial fibrillation. While many of the mechanisms underlying altered intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis are characterized, the role of [Na+]i and its dysregulation in atrial pathologies is poorly understood. [Na+]i in atrial myocytes increases in response to increasing stimulation rates. Responsiveness to external field stimulation is therefore crucial for [Na+]i measurements in these cells. In addition, the long preparation (dye-loading) and experiment duration (calibration) require an isolation protocol that yields atrial myocytes of exceptional quality. Due to the small size of mouse atria and the composition of the intercellular matrix, the isolation of high quality adult murine atrial myocytes is difficult. Here, we describe an optimized Langendorff-perfusion based isolation protocol that consistently delivers a high yield of high quality atrial murine myocytes.
Sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate (SBFI) is the most commonly used fluorescent Na+ indicator. SBFI can be loaded into the cardiac myocyte either in its salt form through a glass pipette or as an acetoxymethyl (AM) ester that can penetrate the myocyte&#8217;s sarcolemmal membrane. Intracellularly, SBFI-AM is de-esterified by cytosolic esterases. Due to variabilities in membrane penetration and cytosolic de-esterification each cell has to be calibrated in situ. Typically, measurements of [Na+]i using SBFI whole-cell epifluorescence are performed using a photomultiplier tube (PMT). This experimental set-up allows for only one cell to be measured at one time. Due to the length of myocyte dye loading and the calibration following each experiment data yield is low. We therefore developed an EMCCD camera-based technique to measure [Na+]i. This approach permits simultaneous [Na+]i measurements in multiple myocytes thus significantly increasing experimental yield.

The intracellular Na+ concentration ([Na+]i) in cardiac myocytes is altered during cardiac diseases. [Na+]i is an important regulator of intracellular Ca2+. We introduce a novel approach to measure [Na+]i in freshly isolated murine atrial myocytes using an electron multiplying charged coupled device (EMCCD) camera and a rapid, controllable illuminator.

Intracellular sodium concentration ([Na+]i) is an important regulator of intracellular Ca2+. Its study provides insight into the activation of the ...

Isolation of High Quality Murine Atrial and Ventricular Myocytes for Simultaneous Measurements of Ca2+ Transients and L-Type Calcium Current

Mouse models play a crucial role in arrhythmia research and allow studying key mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis including altered ion channel function and calcium handling. For this purpose, atrial or ventricular cardiomyocytes of high quality are necessary to perform patch-clamp measurements or to explore calcium handling abnormalities. However, the limited yield of high-quality cardiomyocytes obtained by current isolation protocols does not allow both measurements in the same mouse. This article describes a method to isolate high-quality murine atrial and ventricular myocytes via retrograde enzyme-based Langendorff perfusion, for subsequent simultaneous measurements of calcium transients and L-type calcium current from one animal. Mouse hearts are obtained, and the aorta is rapidly cannulated to remove blood. Hearts are then initially perfused with a calcium-free solution (37 &#176;C) to dissociate the tissue at the level of intercalated discs and afterwards with an enzyme solution containing little calcium to disrupt extracellular matrix (37 &#176;C). The digested heart is subsequently dissected into atria and ventricles. Tissue samples are chopped into small pieces and dissolved by carefully pipetting up and down. The enzymatic digestion is stopped, and cells are stepwise reintroduced to physiologic calcium concentrations. After loading with a fluorescent Ca2+-indicator, isolated cardiomyocytes are prepared for simultaneous measurement of calcium currents and transients. Additionally, isolation pitfalls are discussed and patch-clamp protocols and representative traces of L-type calcium currents with simultaneous calcium transient measurements in atrial and ventricular murine myocytes isolated as described above are provided.

Isolation of High Quality Murine Atrial and Ventricular Myocytes for Simultaneous Measurements of Ca2+ Transients and L-Type Calcium Current

Mouse models allow studying key mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis. For this purpose, high quality cardiomyocytes are necessary to perform patch-clamp measurements. Here, a method to isolate murine atrial and ventricular myocytes via retrograde enzyme-based Langendorff perfusion, which allows simultaneous measurements of calcium-transients and L-type calcium current, is described.

Isolamento de miócitos murinos atrial e ventricular de alta qualidade para medidas simultâneas de Ca2+ transitórios e corrente de cálcio tipo L

Mouse models play a crucial role in arrhythmia research and allow studying key mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis including altered ion channel function and ...

Métodos de medidas de capacitância ligado por células em Rato Adrenal Cromafim celular

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