This work was supported by a National Institutes of Health grant (GM77311) and a seed grant from The Ohio Cancer Research Associates (to H.A.F.). SM was partially supported by an Up on the Roof fellowship from the Human Cancer Genetics Program of The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center.

1. Cultura celular <ol><li> Use telomerase humana transcriptase reversa (hTERT) nas células epiteliais pigmentares da retina imortalizadas (hTERT-RPE1; referido aqui como RPE1). NOTA: células RPE1 são células humanas quase diplóides, não transformadas que são comumente usados ​​para estudar a montagem centríolo e ciliogênese. Estas células seguem um ciclo de duplicação centríolo normais coordenado com um ciclo celular regulamentado. </li><li> Uma passagem quase confluentes 100 milímetros prato de cultura de células de células RPE1 a 1: 5 de diluição da cultura original para uma nova placa de 100 mm contendo 10 ml de meio DME / F-12 (1: 1) suplementado com 10% de Soro Fetal Bovino (FBS), 100 U / ml de penicilina G e 100 ug / ml de estreptomicina (meio completo é referido como DME / meio F-12). Crescer as células a 37 ° C na presença de 5% de CO 2. <ol><li> Incubar 12 milímetros lamelas de vidro redondas com 50 ml de HCl 1 N num copo de vidro coberto, S / N, sem agitação, a 60 ° C em um banho-maria ou incubadora. </li><li> After descartando a solução de ácido, lavar as lamelas três vezes em 100 ml de água destilada, por incubação durante 15 minutos com agitação ocasional. Repetir a lavagem de modo semelhante em 70% de etanol e 95% de etanol. </li><li> Secam-se as lamelas de cobertura, espalhando-os individualmente para fora em um papel mata-borrão em laboratório uma cabine de segurança biológica, seguido por esterilização por radiação UV durante 60 min. </li></ol></li><li> Coloque 2-4 lamelas secas em um 35 milímetros de cultura de células prato. Dilui-se a solução de fibronectina ou fibronectina como polímero de engenharia (concentração estoque de 1 mg / ml) para uma concentração de 25 ug / ml em cultura de células de PBS. <ol><li> Coloque 80-100 ul da solução diluída em cada lamela e incubar durante 60 min a revestir o lado superior da lamela. Lave as lamelas três vezes usando PBS antes de adicionar meio completo. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Células crescendo e tratamento de células com inibidores de proteassoma <ol><li> Passagem 2 x 10 5 assincronamente crescercélulas ing RPE1 em cada 35 milímetros prato contendo lamelas e crescer as células em 2 ml de meio completo. Substituir o meio de cultura a cada 24 horas com meio completo fresco pré-aquecido. <ol><li> Para analisar o efeito de inibição do proteassoma no nível centrosomal da proteína de teste (aqui VDAC3 ou γ-tubulina), crescem as células em dois pratos de 35 mm para 44 hr. Substituir o meio de cultura com meio completo e adicione ou MG115 ou DMSO como controlo do solvente a uma concentração final de 5 uM ou 0,05%, respectivamente. Ao mesmo tempo, adicionar BrdU para as células a uma concentração final de 40 uM e incubar as células durante 4 horas. </li><li> Transferência de cada lamela em uma placa de 24 poços. Adicionar 500 mL de metanol arrefecido a cada poço e incubar a placa à temperatura de -20 ° C durante 10 minutos para fixar as células sobre as lamelas. Lavar imediatamente as lamelas três vezes com 500 ul de tampão de lavagem (1x PBS contendo 0,5 mM MgCl2 e 0,05% de Triton X-100). </li></ol></li><li> Colha o residualas células a partir da placa de 35 mm e centrifugação das células a 1000 xg durante 5 min. Usar o sedimento celular para avaliar a proteína total por Western blotting (passo 6). </li></ol> 3. BrdU de pulso e Chase Ensaio para analisar os níveis de proteínas em diferentes fases do ciclo celular <ol><li> Para analisar a variação do nível de uma proteína (aqui VDAC3, SAS6 ou Cep135) em centrossomas em diferentes fases do ciclo celular, as células crescer em dois pratos de 35 mm contendo lamelas de 44 horas. Substituir o meio de cultura com meio completo contendo 40 uM de BrdU e incubar as células durante 4 horas na incubadora de cultura de células. </li><li> A partir de um prato, transferir as lamelas a uma placa de 24 poços para fixar as células utilizando metanol arrefecido tal como descrito no passo 2.1.2. </li><li> Após o pulso de BrdU 4 h, remover o meio contendo BrdU, lave as células uma vez com PBS e uma vez com meio completo, adicionar meio fresco, e depois crescer as células na ausência de BrdU durante vários tempos (geralmente mais 4 hpara células RPE1) antes de fixar as células tal como descrito no passo 2.1.2. NOTA: Para as células RPE1, a maioria das células positivas para BrdU são em S tardia ou fase G2 após uma perseguição de 4 h. Isso deve ser determinada de forma independente para cada tipo de célula. </li></ol> 4. Immunostaining <ol><li> Incubar as células fixadas em lamelas em 200 ul de tampão de bloqueio (2% de BSA e 0,1% de Triton X-100 em PBS 1x), durante 30 min. <ol><li> Incubar as células com uma mistura de anticorpos primários (tipicamente uma produzidos em coelho e outra levantada em rato) diluído em tampão de bloqueio O / N a 4 ° C numa câmara humidificada. </li><li> Para fazer uma câmara úmida, colocar uma toalha de papel molhado na metade inferior de uma caixa de ponta da pipeta vazio 1.000 l. Coloque uma tira de Parafilm na superfície da cremalheira, e detectar uma gota (15-20 ul) da solução de anticorpo para o Parafilm para cada lamela para ser incubados. Inverter uma lamela para uma gota de solução de anticorpo (de modo que as células estão imersos) e pertoa tampa da caixa de ponta. </li><li> Inverta lamelas novamente e devolvê-los de volta para o 24 bem prato. Lavar as lamelas e, em seguida, incuba-los na mistura de 150 ul de anticorpo secundário (aqui corante conjugado anti-coelho verde-fluorescente e o corante vermelho fluorescente conjugado anti-rato diluído em tampão de bloqueio) durante 1 h à TA. Lavam-se as lamelas três vezes. NOTA: Os anticorpos secundários fluoróforos são sensíveis à luz. Proteja as amostras da luz durante os passos 4.1.3-5.1.2. </li></ol></li><li> Preparar para a coloração anti-BrdU por fixação das células coradas RPE1 novamente com 500 mL de metanol arrefecido a -20 ° C durante 10 min, tal como descrito no passo 2.1.2. Lavam-se as lamelas três vezes. NOTA: Este fixação prende a marcação com anticorpos primários e secundários da proteína (s) de interesse durante o processo de hidrólise ácida no passo seguinte. <ol><li> Incubar as células em 200 ul de HCI 2 N durante 30 min à TA. Neutraliza-se com 300 ul de 1 M de Tris-Cl, pH 8, umad lavar as células por três vezes com tampão de lavagem. </li><li> Bloquear as células novamente usando 200 ul de tampão de bloqueio durante 30 minutos à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Incubar as células com anticorpo de rato anti-BrdU (diluído em tampão de bloqueio) durante 45 min a 37 ° C numa câmara humidificada. Devolver as lamelas de volta para o prato de 24 poços, lavá-los e depois incubar com o corante azul-anticorpo conjugado fluorescente anti-rato secundária (diluído em 150 ul de tampão de 24 poços prato de bloqueio durante 1 h à TA. </li></ol></li><li> Lavam-se as lamelas três vezes. Detectar uma gota (aproximadamente 3-6 L) de uma solução de montagem antifade contendo reagente sobre uma lâmina de vidro de microscópio. Inverter uma lamela, com o lado da célula a virada para baixo, para a solução de montagem. Limpe o excesso de líquido, pressionando suavemente a lamela contra o slide usando tecido de limpeza suave. Aplicar transparente unha polonês ao longo da borda da lamela para selá-lo para a lâmina de microscópio. </li></ol> 5. Imunofluorescência Imagem acquisition e Análise <ol><li> Utilize uma objectiva de imersão em óleo de 100X Plano Apo (com uma abertura numérica de 1,4) para adquirir as imagens de células positivas para BrdU RPE1 à temperatura ambiente. <ol><li> Coloque uma lâmina no microscópio (veja equipamentos) ligados com uma câmera capaz de imagem digital. Para cada fluoróforo, determinar o tempo de exposição apropriado (tipicamente entre 300-1,000 mseg) através do exame manualmente todas as amostras de uma experiência. Antes da aquisição de imagens de uma célula, determinar manualmente o topo do apropriado e plano focal inferior ao longo do eixo Z (tipicamente de 0,2 um tamanho de passo). Aquisição de imagens de diferentes amostras que estão em lamelas separadas, usando o tempo de exposição idênticos para diferentes fluoróforos ao longo do eixo Z, usando um pacote de software de imagem digital microscopia. </li></ol></li><li> Execute deconvolution (nesses casos, não usando nenhum algoritmo do vizinho) de todas as pilhas de imagens adquiridas ao longo do eixo Z. <ol><li> Obter a projeção total de intensidade de cada pilha de imagens ao longoo eixo Z. </li></ol></li><li> Nas células onde centrosomes estão próximos (distância entre dois centrossomas é inferior a 2 mm), desenhe um pequeno quadrado (tipicamente 20-30 pixels de cada lado) em torno de ambos os centrossomas e marcar a área selecionada. <ol><li> Desenhe um quadrado maior (tipicamente 24-35 pixels de cada lado) em torno do primeiro quadrado e marcar a área selecionada da grande praça. </li><li> Obter a área (A) e a intensidade de fluorescência total (F) de cada fluoróforo em cada caixa (S indica a pequena caixa e L indica a caixa grande). </li><li> Analisar o fundo corrigida intensidade de fluorescência de cada fluoróforo utilizando a fórmula descrita por Howell et al. 29: F = F S - [(F L - F S) x A S / (A L - A S)]. </li><li> Obter a intensidade de fluorescência normalizada da proteína de interesse (aqui VDAC3 ou SAS6) através do cálculo da razão entre a intensidade de fluorescência corrigida dos seus fl-fundouorophore ao do fluoróforo utilizado para o padrão interno escolhido (aqui γ-tubulina, ou SAS6 Cep135). </li></ol></li><li> No caso de análise de células, onde os centrossomas estão bem separadas (distância entre dois centrossomas é superior a 2 mm), analisar cada centrossoma separadamente por desenho dois conjuntos separados de caixas. Desenha um pequeno quadrado (tipicamente 15-25 pixels de cada lado) em torno de cada centrosome e marcar a área selecionada. Desenhe um quadrado maior (20-30 pixels de cada lado) em torno do primeiro quadrado e marcar a área selecionada. <ol><li> Obter a área (A) e a intensidade de fluorescência total (F) de cada fluoróforo em cada caixa, e calcular as intensidades de fluorescência de fundo corrigido de cada fluoróforo, separadamente para cada centrossoma, conforme descrito no passo 5.3.3. </li><li> Combina-se as intensidades de fluorescência de fundo corrigido de cada uma das proteínas a partir das duas centrossomas para obter o nível centrosomal total de proteína em que essa célula. </li><li> Obter aintensidade normalizada para a proteína de interesse por cálculo da razão da sua intensidade centrosomal total e intensidade centrosomal total do padrão interno. </li></ol></li><li> Analise pelo menos 15-25 células para cada condição experimental e traçar o gráfico em uma planilha. </li></ol> 6. Analisando proteína total Usando Western Blotting <ol><li> Ressuspender as células em tampão de ensaio de radioimunoprecipitação (RIPA) contendo 50 mM de Tris-HCl a pH 8, NaCl 150 mM, 1% de Nonidet P-40, 1% desoxicolato de sódio, 0,1% dodecilsulfato de sódio (SDS) e incubar durante 10 min em gelo para lisar as células. <ol><li> Centrifuga-se a mistura a 10.000 xg durante 10 min, separar o lisado a partir da fracção sedimento e medir a concentração de proteína total de cada lisado usando um ácido bicinconínico (BCA) Kit de ensaio. </li></ol></li><li> Misturar 40 ug de lisado 4x com tampão de carga de SDS-PAGE (50 mM Tris-Cl, pH 6,8, 2% SDS, 10% de glicerol, ditiotreitol 100 mM, 0,1% Bromophenol azul). <ol><li> Ferver as amostras durante 10 min e executar as amostras sobre um 12,5% de desnaturação de SDS-PAGE a uma voltagem constante de 200 V. </li></ol></li><li> Transferem-se as proteínas separadas em SDS-PAGE para uma membrana de nitrocelulose usando a técnica de transferência de western (a uma voltagem constante de 90 V durante 1 hora em frio). <ol><li> Bloquear a membrana com 3% de leite desnatado em PBS 1x, e então incubar a membrana com soluções de anticorpos primários diluídos (neste caso de coelho anti-VDAC3, de coelho anti-γ-tubulina e de ratinho anti-α-tubulina) durante 1 h à TA. </li><li> Depois de lavar a membrana três vezes (5 min cada incubação sob agitação), utilizando tampão PBS-T (PBS 1x e 0,2% de Tween-20), incubar a membrana numa mistura de infravermelho próximo, (IV) corante fluorescente conjugada com anti-coelho e corante fluorescente de IV anticorpos secundários anti-murganho conjugados (diluídos em PBS-T) durante 1 hora. </li><li> Lava-se a membrana três vezes e, em seguida, analisar a membrana para analisar as bandas utilizando um f infravermelhosistema de imagem luorescence adequado para a detecção de immunoblot. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Ganem, N. J., Godinho, S. A., Pellman, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mechanism+linking+extra+centrosomes+to+chromosomal+instability.">A mechanism linking extra centrosomes to chromosomal instability.</a> Nature. 460, 278-282 (2009).</li><li>Kobayashi, T., Dynlacht, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulating+the+transition+from+centriole+to+basal+body.">Regulating the transition from centriole to basal body.</a> J. Cell Biol. 193, 435-444 (2011).</li><li>Azimzadeh, J., Marshall, W. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Building+the+centriole.">Building the centriole.</a> Curr. Biol. 20, 816-825 (2010).</li><li>Nakazawa, Y., Hiraki, M., Kamiya, R., Hirono, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SAS-6+is+a+cartwheel+protein+that+establishes+the+9-fold+symmetry+of+the+centriole.">SAS-6 is a cartwheel protein that establishes the 9-fold symmetry of the centriole.</a> Curr. Biol. 17, 2169-2174 (2007).</li><li>Strnad, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulated+HsSAS-6+levels+ensure+formation+of+a+single+procentriole+per+centriole+during+the+centrosome+duplication+cycle.">Regulated HsSAS-6 levels ensure formation of a single procentriole per centriole during the centrosome duplication cycle.</a> Dev. Cell. 13, 203-213 (2007).</li><li>Hilbert, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caenorhabditis+elegans+centriolar+protein+SAS-6+forms+a+spiral+that+is+consistent+with+imparting+a+ninefold+symmetry.">Caenorhabditis elegans centriolar protein SAS-6 forms a spiral that is consistent with imparting a ninefold symmetry.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110, 11373-11378 (2013).</li><li>Pike, A. N., Fisk, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Centriole+assembly+and+the+role+of+Mps1:+defensible+or+dispensable.">Centriole assembly and the role of Mps1: defensible or dispensable.</a> Cell Div. 6, 9 (2011).</li><li>Haren, L., Stearns, T., Luders, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plk1-dependent+recruitment+of+gamma-tubulin+complexes+to+mitotic+centrosomes+involves+multiple+PCM+components.">Plk1-dependent recruitment of gamma-tubulin complexes to mitotic centrosomes involves multiple PCM components.</a> PLoS One. 4, e5976 (2009).</li><li>Andersen, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomic+characterization+of+the+human+centrosome+by+protein+correlation+profiling.">Proteomic characterization of the human centrosome by protein correlation profiling.</a> Nature. 426, 570-574 (2003).</li><li>Keller, L. C., Romijn, E. P., Zamora, I., Yates, J. R., Marshall, W. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomic+analysis+of+isolated+chlamydomonas+centrioles+reveals+orthologs+of+ciliary-disease+genes.">Proteomic analysis of isolated chlamydomonas centrioles reveals orthologs of ciliary-disease genes.</a> Curr. Biol. 15, 1090-1098 (2005).</li><li>Kumar, A., Rajendran, V., Sethumadhavan, R., Purohit, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CEP+proteins:+the+knights+of+centrosome+dynasty.">CEP proteins: the knights of centrosome dynasty.</a> Protoplasma. 250, 965-983 (2013).</li><li>Kanai, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+and+functional+interaction+between+mortalin+and+Mps1+kinase.">Physical and functional interaction between mortalin and Mps1 kinase.</a> Genes Cells. 12, 797-810 (2007).</li><li>Jakobsen, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+asymmetrically+localizing+components+of+human+centrosomes+identified+by+complementary+proteomics+methods.">Novel asymmetrically localizing components of human centrosomes identified by complementary proteomics methods.</a> Embo. J. 30, 1520-1535 (2011).</li><li>Sang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+the+NPHP-JBTS-MKS+protein+network+reveals+ciliopathy+disease+genes+and+pathways.">Mapping the NPHP-JBTS-MKS protein network reveals ciliopathy disease genes and pathways.</a> Cell. 145, 513-528 (2011).</li><li>Dowdle, W. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disruption+of+a+ciliary+B9+protein+complex+causes+Meckel+syndrome.">Disruption of a ciliary B9 protein complex causes Meckel syndrome.</a> Am. J. Hum. Genet. 89, 94-110 (2011).</li><li>Majumder, S., Slabodnick, M., Pike, A., Marquardt, J., Fisk, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=VDAC3+regulates+centriole+assembly+by+targeting+Mps1+to+centrosomes.">VDAC3 regulates centriole assembly by targeting Mps1 to centrosomes.</a> Cell Cycle. 11, 3666-3678 (2012).</li><li>Guderian, G., Westendorf, J., Uldschmid, A., Nigg, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plk4+trans-autophosphorylation+regulates+centriole+number+by+controlling+betaTrCP-mediated+degradation.">Plk4 trans-autophosphorylation regulates centriole number by controlling betaTrCP-mediated degradation.</a> J. Cell Sci. 123, 2163-2169 (2010).</li><li>Holland, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+autoregulated+instability+of+Polo-like+kinase+4+limits+centrosome+duplication+to+once+per+cell+cycle.">The autoregulated instability of Polo-like kinase 4 limits centrosome duplication to once per cell cycle.</a> Genes Dev. 26, 2684-2689 (2012).</li><li>Kasbek, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preventing+the+degradation+of+mps1+at+centrosomes+is+sufficient+to+cause+centrosome+reduplication+in+human+cells.">Preventing the degradation of mps1 at centrosomes is sufficient to cause centrosome reduplication in human cells.</a> Mol. Biol. Cell. 18, 4457-4469 (2007).</li><li>Kasbek, C., Yang, C. H., Fisk, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antizyme+restrains+centrosome+amplification+by+regulating+the+accumulation+of+Mps1+at+centrosomes.">Antizyme restrains centrosome amplification by regulating the accumulation of Mps1 at centrosomes.</a> Mol. Biol. Cell. 21, 3878-3889 (2010).</li><li>Puklowski, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+SCF-FBXW5+E3-ubiquitin+ligase+is+regulated+by+PLK4+and+targets+HsSAS-6+to+control+centrosome+duplication.">The SCF-FBXW5 E3-ubiquitin ligase is regulated by PLK4 and targets HsSAS-6 to control centrosome duplication.</a> Nat. Cell Biol. 13, 1004-1009 (2011).</li><li>Spektor, A., Tsang, W. Y., Khoo, D., Dynlacht, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cep97+and+CP110+suppress+a+cilia+assembly+program.">Cep97 and CP110 suppress a cilia assembly program.</a> Cell. 130, 678-690 (2007).</li><li>Salisbury, J., Suino, K., Busby, R., Springett, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Centrin-2+is+required+for+centriole+duplication+in+Mammalian+cells.">Centrin-2 is required for centriole duplication in Mammalian cells.</a> Curr. Biol. 12, 1287 (2002).</li><li>Lukasiewicz, K. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+centrin+stability+by+Aurora+A.">Control of centrin stability by Aurora A.</a> PLoS One. 6, e21291 (2011).</li><li>Zhao, J., Ren, Y., Jiang, Q., Feng, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parkin+is+recruited+to+the+centrosome+in+response+to+inhibition+of+proteasomes.">Parkin is recruited to the centrosome in response to inhibition of proteasomes.</a> J. Cell Sci. 116, 4011-4019 (2003).</li><li>Korzeniewski, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cullin+1+functions+as+a+centrosomal+suppressor+of+centriole+multiplication+by+regulating+polo-like+kinase+4+protein+levels.">Cullin 1 functions as a centrosomal suppressor of centriole multiplication by regulating polo-like kinase 4 protein levels.</a> Cancer Res. 69, 6668-6675 (2009).</li><li>Rohatgi, R., Milenkovic, L., Corcoran, R. B., Scott, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hedgehog+signal+transduction+by+Smoothened:+pharmacologic+evidence+for+a+2-step+activation+process.">Hedgehog signal transduction by Smoothened: pharmacologic evidence for a 2-step activation process.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 3196-3201 (2009).</li><li>Majumder, S., Fisk, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=VDAC3+and+Mps1+negatively+regulate+ciliogenesis.">VDAC3 and Mps1 negatively regulate ciliogenesis.</a> Cell Cycle. 12, 849-858 (2013).</li><li>Howell, B. J., Hoffman, D. B., Fang, G., Murray, A. W., Salmon, E. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualization+of+Mad2+dynamics+at+kinetochores,+along+spindle+fibers,+and+at+spindle+poles+in+living+cells.">Visualization of Mad2 dynamics at kinetochores, along spindle fibers, and at spindle poles in living cells.</a> J. Cell Biol. 150, 1233-1250 (2000).</li><li>Meraldi, P., Nigg, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Centrosome+cohesion+is+regulated+by+a+balance+of+kinase+and+phosphatase+activities.">Centrosome cohesion is regulated by a balance of kinase and phosphatase activities.</a> J. Cell Sci. 114, 3749-3757 (2001).</li><li>Zimmerman, W. C., Sillibourne, J., Rosa, J., Doxsey, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitosis-specific+anchoring+of+gamma+tubulin+complexes+by+pericentrin+controls+spindle+organization+and+mitotic+entry.">Mitosis-specific anchoring of gamma tubulin complexes by pericentrin controls spindle organization and mitotic entry.</a> Mol. Biol. Cell. 15, 3642-3657 (2004).</li><li>Lee, K., Rhee, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PLK1+phosphorylation+of+pericentrin+initiates+centrosome+maturation+at+the+onset+of+mitosis.">PLK1 phosphorylation of pericentrin initiates centrosome maturation at the onset of mitosis.</a> J. Cell Biol. 195, 1093-1101 (2011).</li><li>Lin, Y. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+microcephaly+protein+CEP135+binds+to+hSAS-6+and+CPAP,+and+is+required+for+centriole+assembly.">Human microcephaly protein CEP135 binds to hSAS-6 and CPAP, and is required for centriole assembly.</a> Embo. J. 32, 1141-1154 (2013).</li><li>Lichtenstein, N., Geiger, B., Kam, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+analysis+of+cytoskeletal+organization+by+digital+fluorescent+microscopy.">Quantitative analysis of cytoskeletal organization by digital fluorescent microscopy.</a> Cytometry A. 54, 8-18 (2003).</li><li>Keller, L. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+architecture+of+the+centriole+proteome:+the+conserved+WD40+domain+protein+POC1+is+required+for+centriole+duplication+and+length+control.">Molecular architecture of the centriole proteome: the conserved WD40 domain protein POC1 is required for centriole duplication and length control.</a> Mol. Biol. Cell. 20, 1150-1166 (2009).</li><li>Venoux, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Poc1A+and+Poc1B+act+together+in+human+cells+to+ensure+centriole+integrity.">Poc1A and Poc1B act together in human cells to ensure centriole integrity.</a> J. Cell Sci. 126, 163-175 (2013).</li><li>Stevens, N. R., Roque, H., Raff, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DSas-6+and+Ana2+coassemble+into+tubules+to+promote+centriole+duplication+and+engagement.">DSas-6 and Ana2 coassemble into tubules to promote centriole duplication and engagement.</a> Dev. Cell. 19, 913-919 (2010).</li><li>Machiels, B. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detailed+analysis+of+cell+cycle+kinetics+upon+proteasome+inhibition.">Detailed analysis of cell cycle kinetics upon proteasome inhibition.</a> Cytometry. 28, 243-252 (1997).</li><li>Yang, C. H., Kasbek, C., Majumder, S., Yusof, A. M., Fisk, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mps1+phosphorylation+sites+regulate+the+function+of+centrin+2+in+centriole+assembly.">Mps1 phosphorylation sites regulate the function of centrin 2 in centriole assembly.</a> Mol. Biol. Cell. 21, 4361-4372 (2010).</li><li>Tsou, M. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polo+kinase+and+separase+regulate+the+mitotic+licensing+of+centriole+duplication+in+human+cells.">Polo kinase and separase regulate the mitotic licensing of centriole duplication in human cells.</a> Dev. Cell. 17, 344-354 (2009).</li><li>Salic, A., Mitchison, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+chemical+method+for+fast+and+sensitive+detection+of+DNA+synthesis+in+vivo.">A chemical method for fast and sensitive detection of DNA synthesis in vivo.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 2415-2420 (2008).</li><li>Buck, S. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+S-phase+cell+cycle+progression+using+5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine+incorporation+with+click+chemistry,+an+alternative+to+using+5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine+antibodies.">Detection of S-phase cell cycle progression using 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation with click chemistry, an alternative to using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine antibodies.</a> Biotechniques. 44, 927-929 (2008).</li><li>Waters, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+and+precision+in+quantitative+fluorescence+microscopy.">Accuracy and precision in quantitative fluorescence microscopy.</a> J. Cell Biol. 185, 1135-1148 (2009).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Microscopia quantitativa em biologia celular é comumente associado com ensaios de imagem em células vivas, como a fluorescência de Ressonância Energia Transferência (FRET), Recuperação de fluorescência Após Fotodegradação (FRAP), etc. No entanto, há exemplos de crescimento de biólogos celulares em desenvolvimento diferentes ensaios de microscopia quantitativos para fixo células nos últimos anos 27,34-36. É importante ressaltar que o progresso na compreensão da biologia centrosome mui...

Centrossomas consistem em um par de centríolos cercados por material de pericentriolar (PCM). Sendo os principais centros de microtúbulos organizadoras (MTOCs) em células de mamíferos, centrosomes servem como os dois pólos de fusos mitóticos em células em divisão, e, assim, ajudar a manter a integridade genômica 1. Em células quiescentes (por exemplo, durante a fase G0), um dos dois centrioles do centrossoma, a saber, a centriole mãe, é transformado em um corpo de base, ao montar o cílio primário, um organelo sensorial salientes para fora a partir da superfície de células 2. Uma vez que as células re-entrar no ciclo celular, os cílios são desmontados e cada centriole dirige a montagem de um procentriole na sua extremidade proximal que, gradualmente, se alonga para formar um centriole 3 madura. No início da fase S, uma estrutura semelhante a cambalhota que fornece a simetria de 9 vezes para a centriole é formada sobre a superfície de cada centriole existente e irá tornar-se a base de cada procentriole. SAS6 tchapéu é indispensável para a montagem centríolo é recrutado para formar o cubo da roda de carroça 4-6. Outras proteínas centriolar são então montados para a cambalhota em um ambiente altamente regulado, proximal para distal maneira 7. Depois de completar precisamente duplicação centríolo, células montar materiais pericentriolar adicionais para construir dois centrossomas funcionais até o final da fase G2 8. Em adição aos componentes principais centriolar 9-11, várias outras proteínas, incluindo cinases, fosfatases, chaperones, componentes de andaime, proteínas de membrana associadas a degradação e máquinas estão associados com centrioles, corpos basais e PCM em alturas diferentes do ciclo celular 12-16. Ele é frequentemente observado que os níveis de centrosomal muitas proteínas são temporalmente regulados por mecanismos de segmentação centrosomal e / ou degradação no proteossómica centrossomas. É importante ressaltar que as flutuações no nível centrosomal de várias proteínas, como Plk4, MPS1, SAS6 e CP110 umt diferentes pontos do ciclo celular parece ser crucial para regular montagem centriole 5,17-22, e no caso de MPS1 prevenir essa degradação centrosomal leva à formação de um excesso de 19 centrioles. Por outro lado, as fracções centrosomal de várias proteínas são menos lábeis em relação a piscinas citosólicas. Por exemplo siRNA mediada down-regulação da Centrin 2 (Cetn2) levou a apenas uma diminuição moderada do nível de proteína nas centrioles apesar de grande redução em toda a sua níveis de células 23. É, portanto, essencial para medir as mudanças no nível de proteínas centrosomal no centrosome em vez de medir os níveis de proteínas inteiras celular ao avaliar suas funções específicas do centrossoma. Neste estudo foi desenvolvido um ensaio utilizando imunofluorescência indireta (IFI) para quantificar o nível relativo de uma proteína no centrosomes. Este ensaio é desenvolvido particularmente para analisar as células que são a partir de diferentes amostrase, portanto, não pode ser trabalhada ao mesmo tempo. Estas amostras podem ser células que foram tratadas com diferentes reagentes (isto é, a droga versus controlo), recolhidas a diferentes pontos de tempo (isto é, contra perseguição de impulso), ou estão em diferentes fases do ciclo celular. O princípio deste ensaio encontra-se na medição da intensidade de fluorescência de fundo corrigido correspondente a uma proteína com uma região pequena e para normalizar o valor contra o mesmo para uma outra proteína cujos níveis não variam de acordo com as condições experimentais escolhidas. Vários estudos em biologia do centrossoma recentemente utilizados várias técnicas de microscopia quantitativa, em ambas as células vivas ou fixadas, para determinar a função específica do centrossoma de proteínas candidatas 24-27. Semelhante aos ensaios, a presente técnica também mede a intensidade de fluorescência de fundo corrigido da proteína a testar. No entanto, a inclusão da normalização utilizando um padrão interno no presente ensaio seria provável oferecer maiorprecisão e confiança na análise de duas amostras diferentes que estão em duas lamelas diferentes. Além disso, em adição ao exame do nível de proteína no centrossomas, com pequenos ajustes este método pode ser aplicado a um conjunto diversificado de condições experimentais ou em outros locais celulares. Aqui, nós combinamos nosso ensaio microscopia quantitativa, com uma estratégia de pulso-chase BrdU para comparar as células de diferentes fases do ciclo celular. Em vez de utilizar técnicas de paragem do ciclo celular e padrão de libertação para o estudo de vários pontos de tempo do ciclo celular, as células que crescem de forma assíncrona são incubadas com BrdU para marcar as células em fase S, e as células marcadas são perseguidos durante vários tempos (tipicamente 4-6 h). A maioria das células marcadas estará em fase S imediatamente após o pulso. O comprimento da perseguição é escolhida de modo que após a perseguição, células marcadas será no final de S, G2 ou mitose, o que pode ser verificado por características morfológicas, tais como- posição de centrossomas no que diz respeito ao nuclei, a distância entre os centrossomas, condensação de cromossomas, etc. Assim, o comprimento da perseguição depende da duração média de S, G2 e M de fase num tipo de célula particular. Uma vez que esta abordagem evita a inibidores do ciclo celular, tais como a hidroxiureia, a afidicolina, nocodazol, etc, que permite uma análise mais fisiologicamente relevante do ciclo celular. Assim, demonstramos aqui que o ensaio de microscopia de fluorescência quantitativa sozinho, ou em combinação com BrdU de pulso-caça ensaio, é uma técnica simples e poderosa para medir com precisão as mudanças relativas no nível centrosomal de uma proteína candidata durante um ciclo celular perturbado. Foi medido o nível de centrosomal VDAC3, uma proteína que, recentemente identificado em centrossomas além de mitocôndrias 16,28, utilizando estes ensaios. Os resultados obtidos aqui verificar a nossa observação anterior de que a piscina centrosomal de VDAC3 é regulada pela degradação, e também varia em um dependen ciclo celulart modo 16, além disso validando a aplicabilidade deste método.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="576">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:179px;">Name&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Company&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Catalog number</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:179px;">Fibronectin</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">F8141</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Stock of 1 mg/ml in water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:179px;">DMSO</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">D2650</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:179px;">MG115</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">SCP0005</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Stock of 10 mM in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:179px;">BrdU</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">B5002</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Stock of 10 mM in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:179px;">Anti-g-tubulin (mouse monoclonal, clone GTU 88)</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">T 6557</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:200 in IIF blocking buffer&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:179px;">Anti-VDAC3 (rabbit polyclonal)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Aviva Systems Biology</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">ARP35180-P050</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:50 in IIF blocking buffer, 1:1000 in WB blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">Anti-Sas6 (mouse monoclonal)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Santa cruz biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">sc-81431</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:100 in IIF blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">Anti-Cep135 (rabbit polyclonal)</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">ab-75005</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:500 in IIF blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">Anti-BrdU (rat monoclonal)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">ab6326</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:250 in IIF blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">Alexa Fluor 350 Goat Anti-Rat IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">A21093</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:200 in IIF blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:179px;">Alexa Fluor 488 Donkey Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">A21202</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:1000 in IIF blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:51px;width:179px;">Alexa Fluor 594 Donkey Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">A21203</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:1000 in IIF blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:51px;width:179px;">Alexa Fluor 488 Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">A21206</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:1000 in IIF blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:179px;">Alexa Fluor 594 Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">A21207</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:1000 in IIF blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">Anti-g-tubulin (rabbit polyclonal)</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">T5192</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:1000 in WB blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">Anti-a-tubulin (mouse monoclonal, DM1A)</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">T9026</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:20000 in WB blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">Alexa Fluor 680 Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">A10043</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:10000 in WB blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:179px;">Mouse IgG (H&#38;L) Antibody IRDye800CW Conjugated</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Rockland antibodies</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">610-731-002</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1:10000 in WB blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">SlowFade Gold Antifade Reagent&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">S36936</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Mounting media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">Round coverslips 12CIR.-1</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">12-545-80</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">Olympus IX-81 microscope</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:99px;"></td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">Retiga ExiFAST 1394 IR camera</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">QImaging&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">32-0082B-238</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">100X Plan Apo oil immersion objective</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:99px;"></td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1.4 numerical aperture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:179px;">Slidebook software package</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Intelligent Imaging Innovations</td>
			<td style="width:99px;"></td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">Odyssey IR Imaging System</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Li-cor Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:99px;"></td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:179px;">Bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td align="right">23227</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">U-MNU2 Narrow UV cube</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Olympus</td>
			<td>U-M622</td>
			<td>Filter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">U-MNU2 Narrow Blue cube</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Olympus</td>
			<td>U-M643</td>
			<td>Filter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">U-MNU2 Narrow Green cube</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Olympus</td>
			<td>U-M663</td>
			<td>Filter</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantitative immunofluorescence assay to measure the variation in protein levels at centrosomes

Centrossomas são pequenas, mas importantes organelas que servem como os pólos do fuso mitótico para manter a integridade genômica ou montar cílios para facilitar funções sensoriais nas células. O nível de uma proteína pode ser regulado de forma diferente em centrossomas do que em outros locais .cellular, e a variação no nível centrosomal de várias proteínas em diferentes pontos do ciclo celular parece ser crucial para a regulação correcta da montagem centriole. Foi desenvolvido um ensaio de microscopia de fluorescência quantitativa que mede as mudanças relativas no nível de uma proteína na centrossomas em células fixadas a partir de diferentes amostras, tais como em diferentes fases do ciclo celular, ou após tratamento com vários reagentes. O princípio deste ensaio encontra-se na medição da intensidade de fluorescência de fundo corrigido correspondente a uma proteína com uma pequena região, e que normalizar medição contra o mesmo para uma outra proteína que não varia no âmbito do c experimental escolhidoondition. Utilizando este ensaio, em combinação com BrdU de pulso e caça estratégia para estudar os ciclos celulares não perturbados, temos quantitativamente validado nossa observação recente de que o conjunto de centrosomal VDAC3 é regulada a centrossomas durante o ciclo celular, provavelmente pela degradação mediada por proteassoma especificamente em centrossomas.

Os nossos estudos recentes identificaram novos centrosomal localização e função de VDAC3, uma das porinas mitocondriais 16,28. A imunocoloração de várias células de mamíferos, incluindo células RPE1 utilizando um anticorpo específico VDAC3-centrosomal apresentaram coloração proeminente e coloração mitocondrial comparativamente fraca. Nós também mostrou que VDAC3 centrosomal é preferencialmente associado ao centríolo mãe, ea piscina centrosomal tanto da endógeno e ectopically expressa VDAC...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes at JoVE.com

Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes

Here, a novel quantitative fluorescence assay is developed to measure changes in the level of a protein specifically at centrosomes by normalizing that protein&#8217;s fluorescence intensity to that of an appropriate internal standard.

Quantitative Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta para medir a variação nos níveis de proteína no centrossomas

Centrosomes are small but important organelles that serve as the poles of mitotic spindle to maintain genomic integrity or assemble primary cilia to ...

quantitative-immunofluorescence-assay-to-measure-variation-protein

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.9K visualizações.  The Ohio State University. Here, a novel quantitative fluorescence assay is developed to measure changes in the level of a protein specifically at centrosomes by normalizing that protein’s fluorescence intensity to that of an appropriate internal standard. 

Vídeo: Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes

A Behavioral Assay to Measure Responsiveness of Zebrafish to Changes in Light Intensities 

The optokinetic reflex (OKR) is a basic visual reflex exhibited by most vertebrates and plays an important role in stabilizing the eye relative to the visual scene. However, the OKR requires that an animal detect moving stripes and it is possible that fish that fail to exhibit an OKR may not be completely blind. One zebrafish mutant, the no optokinetic response c (nrc) has no OKR under any light conditions tested and was reported to be completely blind. Previously, we have shown that OFF-ganglion cell activity can be recorded in these mutants. To determine whether mutant fish with no OKR such as the nrc mutant can detect simple light increments and decrements we developed the visual motor behavioral assay (VMR). In this assay, single zebrafish larvae are placed in each well of a 96-well plate allowing the simultaneous monitoring of larvae using an automated video-tracking system. The locomotor responses of each larva to 30 minutes light ON and 30 minutes light OFF were recorded and quantified. WT fish have a brief spike of motor activity upon lights ON, known as the startle response, followed by return to lower-than baseline activity, called a freeze. WT fish also sharply increase their locomotor activity immediately following lights OFF and only gradually (over several minutes) return to baseline locomotor activity. The nrc mutants respond similarly to light OFF as WT fish, but exhibit a slight reduction in their average activity as compared to WT fish. Motor activity in response to light ON in nrc mutants is delayed and sluggish. There is a slow rise time of the nrc mutant response to light ON as compared to WT light ON response. The results indicate that nrc fish are not completely blind. Because teleosts can detect light through non-retinal tissues, we confirmed that the immediate behavioral responses to light-intensity changes require intact eyes by using the chokh (chk) mutants, which completely lack eyes from the earliest stages of development. In our VMR assay, the chk mutants exhibit no startle response to either light ON or OFF, showing that the lateral eyes mediate this behavior. The VMR assay described here complements the well-established OKR assay, which does not test the ability of zebrafish larvae to respond to changes in light intensities. Additionally, the automation of the VMR assay lends itself to high-throughput screening for defects in light-intensity driven visual responses.

A Behavioral Assay to Measure Responsiveness of Zebrafish to Changes in Light Intensities

We developed the Visual-Motor Response to quantitate the motor output of larval zebrafish in response to light increments and decrements. We also examined zebrafish vision mutants, including the no optokinetic response (nrc) mutants, which were thought to be completely blind when tested by another vision assay, the optokinetic reflex.

Um Ensaio Comportamental para Medida de capacidade de resposta a alterações em Zebrafish intensidades de luz

The optokinetic reflex (OKR) is a basic visual reflex exhibited by most vertebrates and plays an important role in stabilizing the eye relative to the ...

Biologia

Photobleaching Assays (FRAP &amp; FLIP) to Measure Chromatin Protein Dynamics in Living Embryonic Stem Cells

Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) and Fluorescence Loss In Photobleaching (FLIP) enable the study of protein dynamics in living cells with good spatial and temporal resolution. Here we describe how to perform FRAP and FLIP assays of chromatin proteins, including H1 and HP1, in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. In a FRAP experiment, cells are transfected, either transiently or stably, with a protein of interest fused with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) or derivatives thereof (YFP, CFP, Cherry, etc.). In the transfected, fluorescing cells, an intense focused laser beam bleaches a relatively small region of interest (ROI). The laser wavelength is selected according to the fluorescent protein used for fusion. The laser light irreversibly bleaches the fluorescent signal of molecules in the ROI and, immediately following bleaching, the recovery of the fluorescent signal in the bleached area - mediated by the replacement of the bleached molecules with the unbleached molecules - is monitored using time lapse imaging. The generated fluorescence recovery curves provide information on the protein's mobility. If the fluorescent molecules are immobile, no fluorescence recovery will be observed. In a complementary approach, Fluorescence Loss in Photobleaching (FLIP), the laser beam bleaches the same spot repeatedly and the signal intensity is measured elsewhere in the fluorescing cell. FLIP experiments therefore measure signal decay rather than fluorescence recovery and are useful to determine protein mobility as well as protein shuttling between cellular compartments. Transient binding is a common property of chromatin-associated proteins. Although the major fraction of each chromatin protein is bound to chromatin at any given moment at steady state, the binding is transient and most chromatin proteins have a high turnover on chromatin, with a residence time in the order of seconds. These properties are crucial for generating high plasticity in genome expression1. Photobleaching experiments are therefore particularly useful to determine chromatin plasticity using GFP-fusion versions of chromatin structural proteins, especially in ES cells, where the dynamic exchange of chromatin proteins (including heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1), linker histone H1 and core histones) is higher than in differentiated cells2,3.

Photobleaching Assays FRAP &amp; FLIP to Measure Chromatin Protein Dynamics in Living Embryonic Stem Cells

We describe photobleaching methods including Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) and Fluorescence Loss In Photobleaching (FLIP) to monitor chromatin protein dynamics in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Chromatin protein dynamics, which is considered to be one of the means to study chromatin plasticity, is enhanced in pluripotent cells.

Fotobranqueamento Ensaios (FRAP &amp; FLIP) a Medida Dynamics Protein Chromatin em Viver Células-Tronco Embrionárias

Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) and Fluorescence Loss In Photobleaching (FLIP) enable the study of protein dynamics in living cells with ...

The MultiBac Protein Complex Production Platform at the EMBL

Proteomics research revealed the impressive complexity of eukaryotic proteomes in unprecedented detail. It is now a commonly accepted notion that proteins in cells mostly exist not as isolated entities but exert their biological activity in association with many other proteins, in humans ten or more, forming assembly lines in the cell for most if not all vital functions.1,2 Knowledge of the function and architecture of these multiprotein assemblies requires their provision in superior quality and sufficient quantity for detailed analysis. The paucity of many protein complexes in cells, in particular in eukaryotes, prohibits their extraction from native sources, and necessitates recombinant production. The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) has proven to be particularly useful for producing eukaryotic proteins, the activity of which often relies on post-translational processing that other commonly used expression systems often cannot support.3 BEVS use a recombinant baculovirus into which the gene of interest was inserted to infect insect cell cultures which in turn produce the protein of choice. MultiBac is a BEVS that has been particularly tailored for the production of eukaryotic protein complexes that contain many subunits.4 A vital prerequisite for efficient production of proteins and their complexes are robust protocols for all steps involved in an expression experiment that ideally can be implemented as standard operating procedures (SOPs) and followed also by non-specialist users with comparative ease. The MultiBac platform at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) uses SOPs for all steps involved in a multiprotein complex expression experiment, starting from insertion of the genes into an engineered baculoviral genome optimized for heterologous protein production properties to small-scale analysis of the protein specimens produced.5-8 The platform is installed in an open-access mode at EMBL Grenoble and has supported many scientists from academia and industry to accelerate protein complex research projects.

Protein complexes catalyze key cellular functions. Detailed functional and structural characterization of many essential complexes requires recombinant production. MultiBac is a baculovirus/insect cell system particularly tailored for expressing eukaryotic proteins and their complexes. MultiBac was implemented as an open-access platform, and standard operating procedures developed to maximize its utility.

A Plataforma de Produção de Proteína Complexo MultiBac no EMBL

Proteomics  research revealed the impressive complexity of eukaryotic proteomes in  unprecedented detail. It is now a commonly accepted notion that ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation: A High Throughput Quantitative Method to Study Protein-protein Interaction

Among methods to study protein-protein interaction inside cells, Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) is relatively simple and sensitive. BiFC is based on the production of fluorescence using two non-fluorescent fragments of a fluorescent protein (Venus, a Yellow Fluorescent Protein variant, is used here). Non-fluorescent Venus fragments (VN and VC) are fused to two interacting proteins (in this case, AKAP-Lbc and PDE4D3), yielding fluorescence due to VN-AKAP-Lbc-VC-PDE4D3 interaction and the formation of a functional fluorescent protein inside cells.
BiFC provides information on the subcellular localization of protein complexes and the strength of protein interactions based on fluorescence intensity. However, BiFC analysis using microscopy to quantify the strength of protein-protein interaction is time-consuming and somewhat subjective due to heterogeneity in protein expression and interaction. By coupling flow cytometric analysis with BiFC methodology, the fluorescent BiFC protein-protein interaction signal can be accurately measured for a large quantity of cells in a short time. Here, we demonstrate an application of this methodology to map regions in PDE4D3 that are required for the interaction with AKAP-Lbc. This high throughput methodology can be applied to screening factors that regulate protein-protein interaction.

Flow cytometric analysis of Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation provides a high throughput quantitative method to study protein-protein interaction. This methodology can be applied to mapping protein binding sites and for screening factors that regulate protein-protein interaction.

Citometria de fluxo e de Complementação de fluorescência Bimolecular: A alta taxa de transferência método quantitativo para estudo de interação proteína-proteína

Among methods to study protein-protein interaction inside cells, Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) is relatively simple and sensitive. BiFC ...

Imaging Centrosomes in Fly Testes

Centrosomes are conserved microtubule-based organelles whose structure and function change dramatically throughout the cell cycle and cell differentiation. Centrosomes are essential to determine the cell division axis during mitosis and to nucleate cilia during interphase. The identity of the proteins that mediate these dynamic changes remains only partially known, and the function of many of the proteins that have been implicated in these processes is still rudimentary. Recent work has shown that Drosophila spermatogenesis provides a powerful system to identify new proteins critical for centrosome function and formation as well as to gain insight into the particular function of known players in centrosome-related processes. Drosophila is an established genetic model organism where mutants in centrosomal genes can be readily obtained and easily analyzed. Furthermore, recent advances in the sensitivity and resolution of light microscopy and the development of robust genetically tagged centrosomal markers have transformed the ability to use Drosophila testes as a simple and accessible model system to study centrosomes. This paper describes the use of genetically-tagged centrosomal markers to perform genetic screens for new centrosomal mutants and to gain insight into the specific function of newly identified genes.

Imaging of centrosomal proteins during Drosophila spermatogenesis is a powerful method to identify new proteins critical for centrosome biology as well as to elucidate the particular function of known players in this process.

Centrossomas de imagem na mosca Testículos

Centrosomes are conserved microtubule-based organelles whose structure and function change dramatically throughout the cell cycle and cell ...

Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells

Heme serves as the prosthetic group for a wide variety of proteins known as hemoproteins, such as hemoglobin, myoglobin and cytochromes. It is involved in various molecular and cellular processes such as gene transcription, translation, cell differentiation and cell proliferation. The biosynthesis levels of heme vary across different tissues and cell types and is altered in diseased conditions such as anemia, neuropathy and cancer. This technique uses [4-14C] 5-aminolevulinic acid ([14C] 5-ALA), one of the early precursors in the heme biosynthesis pathway to measure the levels of heme synthesis in mammalian cells. This assay involves incubation of cells with [14C] 5-ALA followed by extraction of heme and measurement of the radioactivity incorporated into heme. This procedure is accurate and quick. This method measures the relative levels of heme biosynthesis rather than the total heme content. To demonstrate the use of this technique the levels of heme biosynthesis were measured in several mammalian cell lines.

Altered intracellular heme levels are associated with common diseases such as cancer. Thus, there is a need to measure heme biosynthesis levels in diverse cells. The goal of this protocol is to provide a fast and sensitive method to measure and compare the levels of heme synthesis in different cells.

Medição dos Níveis de heme em células de mamíferos Síntese

Heme serves as the prosthetic group for a wide variety of proteins known as hemoproteins, such as hemoglobin, myoglobin and cytochromes. It is involved in ...

In vitro Methylation Assay to Study Protein Arginine Methylation

Protein arginine methylation is one of the most abundant post-translational modifications in the nucleus. Protein arginine methylation can be identified and/or determined via proteomic approaches, and/or immunoblotting with methyl-arginine specific antibodies. However, these techniques sometimes can be misleading and often provide false positive results. Most importantly, these techniques cannot provide direct evidence in support of the PRMT substrate specificity. In vitro methylation assays, on the other hand, are useful biochemical assays, which are sensitive, and consistently reveal if the identified proteins are indeed PRMT substrates. A typical in vitro methylation assay includes purified, active PRMTs, purified substrate and a radioisotope labeled methyl donor (S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-3H] methionine). Here we describe a step-by-step protocol to isolate catalytically active PRMT1, a ubiquitously expressed PRMT family member. The methyl transferase activities of the purified PRMT1 were later tested on Ras-GTPase activating protein binding protein 1 (G3BP1), a known PRMT substrate, in the presence of S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-3H] methionine as the methyl donor. This protocol can be employed not only for establishing the methylation status of novel physiological PRMT1 substrates, but also for understanding the basic mechanism of protein arginine methylation.

In vitro Methylation Assay to Study Protein Arginine Methylation

Protein arginine methylation, catalyzed by a class of enzymes viz., protein arginine methyl transferases (PRMTs), is the process of enzymatic addition of methyl group(s) to arginines within proteins. The in vitro methylation assay is the most dependable tool for assessing the methylation status of known or novel PRMT substrates.

A metilação in vitro Ensaio de Proteína Estudo Arginina metilação

Protein arginine methylation is one of the most abundant post-translational modifications in the nucleus. Protein arginine methylation can be identified ...

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

The production of recombinant membrane proteins for structural and functional studies remains technically challenging due to low levels of expression and the inherent instability of many membrane proteins once solubilized in detergents. A protocol is described that combines ligation independent cloning of membrane proteins as GFP fusions with expression in Escherichia coli detected by GFP fluorescence. This enables the construction and expression screening of multiple membrane protein/variants to identify candidates suitable for further investment of time and effort. The GFP reporter is used in a primary screen of expression by visualizing GFP fluorescence following SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Membrane proteins that show both a high expression level with minimum degradation as indicated by the absence of free GFP, are selected for a secondary screen. These constructs are scaled and a total membrane fraction prepared and solubilized in four different detergents. Following ultracentrifugation to remove detergent-insoluble material, lysates are analyzed by fluorescence detection size exclusion chromatography (FSEC). Monitoring the size exclusion profile by GFP fluorescence provides information about the mono-dispersity and integrity of the membrane proteins in different detergents. Protein: detergent combinations that elute with a symmetrical peak with little or no free GFP and minimum aggregation are candidates for subsequent purification. Using the above methodology, the heterologous expression in E. coli of SED (shape, elongation, division, and sporulation) proteins from 47 different species of bacteria was analyzed. These proteins typically have ten transmembrane domains and are essential for cell division. The results show that the production of the SEDs orthologues in E. coli was highly variable with respect to the expression levels and integrity of the GFP fusion proteins. The experiment identified a subset for further investigation.

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

A streamlined approach to screening for the expression of recombinant membrane proteins in Escherichia coli based on fusion to green fluorescent protein is presented.

Verde Fluorescente à base de proteínas Expressão Rastreio de Proteínas de Membrana em<em&gt; Escherichia coli</em

The production of recombinant membrane proteins for structural and functional studies remains technically challenging due to low levels of expression and ...

In Vitro Assay to Measure Phosphatidylethanolamine Methyltransferase Activity

Phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferases are biosynthetic enzymes that catalyze the transfer of one or more methyl group(s) from S-adenosyl-L-methionine onto phosphatidylethanolamine, monomethyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, or dimethyl-phosphatidylethanolamine to give either monomethyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, dimethyl-phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylcholine. These enzymes are ubiquitous in animal cells, fungi, and are also found in approximately 10% of bacteria. They fulfill various important functions in cell physiology beyond their direct role in lipid metabolism such as in insulin resistance, diabetes, atherosclerosis, cell growth, or virulence. The present manuscript reports on a simple cell-free enzymatic assay that measures the transfer of tritiated methyl group(s) from S-[Methyl-3H]adenosyl-L-methionine onto phosphatidylethanolamine using whole cell extracts as an enzyme source. The resulting methylated forms of phosphatidylethanolamine are hydrophobic and thus, can be separated from water soluble S-[Methyl-3H]adenosyl-L-methionine by organic extraction. This assay can potentially be applied to any other cell types and used to test inhibitors/drugs specific to a phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase of interest without the need to purify the enzyme.

In Vitro Assay to Measure Phosphatidylethanolamine Methyltransferase Activity

The present report describes an in vitro enzymatic assay to measure phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase activity using Leishmania cell extracts. This assay is based on the transfer of a radioactive methyl group from S-[Methyl-3H]adenosyl-L-methionine onto endogenous phosphatidylethanolamine.

Ensaio in vitro para medir Fosfatidiletanolamina Metiltransferase Atividade

Phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferases are biosynthetic enzymes that catalyze the transfer of one or more methyl group(s) from ...

Using Microfluidic Devices to Measure Lifespan and Cellular Phenotypes in Single Budding Yeast Cells

Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important model organism in aging research. Genetic studies have revealed many genes with conserved effects on the lifespan across species. However, the molecular causes of aging and death remain elusive. To gain a systematic understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying yeast aging, we need high-throughput methods to measure lifespan and to quantify various cellular and molecular phenotypes in single cells. Previously, we developed microfluidic devices to track budding yeast mother cells throughout their lifespan while flushing away newborn daughter cells. This article presents a method for preparing microfluidic chips and for setting up microfluidic experiments. Multiple channels can be used to simultaneously track cells under different conditions or from different yeast strains. A typical setup can track hundreds of cells per channel and allow for high-resolution microscope imaging throughout the lifespan of the cells. Our method also allows detailed characterization of the lifespan, molecular markers, cell morphology, and the cell cycle dynamics of single cells. In addition, our microfluidic device is able to trap a significant amount of fresh mother cells that can be identified by downstream image analysis, making it possible to measure the lifespan with higher accuracy.

This article presents a protocol optimized for the production of microfluidic chips and the setup of microfluidic experiments to measure the lifespan and cellular phenotypes of single yeast cells.

Usando dispositivos microfluídicos medir Longevidade e Celular fenótipos em células individuais levedura de brotamento

Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important model organism in aging research. Genetic studies have revealed many genes with conserved effects ...