Os autores agradecem grandemente Pierre Bourdoncle, Thomas Guilbert e Louise Rimbault da Facilidade Cochin Imaging. Este trabalho foi apoiado pelo Inserm, CNRS e Ligue Nationale contre le Câncer (Equipe labellisée).

1. Preparação de Linfócitos T <ol><li> Prepare primário do rato ou células T humanas, como descrito 10,11. </li><li> Cultivar células T humanas em meio RPMI completo com 10% de soro humano AB a uma densidade de 2 - 3 x 10 6 células / ml. NOTA: A utilização de soro fetal de vitelo (FCS) em vez de soro humano podem induzir a polarização espontânea de uma grande fracção de células T humanas em cultura. Manter essas células em cultura por 4-5 dias, e outro processo-los a qualquer momento durante esse período. </li><li> Manter as células T de rato em meio RPMI completo enriquecido com 10% de FCS a uma densidade celular semelhante. Utilizar imediatamente ou no dia seguinte, depois de uma cultura D / N a 37 ° C na presença de 10 ng / ml IL7. </li><li> Cultivar a linha de células T humanas CEM em meio RPMI completo enriquecido com 10% de FCS. </li></ol> 2. Chemokine Estimulação <ol><li> Lave 5 x 10 5 células por condição experimental em meio morno HBSS suplementado com 10 mM Hepes. Para algumas experiências, a co-transfecção de células T humanas primárias no dia anterior com 2 ug pmaxGFP e 8 ug pcDNA3.1 + (vector vazio, o controlo), PKCζ cinase morta, ou plasmídeos Par6 N-terminais. </li><li> Ressuspender o sedimento de células em meio HBSS morno-Hepes (0,3 ml usar x número de condições experimentais). </li><li> Distribuir as células em tubos de microcentrífuga de 1,5 ml. NOTA: Portanto, um tubo que corresponde a uma condição experimental único irá conter 5 x 10 5 células em 0,3 mL de meio HBSS-Hepes. Para algumas experiências, adicionar 500 nM Latrunculin A ou veículo (DMSO) e incubar as células durante 30 minutos antes da estimulação de quimiocina. </li><li> Adiciona-se 10 a 500 ng / ml ou CCL19 quimiocina CXCL12 em cada tubo. NOTA: Normalmente, usamos 10-200 quimocina ng / ml para células T humanas. As células CEM não expressam o receptor CCR7 que se liga CCL19. Portanto, células CEM apenas será capaz de responder a um estímulo CXCL12. Além disso, usar concentrações mais elevadas de quimiocinas (300-500 ng / ml) para polarizar as células T do mouse. </li><li> Virar os tubos várias vezes e incubar num banho de água a 37 C para 8 ° ou 10 min para as células T primárias ou CEM, respectivamente. </li><li> Parar o processo de polarização através da adição a cada tubo 0,3 ml de uma solução quente contendo 2% de paraformaldeído (PFA) e Hepes 10 mM em PBS. Virar os tubos e incubá-las a 37 ° C durante 5 min. </li></ol> 3. colorações <ol><li> Transferem-se as células a partir dos tubos de microcentrífuga para tubos de citometria de fluxo. </li><li> Encher os tubos com uma solução completamente RT contendo 1% de albumina de soro bovino (BSA), EDTA 0,5 mM e Hepes 10 mM em PBS. </li><li> Centrifugar os tubos a 460 xg por 4 min. </li><li> Descartar o sobrenadante e ressuspender as células em 100 ul de uma solução contendo RT 5% de FCS em PBS. </li><li> Adicionar 5 uL de FITC-anti-HLA-ABC, em cada tubo, eles vórtice, e incubar durante 30 min à temperatura ambiente, longe da luz. </li><li> Lave as células uma vez com PBS contendo 5% de FCS, umnd uma vez com apenas PBS. </li><li> À RT: adicionar 500 uL de 1% de PFA, incubar durante 10 min, em seguida, lavar as células com uma solução contendo 1% de BSA, EDTA 0,5 mM e HEPES 10 mM em PBS. </li><li> Rejeitar o sobrenadante, preencher completamente os tubos com uma solução de PBS contendo 0,2% de BSA, 0,1% de saponina, EDTA 0,5 mM e Hepes 10 mM (tampão de permeabilização). </li><li> Lavar as células duas vezes neste meio. </li><li> Virar os tubos para remover o meio e vortex-los para dissociar o sedimento celular. </li><li> Adicionar 0,25 g / ml TRITC-faloidina e / ou uma diluição 1: 100 de anticorpo anti-P-MTC a cada tubo, eles vórtice e incubar durante 30 min à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Lavar as células com o tampão de permeabilização. Incubar com anticorpo secundário fluorescente, se necessário. </li><li> Ressuspender as células em 200 ul de PBS e transferi-las para tubos de microcentrífuga. NOTA: As células estão prontos para a aquisição. Alternativamente, ao mesmo tempo mantendo um volume máximo total de 200 ul por tubo, adicionar PFA concentrada para um final de 1%concentração, a fim de preservar as colorações se as células não estão a ser usados ​​no mesmo dia para processamento adicional. </li></ol> 4. Imagens de Aquisição e Análise <ol><li> Ligue o aparelho (ver Tabela de Specific Reagentes / Equipment) e deixá-lo calibrar-se de acordo com as instruções do fabricante. NOTA: O software INSPIRE foi usado com uma objetiva de 40X (0,75 NA). O software IDEIAS 3.0 foi utilizado para todas as quantificações relatados. </li><li> Preparar uma série de janelas de aquisição que podem ser salvos em um modelo para futuras experiências. Empate histogramas que quantifiquem os valores de gradiente RMS. Da população &quot;In Focus&quot;, selecionado no RMS histograma degradê, delimitar a população &quot;célula Single&quot; em um histograma da Area. Uma vez que o tubo de microcentrifugadora foi inserido na máquina, ajustar a potência do laser, portão em células individuais e adquirir 5.000 linfócitos T. </li><li> Nos Idéias suavesware, abra o arquivo de aquisição e criar um histograma que irá mostrar o valor do valor RMS gradiente de campo para imagens brilhantes (Canal 1) obtidos para cada célula individual. Desenhe um portão no histograma gradiente RMS que considera células exibindo RMS valor inclinação acima de 57. NOTA: O gradiente RMS permite ter em conta na análise apenas os linfócitos T que se encontram no plano focal. Determinou-se empiricamente que as células individuais que exibem um valor de gradiente de RMS são superiores a 57 no plano focal, e pode ser considerado com precisão. </li><li> No menu Análise / Máscaras, criar uma nova máscara, chamado Erode (M01,2) da máscara de morfologia nas imagens brightfield M01, erodidas de 2 pixels. Em seguida, na Análise / menu Recursos, crie um novo recurso do Espaço, calculado sobre a máscara Erode (M01,2). A partir das células selecionadas na porta anterior, abra um histograma mostrando a área de células usando essa máscara recém-criado. Máscaras a morfologia que estão disponíveis por: NOTAdefault são muito maiores do que o tamanho real da célula. Assim, é mais preciso que a corroer-se a 2 pixels. </li><li> Desenhe um portão nas células T individuais, excluindo as contas de calibração e detritos (pequena área) e as dobletos (grande área). Ajuste este portão em cada aquisição. NOTA: As variações no tamanho das células irá afectar a posição da porta. Como células T de rato são menores do que as células T humanas que são eles próprios menores que as células CEM, a área de cada tipo de célula será proporcional ao seu tamanho. </li><li> Considerando-se as células, em foco individuais que foram fechados com os passos anteriores, abrir um gráfico de pontos que consiste em bruto o pixel máximo na coloração de HLA-ABC (canal 2, o eixo x) em função do pixel em bruto Max a faloidina coloração (Channel 4, o eixo y). Criar um portão para excluir os eventos fluorescentes não coradas ou saturadas. Abra duas histogramas mostram a Raw Max Pixel para HLA-ABC (Canal 2) e phalloidin (Channel 4) colorações. </li><li> Na Análise / menu de Máscaras, createA nova máscara, chamado Erode (M02,2) da máscara morfologia das células HLA-ABC coradas (Canal 2), erodidas de 2 pixels. Em seguida, na Análise / menu Funções, criar uma nova característica que consiste no parâmetro circularidade, calculado sobre o Corrmoa (M02,2). NOTA: Este parâmetro mede o desvio da forma da célula a partir de um círculo. Portanto, uma célula T perfeitamente redonda terá um valor alto circularidade enquanto que as células polarizadas alongadas irá apresentar um baixo índice de circularidade. </li><li> Subsequentemente, criar um outro histograma que irá reportar os valores da característica circularidade das células previamente fechadas. Utilizar esta histograma para traçar directamente a distribuição de um indivíduo, a população de células em foco de acordo com o valor da circularidade para cada célula individual. </li><li> Olhando para o formato do histograma para células não estimuladas, para desenhar um portão células polarizadas, começando no valor circularidade mais baixo até ao valor limite circularidade onde a maioria das células não estimuladassão traçados. Olhe para a exibição de estatísticas para a percentagem de células polarizadas entre a população fechado (% fechado). NOTA: Criámos esta porta para valores de índice Circularidade abaixo 13. </li><li> De forma a olhar para a polarização da coloração de actina nas células, para traçar um histograma do detalhe brilhante valor Similaridade R3, comparando a coloração de HLA-ABC (canal 2) e a coloração com faloidina (Canal 4). NOTA: Quanto maior o valor desse recurso, o mais sobrepor as duas colorações são. </li><li> Utilizando a mesma estratégia gating como antes, traçar uma porta em que as células não-estimuladas para a coloração segregada que mostra a percentagem de células com coloração de actina polarizada. </li><li> Quando concluída, a percentagem de células que manifestam uma segregação na distribuição do MHC de Classe I e colorações faloidina, a percentagem de células polarizadas em conjunto com os valores médios dos índices Circularidade e similaridade de todas as células ± desvio padrão são mostrados na correspEstatísticas onding painéis. </li></ol>

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Os autores declaram que não têm interesses financeiros concorrentes.

Usando uma tecnologia recente de citometria de fluxo de imagem, uma estratégia de propagação rápida e informativo para analisar eventos celulares e moleculares induzidos por estimulação de quimiocina é apresentado. A partir de uma única experiência, pode obter-se dois tipos principais de informação: as alterações na morfologia celular induzida por estimulação de quimiocina e a distribuição subcelular de proteínas diferentes durante o processo de polarização. Curiosamente, os dados também é fornecid...

As quimiocinas são proteínas solúveis pequenos que atraem as células para locais especializados 1. Portanto, eles participam do posicionamento correto de células em tecidos, uma função crucial no desenvolvimento e fisiologia. O sistema imunológico não é excepção a esta regra, uma vez que conta com a ação de muitos tipos diferentes de células que agem em conjunto para montar uma resposta imune eficaz. Ao controlar o local específico de um tipo de célula imune em um determinado estado, as quimiocinas são pré-requerida antes de antigénios estranhos pode ser detectada e neutralizada. Para os linfócitos T, em particular, as quimiocinas se ligam a receptores específicos da superfície que, mediante acoplamento, provocam diversos sinais intracelulares (subida de cálcio, de fosforilação de ERK, activação as Rho GTPases, aumento da afinidade e integrinas alterações do citoesqueleto), que favorecem a motilidade de células T 2,3. Ao nível celular, pode-se observar alterações morfológicas induzidas por estimulação de quimiocinas.Essas mudanças nas formas celulares são especialmente dramática nas células T: células T em repouso têm uma morfologia Conta redonda semelhante ao viajar na corrente sanguínea. No entanto, a detecção da presença de quimiocinas em locais inflamatórios ou na proximidade dos órgãos linfóides vai alterar a forma das células T, que agora adoptar um típico &quot;mão-espelho&quot; morfologia que consiste de uma forma bipolar: um bordo de ataque na frente e um bordo de fuga, ou uropod, na parte de trás 4. Além disso, os componentes intracelulares pode separar em duas regiões opostas de uma célula T polarizada para sustentar a migração. Por exemplo, aumentos de filamentos de actina mediante polimerização de quimiocina estimulação 5 actina polimerizada e acumula-se na parte da frente de uma célula T polarizada 2. Por outro lado, diversas proteínas, tais como proteínas fosforiladas da família Ezrin-radixina-moesina (ERM) que ligam a membrana plasmática para o citoesqueleto de actina F cortical, re-localizar no uropod de polarizadaAs células T 6. Curiosamente, e outros mostraram que este processo de polarização é necessária para a migração de células T. Com efeito, qualquer tratamento que interfere com polarização irá inibir a motilidade celular. Por exemplo, a inibição da actividade dos membros da proteína atípica quinases C (PKC) da família, e PKCζ PKCι blocos t polarização celular e seu processo de digitalização migratório das células dendríticas 7. T polarização celular também é regulada por GTPases Rho. Mostrámos que a modulação da actividade da proteína RhoA por Fam65b recentemente descrito interfere com mudanças na morfologia das células T e a sua capacidade para migrar em um ensaio Transwell 6. Como polarização é um passo de pré-requisito para a motilidade celular, é, portanto, essencial para ser capaz de quantificar, como um visor principal de respostas de quimiocina. Alterações forma da célula foram previamente avaliados manualmente 8. No entanto, este tipo de quantificação é muito demorado, de modo que normalmente apenas algunsdezenas de células são tomadas em consideração. Aqui, um novo método é apresentado para quantificar rapidamente o grau de alterações de forma dos linfócitos T expostos ao estímulo de quimiocina. Um fluxo de citometria de tecnologia de imagem (ver Tabela de Reagentes Específico / Equipamento) é utilizada, a qual combina as vantagens de um citómetro de fluxo e um microscópio 9 para quantificar eficazmente a quantidade de células polarizadas em diferentes condições de estimulação de quimiocina. Para além da quantificação das alterações morfológicas que se pode medir de forma robusta com esta tecnologia, é também possível avaliar as alterações na localização subcelular de algumas proteínas mediante a sinalização da quimiocina.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="569">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:140px;">Name of the material/Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">Catalog number</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Comments/Description (optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:140px;">RPMI</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">61870-010</td>
			<td style="width:255px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:140px;">Human serum AB</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">PAA</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">C11-021</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Pre-heat to inactivate the complement.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:140px;">Fetal calf serum</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">PAN Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">P30-3300</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Pre-heat to inactivate the complement.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:140px;">Human T cell nucleofactor kit</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">VCA-1002</td>
			<td style="width:255px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:140px;">Murine IL7</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">217-17</td>
			<td style="width:255px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:140px;">HBSS</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">14025-050</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Warm in 37 &#176;C water bath before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:140px;">Hepes</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">15630-056</td>
			<td style="width:255px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="44">
			<td height="44" style="height:44px;width:140px;">Murine CCL19</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">250-27B</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Aliquots are thawed on ice before adding the chemokine to the cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="51">
			<td height="51" style="height:51px;width:140px;">Human CCL19</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">300-29B</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Aliquots are thawed on ice before adding the chemokine to the cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="88">
			<td height="88" style="height:88px;width:140px;">Human CXCL12</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">300-28A</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Aliquots are thawed on ice before adding the chemokine to the cells. This chemokine can also be used on mouse T cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="65">
			<td height="65" style="height:65px;width:140px;">PFA</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">157-8-100</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">This is a 8 % PFA solution in water. Mix volume to volume with 2X PBS to obtain a 4 % PFA solution in PBS.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:140px;">&#160;BSA</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">A3059</td>
			<td style="width:255px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:140px;">Saponin</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Fluka</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">84510</td>
			<td style="width:255px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:140px;">Alexa Fluor 594 phalloidin</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">A12381</td>
			<td style="width:255px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:140px;">FITC-anti-HLA-ABC antibody</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">IM1838</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">clone B9.12.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:140px;">Anti-P-ERM antibody</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td style="width:80px;">3149P</td>
			<td style="width:255px;"></td>
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		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:140px;">ImageStreamx Mark II</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Amnis</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
			<td style="width:255px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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rapid and robust analysis of cellular and molecular polarization induced by chemokine signaling

As células respondem a quimioquinas estimulação por perder a sua forma redonda num processo chamado de polarização, e alterando a localização subcelular de muitas proteínas. Técnicas de imagem clássicos têm sido usados ​​para estudar esses fenômenos. No entanto, eles requerida a aquisição Manual de muitas células seguido de quantificação demorado da morfologia e a co-localização da coloração de dezenas de células. Aqui, um método rápido e eficaz é descrito para estudar estes fenómenos em amostras que consistem em vários milhares de células, utilizando um fluxo de imagens de citometria tecnologia que combina as vantagens de um microscópio com as de um citómetro. Usando os linfócitos T estimulados com CCL19 e coloração para moléculas de MHC de Classe I e a actina filamentosa, uma estratégia de propagação é apresentada para medir simultaneamente o grau de alterações de forma e a dimensão da co-localização de marcadores que são afectadas pela sinalização CCL19. Além disso, esta estratégia gating nos permitiu observoe a segregação de actina filamentosa (na frente) e fosforilada proteínas Ezrin-radixina-moesin (fosfo-ERM) (na parte traseira) em células T polarizadas após a estimulação CXCL12. Esta técnica também foi útil para observar o efeito de bloqueio em polarização de dois elementos diferentes: a inibição da polimerização da actina por um inibidor farmacológico e expressão de mutantes do Par6 / atípica via de sinalização PKC. Assim, a prova é mostrado que esta técnica é útil para analisar as duas alterações morfológicas e redistribuições de proteína.

O primeiro exemplo aqui escolhido se refere à utilização de linfócitos T primárias humanas estimuladas com CCL19. No entanto, a mesma estratégia pode ser usada com células T de rato primário, linhas de células T ou qualquer outro tipo de células responsivas à estimulação da quimiocina. A estratégia de gating aqui apresentado inclui uma série de janelas que selecionam os eventos temáticos, em seguida, as células individuais. Finalmente, o intervalo de intensidade de fluorescência é seguido aqui como um...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid and Robust Analysis of Cellular and Molecular Polarization Induced by Chemokine Signaling at JoVE.com

Rapid and Robust Analysis of Cellular and Molecular Polarization Induced by Chemokine Signaling

Chemokine signaling elicits marked alterations of cellular morphology and some important redistributions of intracellular proteins. Here, a rapid and detailed protocol is provided to study these events.

Análise rápida e robusta de Celular e Molecular Polarização Induzida por Chemokine Signaling

Cells respond to chemokine stimulation by losing their round shape in a process called polarization, and by altering the subcellular localization of many ...

rapid-robust-analysis-cellular-molecular-polarization-induced

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JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Immunology and Infection

Unit 1

Cell Polarization and Migration

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

8.0K visualizações.  Institut Cochin. Chemokine signaling elicits marked alterations of cellular morphology and some important redistributions of intracellular proteins. Here, a rapid and detailed protocol is provided to study these events.

Vídeo: Rapid and Robust Analysis of Cellular and Molecular Polarization Induced by Chemokine Signaling

Visualisation and Quantification of Intracellular Interactions of Neisseria meningitidis and Human &alpha;-actinin by Confocal Imaging

The Opc protein of Neisseria meningitidis (Nm, meningococcus) is a surface-expressed integral outer membrane protein, which can act as an adhesin and an effective invasin for human epithelial and endothelial cells. We have identified endothelial surface-located integrins as major receptors for Opc, a process which requires Opc to first bind to integrin ligands such as vitronectin and via these to the cell-expressed receptors1. This process leads to bacterial invasion of endothelial cells2. More recently, we observed an interaction of Opc with a 100kDa protein found in whole cell lysates of human cells3. We initially observed this interaction when host cell proteins separated by electrophoresis and blotted on to nitrocellulose were overlaid with Opc-expressing Nm. The interaction was direct and did not involve intermediate molecules. By mass spectrometry, we established the identity of the protein as &alpha;-actinin. As no surface expressed &alpha;-actinin was found on any of the eight cell lines examined, and as Opc interactions with endothelial cells in the presence of serum lead to bacterial entry into the target cells, we examined the possibility of the two proteins interacting intracellularly. For this, cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) were infected with Opc-expressing Nm for extended periods and the locations of internalised bacteria and &alpha;-actinin were examined by confocal microscopy. We observed time-dependent increase in colocalisation of Nm with the cytoskeletal protein, which was considerable after an eight hour period of bacterial internalisation. In addition, the use of quantitative imaging software enabled us to obtain a relative measure of the colocalisation of Nm with &alpha;-actinin and other cytoskeletal proteins. Here we present a protocol for visualisation and quantification of the colocalisation of the bacterium with intracellular proteins after bacterial entry into human endothelial cells, although the procedure is also applicable to human epithelial cells.

Visualisation and Quantification of Intracellular Interactions of Neisseria meningitidis and Human &amp;#945;-actinin by Confocal Imaging

Neisseria meningitidis (Nm), a gram negative human-specific respiratory pathogen, can bind to human &alpha;-actinin. Here we present a protocol for visualisation of colocalisation of the bacterium with intracellular &alpha;-actinin after bacterial entry into human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs).

Visualização e Quantificação de Interações intracelulares de Neisseria meningitidis Humanos e α-actinina por Imagem Confocal

The Opc protein of Neisseria meningitidis (Nm, meningococcus) is a surface-expressed integral outer membrane protein, which can act as an adhesin and an ...

Imunologia e Infecção

The Use of Drip Flow and Rotating Disk Reactors for Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Analysis

Most microbes in nature are thought to exist as surface-associated communities in biofilms.1 Bacterial biofilms are encased within a matrix and attached to a surface.2 Biofilm formation and development are commonly studied in the laboratory using batch systems such as microtiter plates or flow systems, such as flow-cells. These methodologies are useful for screening mutant and chemical libraries (microtiter plates)3 or growing biofilms for visualization (flow cells)4. Here we present detailed protocols for growing Staphylococcus aureus in two additional types of flow system biofilms: the drip flow biofilm reactor and the rotating disk biofilm reactor.
Drip flow biofilm reactors are designed for the study of biofilms grown under low shear conditions.5 The drip flow reactor consists of four parallel test channels, each capable of holding one standard glass microscope slide sized coupon, or a length of catheter or stint. The drip flow reactor is ideal for microsensor monitoring, general biofilm studies, biofilm cryosectioning samples, high biomass production, medical material evaluations, and indwelling medical device testing.6,7,8,9
The rotating disk reactor consists of a teflon disk containing recesses for removable coupons.10 The removable coupons can by made from any machinable material. The bottom of the rotating disk contains a bar magnet to allow disk rotation to create liquid surface shear across surface-flush coupons. The entire disk containing 18 coupons is placed in a 1000 mL glass side-arm reactor vessel. A liquid growth media is circulated through the vessel while the disk is rotated by a magnetic stirrer. The coupons are removed from the reactor vessel and then scraped to collect the biofilm sample for further study or microscopy imaging. Rotating disc reactors are designed for laboratory evaluations of biocide efficacy, biofilm removal, and performance of anti-fouling materials.9,11,12,13

The Use of Drip Flow and Rotating Disk Reactors for Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Analysis

Protocols for utilizing open system flow biofilms with drip flow reactors and rotating disk reactors are presented in detail.

O uso do fluxo de gotejamento e Reatores de disco rotativo para Staphylococcus aureus Análise de biofilme

Most microbes in nature are thought to exist as surface-associated communities in biofilms.1  Bacterial biofilms are encased within a matrix and attached ...

A Calcium Bioluminescence Assay for Functional Analysis of Mosquito (Aedes aegypti) and Tick (Rhipicephalus microplus) G Protein-coupled Receptors

Arthropod hormone receptors are potential targets for novel pesticides as they regulate many essential physiological and behavioral processes. The majority of them belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). We have focused on characterizing arthropod kinin receptors from the tick and mosquito. Arthropod kinins are multifunctional neuropeptides with myotropic, diuretic, and neurotransmitter function. Here, a method for systematic analyses of structure-activity relationships of insect kinins on two heterologous kinin receptor-expressing systems is described. We provide important information relevant to the development of biostable kinin analogs with the potential to disrupt the diuretic, myotropic, and/or digestive processes in ticks and mosquitoes.
The kinin receptors from the southern cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini), and the mosquito Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), were stably expressed in the mammalian cell line CHO-K1. Functional analyses of these receptors were completed using a calcium bioluminescence plate assay that measures intracellular bioluminescence to determine cytoplasmic calcium levels upon peptide application to these recombinant cells. This method takes advantage of the aequorin protein, a photoprotein isolated from luminescent jellyfish. We transiently transfected the aequorin plasmid (mtAEQ/pcDNA1) in cell lines that stably expressed the kinin receptors. These cells were then treated with the cofactor coelenterazine, which complexes with intracellular aequorin. This bond breaks in the presence of calcium, emitting luminescence levels indicative of the calcium concentration. As the kinin receptor signals through the release of intracellular calcium, the intensity of the signal is related to the potency of the peptide.
This protocol is a synthesis of several previously described protocols with modifications; it presents step-by-step instructions for the stable expression of GPCRs in a mammalian cell line through functional plate assays (Staubly et al., 2002 and Stables et al., 1997). Using this methodology, we were able to establish stable cell lines expressing the mosquito and the tick kinin receptors, compare the potency of three mosquito kinins, identify critical amino acid positions for the ligand-receptor interaction, and perform semi-throughput screening of a peptide library. Because insect kinins are susceptible to fast enzymatic degradation by endogenous peptidases, they are severely limited in use as tools for pest control or endocrinological studies. Therefore, we also tested kinin analogs containing amino isobutyric acid (Aib) to enhance their potency and biostability. This peptidase-resistant analog represents an important lead in the development of biostable insect kinin analogs and may aid in the development of neuropeptide-based arthropod control strategies.

A Calcium Bioluminescence Assay for Functional Analysis of Mosquito Aedes aegypti and Tick Rhipicephalus microplus G Protein-coupled Receptors

This protocol provides instructions for clonal-cell line selection and a calcium bioluminescence assay to analyze the structure-activity relationships of synthesized arthropod neuropeptides on their cognate GPCRs. This assay can be used for receptor deorphanization and structure-activity relationship studies for synthetic analog design and peptide/drug-lead discovery.

Um Ensaio Bioluminescência Cálcio de análise funcional do Mosquito ( Aedes aegypti) E Tick ( Rhipicephalus microplus) G receptores acoplados à proteína

Arthropod hormone receptors are potential targets for novel pesticides as they regulate many essential physiological and behavioral processes.  The ...

Imaging of HIV-1 Envelope-induced Virological Synapse and Signaling on Synthetic Lipid Bilayers

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection occurs most efficiently via cell to cell transmission2,10,11. This cell to cell transfer between CD4+ T cells involves the formation of a virological synapse (VS), which is an F-actin-dependent cell-cell junction formed upon the engagement of HIV-1 envelope gp120 on the infected cell with CD4 and the chemokine receptor (CKR) CCR5 or CXCR4 on the target cell 8. In addition to gp120 and its receptors, other membrane proteins, particularly the adhesion molecule LFA-1 and its ligands, the ICAM family, play a major role in VS formation and virus transmission as they are present on the surface of virus-infected donor cells and target cells, as well as on the envelope of HIV-1 virions1,4,5,6,7,13. VS formation is also accompanied by intracellular signaling events that are transduced as a result of gp120-engagement of its receptors. Indeed, we have recently showed that CD4+ T cell interaction with gp120 induces recruitment and phosphorylation of signaling molecules associated with the TCR signalosome including Lck, CD3&zeta;, ZAP70, LAT, SLP-76, Itk, and PLC&gamma;15.
In this article, we present a method to visualize supramolecular arrangement and membrane-proximal signaling events taking place during VS formation. We take advantage of the glass-supported planar bi-layer system as a reductionist model to represent the surface of HIV-infected cells bearing the viral envelope gp120 and the cellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1. The protocol describes general procedures for monitoring HIV-1 gp120-induced VS assembly and signal activation events that include i) bi-layer preparation and assembly in a flow cell, ii) injection of cells and immunofluorescence staining to detect intracellular signaling molecules on cells interacting with HIV-1 gp120 and ICAM-1 on bi-layers, iii) image acquisition by TIRF microscopy, and iv) data analysis. This system generates high-resolution images of VS interface beyond that achieved with the conventional cell-cell system as it allows detection of distinct clusters of individual molecular components of VS along with specific signaling molecules recruited to these sub-domains.

This article describes a method to visualize formation of an HIV-1 envelope-induced virological synapse on glass supported planar bilayers by total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. The method can also be combined with immunofluorescence staining to detect activation and redistribution of signaling molecules that occur during HIV-1 envelope-induced virological synapse formation.

Imagem do HIV-1 Synapse Envelope induzida virológica e Sinalização em bicamadas lipídicas sintéticas

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection occurs most efficiently via cell to cell transmission2,10,11. This cell to cell transfer between ...

A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins

Signaling is initiated through the T Cell Receptor (TCR) when it is engaged by antigenic peptide fragments bound by Major Histocompatibility Complex (pMHC) proteins expressed on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs). The TCR complex is composed of the ligand binding TCR&alpha;&beta; heterodimer that associates non-covalently with CD3 dimers (the &#949;&delta; and &#949;&gamma; heterodimers and the &zeta;&zeta; homodimer)1. Upon engagement of the receptor, the CD3 &zeta; chains are phosphorylated by the Src family kinase, Lck. This leads to the recruitment of the Syk family kinase, Zap70, which is then phosphorylated and activated by Lck. After that, Zap70 phosphorylates the adapter proteins LAT and SLP76, initiating the formation of the proximal signaling complex containing a large number of different signaling molecules2. 
The formation of this complex eventually results in calcium and Ras-dependent transcription factor activation and the consequent initiation of a complex series of gene expression programs that give rise to T cell differentiation2. TCR signals (and the resulting state of differentiation) are modulated by many other factors, including antigen potency and crosstalk with co-stimulatory/co-inhibitory, chemokine, and cytokine receptors 3-4. Studying the spatial and temporal organization of the proximal signaling complex under various stimulation conditions is, therefore, key to understanding the TCR signaling pathway as well as its regulation by other signaling pathways.
One very useful model system to study signaling initiated by the TCR at the plasma membrane in T cells is glass-supported lipid bilayers, as described previously5-6. They can be utilized to present antigenic pMHC complexes, adhesion, and co-stimulatory molecules to T cells-serving as artificial APCs. By imaging the T cells interacting with the lipid bilayer using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM), we can restrict the excitation to within 100 nm of the space between the glass and the cell surface 7-8. This allows us to image primarily the signaling events occurring at the plasma membrane. As we are interested in imaging the recruitment of signaling proteins to the TCR complex, we describe a two-camera TIRF imaging system wherein the TCR, labeled with fluorescent Fab (fragment antigen binding) fragments of the H57 antibody (purified from hybridoma H57-597, ATCC, ATCC Number:HB-218) which is specific for TCR&beta;, and signaling proteins, tagged with GFP, may be imaged simultaneously and in real time. This strategy is necessary due to the highly dynamic nature of both the T cells and of the signaling events that are occurring at the TCR. This imaging modality has allowed researchers to image single ligands 9-11 as well as recruitment of signaling molecules to activated receptors and is an excellent system to study biochemistry in-situ12-16.

The compartmentalization of proteins either within the plasma membrane or into intracellular locations is one regulatory mechanism that can greatly influence signaling outcomes; hence, to understand signaling it is important to study the spatial and temporal behavior of the proteins involved. We describe here a TIRF microscopy based system to study signal transduction in T cells, but is broadly applicable.

A técnica de microscopia TIRF para imagens em tempo real, simultâneo da TCR e seus associados proteínas sinalizadoras

Signaling is initiated through the T Cell Receptor (TCR) when it is engaged by antigenic peptide fragments bound by Major Histocompatibility Complex ...

Analysis of the Epithelial Damage Produced by Entamoeba histolytica Infection

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of human amoebiasis, a major cause of diarrhea and hepatic abscess in tropical countries. Infection is initiated by interaction of the pathogen with intestinal epithelial cells. This interaction leads to disruption of intercellular structures such as tight junctions (TJ). TJ ensure sealing of the epithelial layer to separate host tissue from gut lumen. Recent studies provide evidence that disruption of TJ by the parasitic protein EhCPADH112 is a prerequisite for E. histolytica invasion that is accompanied by epithelial barrier dysfunction. Thus, the analysis of molecular mechanisms involved in TJ disassembly during E. histolytica invasion is of paramount importance to improve our understanding of amoebiasis pathogenesis. This article presents an easy model that allows the assessment of initial host-pathogen interactions and the parasite invasion potential. Parameters to be analyzed include transepithelial electrical resistance, interaction of EhCPADH112 with epithelial surface receptors, changes in expression and localization of epithelial junctional markers and localization of parasite molecules within epithelial cells.

Analysis of the Epithelial Damage Produced by Entamoeba histolytica Infection

Human infection by Entamoeba histolytica leads to amoebiasis, a major cause of diarrhea in tropical countries. Infection is initiated by pathogen interactions with intestinal epithelial cells, provoking the opening of cell-cell contacts and consequently diarrhea, sometimes followed by liver infection. This article provides a model to assess the early host-pathogen interactions to improve our understanding of amoebiasis pathogenesis.

Análise do dano epitelial Produzido pela<em&gt; Entamoeba histolytica</em&gt; Infecção

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of human amoebiasis, a major cause of diarrhea and hepatic abscess in tropical countries. Infection is ...

Rapid Analysis of Chromosome Aberrations in Mouse B Lymphocytes by PNA-FISH

Defective DNA repair leads to increased genomic instability, which is the root cause of mutations that lead to tumorigenesis. Analysis of the frequency and type of chromosome aberrations in different cell types allows defects in DNA repair pathways to be elucidated. Understanding mammalian DNA repair biology has been greatly helped by the production of mice with knockouts in specific genes. The goal of this protocol is to quantify genomic instability in mouse B lymphocytes. Labeling of the telomeres using PNA-FISH probes (peptide nucleic acid - fluorescent in situ hybridization) facilitates the rapid analysis of genomic instability in metaphase chromosome spreads. B cells have specific advantages relative to fibroblasts, because they have normal ploidy and a higher mitotic index. Short-term culture of B cells therefore enables precise measurement of genomic instability in a primary cell population which is likely to have fewer secondary genetic mutations than what is typically found in transformed fibroblasts or patient cell lines.

DNA repair pathways are essential for maintenance of genomic integrity and preventing mutation and cancer. The goal of this protocol is to quantify genomic instability by direct observation of chromosome aberrations in metaphase spreads from mouse B cells using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for telomeric DNA repeats.

Rápida análise de aberrações cromossômicas em linfócitos B mouse por PNA-FISH

Defective DNA repair leads to increased genomic instability, which is the root cause of mutations that lead to tumorigenesis. Analysis of the frequency ...

Rapid Molecular Detection and Differentiation of Influenza Viruses A and B

Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses A and B in humans and causes a significant amount of morbidity and mortality every year. The Influenza A and B assay was the first CLIA-waived molecular rapid flu test available. The Influenza A and B test works by employing isothermal amplification with influenza-specific primers followed by target detection with molecular beacon probes. Here, the performance of the Influenza A and B assay on frozen, archived nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) specimens stored in viral transport medium (VTM) were compared to a respiratory panel assay.
The performance of the Influenza A and B assay was evaluated by comparing the results to the respiratory panel reference method. The sensitivity for total influenza virus A was 67.5% (95% CI (CI), 56.6-78.5) and the specificity was 86.9% (CI, 71.0-100). For influenza virus B testing, the sensitivity and specificity were 90.2% (CI, 68.5-100) and 98.8% (CI, 68.5-100), respectively.
This system has the advantage of a significantly shorter test time than any other currently available molecular assay and the simple, pipette-free procedure runs on a fully integrated, closed, small-footprint system. Overall, the Influenza A and B assay evaluated in this study has the potential to serve as a point-of-care rapid influenza diagnostic test.

We describe a rapid, molecular-based Influenza A and B assay. The Influenza assay detects each target within 15 min by employing isothermal amplification with influenza-specific primers followed by target detection with molecular beacon probes. The Influenza A and B assay is user-friendly and required minimal hands-on time to perform.

Rápida Detecção Molecular e diferenciação de Influenza vírus A e B

Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses A and B in humans and causes a significant amount of morbidity and mortality ...

Dissecting Multi-protein Signaling Complexes by Bimolecular Complementation Affinity Purification (BiCAP)

The assembly of protein complexes is a central mechanism underlying the regulation of many cell signaling pathways. A major focus of biomedical research is deciphering how these dynamic protein complexes act to integrate signals from multiple sources in order to direct a specific biological response, and how this becomes deregulated in many disease settings. Despite the importance of this key biochemical mechanism, there is a lack of experimental techniques that can facilitate the specific and sensitive deconvolution of these multi-molecular signaling complexes.
Here this shortcoming is addressed through the combination of a protein complementation assay with a conformation-specific nanobody, which we have termed Bimolecular Complementation Affinity Purification (BiCAP). This novel technique facilitates the specific isolation and downstream proteomic characterization of any pair of interacting proteins, to the exclusion of un-complexed individual proteins and complexes formed with competing binding partners. 
The BiCAP technique is adaptable to a wide array of downstream experimental assays, and the high degree of specificity afforded by this technique allows more nuanced investigations into the mechanics of protein complex assembly than is currently possible using standard affinity purification techniques.

Dissecting Multi-protein Signaling Complexes by Bimolecular Complementation Affinity Purification BiCAP

This manuscript describes the protocol for Bimolecular Complementation Affinity Purification (BiCAP). This novel method facilitates the specific isolation and downstream proteomic characterization of any two interacting proteins, while excluding un-complexed individual proteins as well as complexes formed with competing binding partners.

Dissecando a proteínas multi sinalização complexos pela purificação da afinidade de complementação Bimolecular (BiCAP)

The assembly of protein complexes is a central mechanism underlying the regulation of many cell signaling pathways. A major focus of biomedical research ...

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

Dengue virus (DENV), an arthropod-borne virus transmitted by mosquitoes, may cause the severe disease known as dengue hemorrhagic fever, which is characterized by lethal complications due to plasma leakage, ascites, pleural effusion, respiratory distress, severe bleeding, and organ impairment. A few cases of DENV infection present neurological manifestations; however, studies have not explored DENV-induced neuropathogenesis further. In this study, we present a protocol to use an immunocompetent outbred ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mouse for investigating the induction of central nervous system (CNS) infection with DENV, followed by the progression of acute viral encephalitis-like disease.

Here, we present a protocol for creating an immunocompetent ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) murine model of central nervous system infection to display the development of neuropathy. Monitoring acute viral encephalitic disorders by identical disease scores could be performed for showing dengue virus-induced neuropathy in vivo.