We thank Yumeng (Helen) Xia (Rutgers University) for manuscript editing. The work on BASL polarity formation is supported by grants from the U.S. National Institute of General Medical Sciences to J.D. (R01GM109080) and Rutgers University.

1. O plasmídeo Construção <ol><li> Gerar as construções por tecnologia de clonagem como descrito anteriormente 1,6. <ol><li> Em primeiro lugar utilizar uma polimerase DNA de alta fidelidade com iniciadores adequados para amplificar as sequências de codificação de basl, YDA e MPK6 e sub-clonar-los em vectores de entrada. Encontre o protocolo detalhado no 7. </li><li> Para gerar as versões negativos dominantes de MPK6 e YDA (DNmpk6 8 e DNyda 4, respectivamente), utilizar os plasmídeos de entrada e MPK6 YDA como molde e introduzir as mutações pontuais por um método de mutagénese dirigida ao local 9. </li></ol></li><li> Para construir as construções para ensaios transientes de tabaco, realizar reações LR standard (attL x attR recombinação) (procedimento detalhado no 7) para integrar basl em pH35CG 10, DNyda e DNmpk6 em pXNGW e pXCGW vetores 11, respectivamente. <ol><li> Confirmar os plasmídeos resultantes de digestão enzimática e sequenciamento. Uma vez que éuccessful, transformar as construções binários na estirpe de Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 12 e fazê-los crescer em placas de selecção a 28 ° C durante 2 - 3 dias. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Preparação da solução de Agrobacterium Infiltração <ol><li> Inocular algumas colónias Agrobacterium recém-transformadas em 10 ml de meio com antibióticos apropriados de Luria-Bertani (LB) (Gentamicina 25 ug / ml, A rifamicina 25 ug / ml, espectinomicina 100 ug / ml para pH35CG, pXNGW e pXCGW constrói; as mesmas concentrações a rifamicina de gentamicina e canamicina com 50 ug / ml para P19 (que expressa proteínas contra o silenciamento transgénico) 13. </li><li> Crescer culturas de Agrobacterium em um agitador de 28 ° C à velocidade de 200 rpm durante cerca de 16 horas e, em seguida, medir a OD 600 (estimado para alcançar 1,5-1,8) (Figura 2A-B). Girar as culturas a 2500 xg durante 10 min. Re-suspender e wash as peletes de células com 10 mM de MgCl 2 (a solução de infiltração). </li><li> Girar as culturas novamente e re-suspender as pelotas com a quantidade apropriada de solução de infiltração para alcançar o DO final 600 = 0,5 (Figura 2C-D). Antes de se infiltrar plantas, deixar as misturas de células à temperatura ambiente durante 1-3 h. Este passo ajuda a manter a homeostase celular. </li></ol> 3. Tobacco Plant and Injection Folha <ol><li> Use plantas de tabaco (Nicotiana benthamiana), cultivadas 4-5 semanas de idade em uma câmara de crescimento da planta normal (23 ° C com ciclos de 16 horas-luz / 8 h escuro) 14 para injeção de folha. Nota: Nesta fase, as plantas de tabaco normalmente têm 6 folhas (2 grandes, 2 médias e 2 pequenos). As duas folhas de tamanho médio são os mais ideal para injecção folha (os dois maiores são muito antigas, enquanto os dois pequenos são muitas vezes demasiado jovens). </li><li> Antes que o dia de infiltração, regar o TobacAs instalações de co para saturar o solo. </li><li> No dia infiltração, pré-incubar as plantas no escuro, durante 1-3 h. Este passo permite estomas na epiderme para abrir amplamente, o que facilita muito o Agrobacterium ao penetrar nas células da epiderme da folha. </li><li> Usando fitas de cores marcadas com datas, bandeira das folhas para ser infiltrada. Marque as áreas a serem infiltradas com um sharpie grosso preto (opcional; as áreas infiltradas são visíveis depois de ser infectado.). </li><li> Tome volumes iguais da Agrobacterium re-suspensão e misturá-los em um 100 x 15 mm placa de Petri por agitação suave (Figura 2E). Nota: No nosso caso, misturou-se 1 ml de p19 com 1 ml de PFR-basl, 1 ml de DNyda-NYFP e 1 ml de DNmpk-cYFP. </li><li> No processo de infiltração, encher uma seringa sem agulha de 3 ml com a mistura de infiltração (1 - 2 mL) e empurrar para o lado inferior (abaxial) da folha de tabaco (Figura 2F). Enquanto infiltrante, é útilde usar uma mão para empurrar e o outro lado para suportar suavemente o lado superior (adaxial, contra a força de impulsão). Nota: Uma vez que a mistura de infiltração é injetado com sucesso, as áreas infectadas se tornará facilmente reconhecível na epiderme. No entanto, a infiltração pode falhar devido à injeção dura (danos nos tecidos) ou de pressão insuficiente (sem penetração de líquidos). Para cada teste, sugerimos pelo menos duas injeções em duas folhas independentes (a partir de plantas diferentes). </li><li> Coloque as plantas infectadas de volta para a câmara de crescimento. Geralmente, as expressões proteína são detectáveis ​​depois de 48 horas a seguir a infiltração. </li></ol> 4. Imagem Confocal <ol><li> Em 48 horas após a infiltração, use um furador para excisar um disco de folha da área injetada (normalmente 3 - 4 discos / área pode ser produzido) (Figura 2G). Use uma pinça para transferir suavemente os discos de folhas para um slide (o lado abaxial para cima) e montá-los com gotas de água. Evite pressionar muito hard na lamela porque espremido células / danificados não mostrará bem sob o microscópio confocal (Figura 2H). </li><li> Antes de imagem confocal, a varredura das amostras montado em um microscópio composto epi-fluorescente para verificar os níveis de expressão. Nota: Com base em nossa experiência, as células que apresentam níveis de expressão intermédias são melhor representadas sob o microscópio confocal. </li><li> Comece com o (1,3 NA) na lente de 40X de um microscópio confocal. Ajustar a corrediça para a posição desejada de modo a que as células que expressam níveis médios de proteína fluorescente permanecer no centro. Os espectros de excitação / emissão para PCP e YFP estão 458 nm / 480-500 nm e 514 nm / 520-540 nm, respectivamente. </li><li> Ativar o botão &quot;Live&quot; para pré-visualizar as imagens, em seguida, ajustar a intensidade do laser e ganho inteligente para o rácio de intensidade de fluorescência / ruído mais equilibrada. Para melhorar a qualidade de imagem, aumentar pixels de digitalização e / ou média frame / linha. Finalmente, ajuste o botão de focagem para reach o plano focal mediana e clique em &quot;Capture&quot; para tomar a imagem. Nota: O PCP e imagens YFP pode ser capturada sequencialmente ou simultaneamente, verificando ou desligar a opção de modo de digitalização &quot;sequencial&quot;, respectivamente. </li><li> Quando Z-projeção é desejado para a visão em profundidade das células, selecione o modo de imagem &quot;xyz&quot;, define a profundidade da gama de varredura (10 - 15 mm) e recolher as imagens a partir do topo para o fundo da célula alvo . Compilar as imagens obtidas com o software Leica com o botão direito no arquivo de imagem para selecionar &quot;Renomear&quot; e exportar imagens como arquivos .tiff. </li><li> Imagem 30 - 40 células para análise de quantificação. </li></ol> Processamento 5. Imagem e Análise de Quantificação <ol><li> Use um software de Fiji (http://fiji.sc/Fiji) para processar imagens e realizar a quantificação. <ol><li> Plotar os gráficos de intensidade de fluorescência. <ol><li> Para visualizar melhor se a expressão CFP / YFP éuniformemente distribuída, use Fiji para demonstrar a força do sinal da PCP e YFP ao longo da periferia da célula. Para conseguir isso, primeiro lançamento de Fiji, em seguida, selecione &quot;Arquivo&quot; e &quot;Abrir&quot; para iniciar a imagem. Clique em &quot;linha&quot; no menu de ferramentas e selecione &quot;linha segmentada&quot; clicando com o botão direito. Decidir a região de interesse e desenhar uma linha ao longo da periferia celular para rastrear o PCP ou o sinal YFP (Figura 3A-C). Nota: Fiji mede o valor da intensidade de fluorescência absoluta ao longo das linhas segmentadas. </li><li> Selecione o menu drop-down &quot;Analisar&quot; e &quot;Perfil Plot&quot; para gerar um gráfico com valores de posição e intensidade que representam os níveis de CFP / YFP ao longo da linha segmentada. Se desejar, duplicar os valores de intensidade (selecionando o menu &quot;Copiar&quot;) para o Excel ou outro software gráfico para gerar gráficos de intensidade comparáveis. </li></ol></li><li> Quantificar grau de polaridade. <ol><li> Recolha aproximadamente 20 represencélulas tivos a partir de 3 experiências duplicadas para avaliar o grau de polaridade do PCP e YFP em células de tabaco. Calcular o grau de polaridade com base na proporção da intensidade de fluorescência elevada (definido como H) através da intensidade de fluorescência baixa (definido como L). Nota: O método de quantificação é explicado na Figura 3. <ol><li> Para medir os valores de H e L, desenhe uma linha segmentada ao longo da região interessados ​​na periferia da célula (descrito acima), clique em &quot;Analisar&quot; no menu drop-down e selecione &quot;Measure&quot;. Quando um &quot;Resultados&quot; janela aparece, use &quot;Mean&quot; valores para executar quantificação. </li><li> A partir das células que exibem expressão relativamente uniforme de PCP e YFP, por exemplo, CFP-basl (Figura 3A) ou da YFP complementadas com co-expressão de DNyda-NYFP e DNmpk6-cYFP (Figura 3B), obter os valores de H e L medindo dois selecionados aleatoriamente segmentos periféricos com igual duração. </li> &lt;li&gt; a partir de células que exibem acumulação polar óbvia de proteínas fluorescentes, neste caso, a co-expressão de PCP-basl, DNyda-NYFP e DNmpk6-cYFP (Figura 3C), recolher os valores de H a partir das regiões periféricas com sinais de fluorescência enriquecidos e os Ls das regiões com baixo nenhuma acumulação / fluorescência. </li><li> Reúnem-se os índices resultantes de H / L de 20 células juntos e teste para a distribuição normal. Calcule os valores de p pelo teste t de Student (para distribuição normal) ou o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) (para distribuição não normal). </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>

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Uso geral e possíveis modificações do sistema de expressão transiente de tabaco para transdução do sinal: A sobre-expressão da proteína fluorescente (FP) tagged proteínas na epiderme do tabaco tem sido usado com sucesso para a análise rápida de proteína de localização subcelular em células vegetais. No entanto, o estudo de distribuição de sinalização dinâmica do complexo proteína in planta é um tema difícil, devido aos contextos subcelulares complicado, interacção prote...

As proteínas interagem dentro de uma intrincada rede e complexos de forma hierárquica, que desempenham um papel fundamental em quase todos os processos biológicos que ocorrem num ambiente celular imprevisível. No entanto, desde o desenvolvimento de respostas de crescimento da planta, tem havido uma falta de ferramentas conveniente que não só pode rapidamente mas também identificam eficientemente e monitorizar esses eventos de sinalização dinâmica ao nível subcelular. O sistema de expressão de proteína transiente na epiderme da folha de tabaco tem vantagens atraentes para a visualização de proteínas fluorescentes em células vivas. Este sistema proporciona semi condições in vivo que permitem a modificação de proteínas pós-translacional e rápido exame de localização de proteínas. Ao examinar o sinal de YFP complementadas, o ensaio de complementação bimolecular fluorescente (BiFC) informa a possibilidade de interacção proteína-proteína em células de plantas. Em comparação com outros métodos, como por exemplo, a levedura de dois híbridos (y2h) e co-immunoprecipitation (Co-PI), BiFC também fornece um meio poderoso de visualizar compartimentos onde as interações proteína-proteína podem ocorrer ao nível subcelular. Uma vez que a divisão celular assimétrica (ACD) mantém a população de células estaminais ao gerar novos tipos de células para a formação de tecido / órgão, é um mecanismo indispensável para promover multicelularidade eucariótica. Estomática desenvolvimento de Arabidopsis foi usado como um sistema modelo para o estudo em plantas ACD. A célula precursora, célula mãe meristemoid, divide assimetricamente para produzir duas células-filhas diferentes, um meristemoid (passa-tronco divisões celulares-like antes de terminar em um par de células-guarda) e uma célula estomática linhagem solo (SLGC) (pode dividir e diferenciar em uma célula pavimento), respectivamente (Figura 1). Em ACD estomática, o romance quebra de proteína de assimetria na Lineage estomática (basl) é polarizada premitotically para conduzir assimetrias divisão, que incassimetria física lude e destino celular assimetria 1. Uma cascata MAPK composto pelo MAPKKK Yoda e as MAPKs, MPK3 e 6, são fundamentais para padronização divisão estomática e adoção destino 2,3, 4,5. Recentemente, Zhang et al. ligada a basl proteína polaridade para a via de sinalização YDA-MAPK em Arabidopsis stomatal ACD 6. O canônica via YODA-MAPK, através MPK3 / 6, fosforila basl e ativa a sua polarização. Fosforilados funções basl como um andaime e recruta YODA (YDA) e MPK3 / 6 para formar um complexo de proteína e concentrar a sinalização no córtex de 6 células. Polarização dos componentes MAPK e o ciclo de feedback positivo entre basl ea via YDA-MAPK representa um novo mecanismo para a polarização de proteínas em células vegetais. Sinalização MAPK localmente enriquecido é a hipótese de estar intimamente ligado à diferenciação destino celular no stomatal ACD 6 (Figura 1). Um dos kEY dados experimentais que este modelo suportado veio a partir dos ensaios de tabaco que demonstraram a redistribuição espacial das MAPKs induzida pela expressão de basl 6. Em geral, não é fácil de monitorizar a sinalização MAPK, onde ocorre porque as moléculas de MAPK foram frequentemente encontrados em toda a parte no interior de uma célula. Neste estudo, utilizou-se o sistema split-YFP para visualizar a interacção entre a cinase a montante e a jusante os sugerir onde ocorre o relé de sinalização. Nós estendido ainda mais a utilização do sistema BiFC por co-expressão de uma terceira proteína (PCP-tag), com a divisão par YFP (sugestivo de interacção proteína-proteína) para visualizar se e como a YFP complementada podiam ser espacialmente modulado pela co- expressa a proteína PCP. Ao fazer isso, nós demonstramos que a co-expressão de CFP-basl induzida reorganização espacial das interações entre YDA e MPK6, a partir de uma distribuição uniforme para padronização polarizada no córtex célula da epiderme tabacocélulas al. Por conseguinte, este sistema tem o potencial de ser desenvolvido para monitorar eventos de sinalização dinâmica em células vegetais sob condições em que as células são desafiadas pelos estímulos internos ou externos (por exemplo, a co-expressão de outras proteínas, a aplicação química, ataque de agentes patogénicos ou alterações ambientais, etc. ).

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Phusion DNA polymerase</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0530S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pENTR/D/TOPO</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>K2400-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QuickChange II XL Site-directed Mutagenesis Kit</td>
			<td>Agilent Technology</td>
			<td>200521</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB broth</td>
			<td>AMRESCO</td>
			<td>J106-2KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacto Agar</td>
			<td>AMRESCO</td>
			<td>J673-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamycin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G3632-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rifampicin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R3501-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kanamycin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>K4000-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectinomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S4014-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M8266-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25x75mm Slide</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>16004-382</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24x50 mm Cover glass</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>48393-241</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser scanning confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Leica&#160;</td>
			<td>TCS SP5 II</td>
			<td>&#160;LAS AF Lite software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>40 x objective lens</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>HCX&#160;Plan APO&#160;</td>
			<td>HCX&#160;Plan APO&#160;, NA 1.30</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>SORVALL 6+</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hole puncher</td>
			<td>Staples</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml falcon tubes</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>21-108</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>No. 5 Forceps</td>
			<td>Canemco &#38; Marivac</td>
			<td>205EQA-Spec</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

imaging spatial reorganization of a mapk signaling pathway using the tobacco transient expression system

Visualização de eventos de sinalização dinâmicos em células vivas tem sido um desafio. Nós expandido um sistema de expressão transiente estabelecida, a complementação fluorescente (BiFC) biomolecular ensaio em células epidérmicas de tabaco, a partir de testes de interacção proteína-proteína para controlo da distribuição espacial da transdução de sinal em células de plantas. Neste protocolo, foi utilizado o ensaio BiFC para demonstrar que a interacção e a sinalização entre a Arabidopsis MAPKKK Yoda e MAPK6 ocorrem na membrana plasmática. Quando o basl proteínas scaffold foi co-expressa, a interação YODA-MAPK redistribuído e espacialmente co-polarizado com o CFP-basl. Este sistema de expressão modificado tabaco permite a análise rápida de sinalização de localização e dinâmicas mudanças (menos do que 4 dias) e pode acomodar várias cores de proteína fluorescente (pelo menos três). Também apresentamos métodos detalhados para quantificar a distribuição de proteínas (localização espacial assimétrica, ou &quot;polarização&quot;;) Nas células do tabaco. Este sistema de expressão de tabaco avançado tem um potencial a ser amplamente utilizado para o teste rápido de eventos de sinalização dinâmicos em células de plantas vivas.

Para evitar a morte celular induzida pela sinalização MAPK hiperactivo, as versões inactivos cinase de YDA (DNyda) e MPK6 (DNmpk6) foram usadas no ensaio de co-expressão em células de tabaco. Nem a interação entre DNyda e DNmpk6 revelado por BiFC nem a própria gerado padrão de distribuição desigual (Figura 3A-B) CFP-basl. No entanto, quando PCP-basl foi introduzido no par interacção DNyda-DNmpk6, tanto PCP e sinais YFP foram redistribuídas para uma forma al...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Spatial Reorganization of a MAPK Signaling Pathway Using the Tobacco Transient Expression System at JoVE.com

Imaging Spatial Reorganization of a MAPK Signaling Pathway Using the Tobacco Transient Expression System

At the subcellular level, signaling events are dynamically modulated by developmental and environmental cues. Here we describe a protocol that employs the tobacco transient expression system to monitor dynamic protein-protein interaction and to disclose spatial organization of signal transduction in plant cells.

Imagiologia reorganização espacial de uma via de sinalização MAPK Utilizar o sistema de expressão transitória do Tabaco

Visualization of dynamic signaling events in live cells has been a challenge. We expanded an established transient expression system, the biomolecular ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to visualize dynamic spatial distribution of protein

imaging-spatial-reorganization-mapk-signaling-pathway-using-tobacco

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

9.7K visualizações.  Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. The overall goal of this procedure is to visualize dynamic spatial distribution of protein

Vídeo: Imaging Spatial Reorganization of a MAPK Signaling Pathway Using the Tobacco Transient Expression System

Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system and Gene Pulser electroporation buffer (Bio-Rad) were specifically developed to easily transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells. We will demonstrate how to perform a simple experiment to quickly identify the best electroporation conditions. We will demonstrate how to run several samples through a range of electroporation conditions so that an experiment can be conducted at the same time as optimization is performed. We will also show how optimal conditions identified using 96-well electroporation plates can be used with standard electroporation cuvettes, facilitating the switch from electroporation plates to electroporation cuvettes while maintaining the same electroporation efficiency. In the video, we will also discuss some of the key factors that can lead to the success or failure of electroporation experiments.

This procedure shows how to use the Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system to rapidly and easily identify the best electroporation conditions for mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or other primary cells. Considerations for troubleshooting are also discussed in the associated video.

Usando o Sistema de Eletroporação Gene Pulser MXcell para transfectar pilhas com Alta Eficiência

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Biologia

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only to study the effects of downregulating single genes, but also to interrogate signaling pathways and other complex interaction networks.  These pathway analyses require both the use of relevant cellular models and methods that cause less perturbation to the cellular physiology.  Electroporation is increasingly being used as an effective way to introduce siRNA and other nucleic acids into difficult to transfect cell lines and primary cells without altering the signaling pathway under investigation. There are multiple critical steps to a successful siRNA experiment, and there are ways to simplify the work while improving the data quality at several experimental stages.  To help you get started with your siRNA mediated gene knockdown project, we will demonstrate how to perform a pathway study complete from collecting and counting the cells prior to electroporation through post transfection real-time PCR gene expression analysis.  The following study investigates the role of the transcriptional activator STAT6 in IL-4 dependent gene expression of CCL17 in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Namalwa).  The techniques demonstrated are useful for a wide range of siRNA-based experiments on both adherent and suspension cells.  We will also show how to streamline cell counting with the TC10 automated cell counter, how to electroporate multiple samples simultaneously using the MXcell electroporation system, and how to simultaneously assess RNA quality and quantity with the Experion automated electrophoresis system.

This procedure describes a quick and easy workflow to introduce siRNA into difficult to transfect cell lines and follow gene expression by real-time PCR. Use of an automated cell counter, multi-well electroporation plate, and automated electrophoresis station provide quick and reliable results without the need for expensive robotic handling.

Usando um contador de células automatizadas para simplificar Estudos da Expressão Gênica: Knockdown siRNA de Expressão IL-4 Gene Dependente em células NAMALWA

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only ...

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of muscle specification, formation and function in model systems has provided valuable insight into muscle physiology. Therefore, identifying and characterizing molecular mechanisms that underlie muscle damage is critical. The structure of adult Drosophila multi-fiber muscles resemble vertebrate striated muscles 1 and the genetic tractability of Drosophila has made it a great system to analyze dystrophic muscle morphology and characterize the processes affecting muscular function in ageing adult flies 2. Here we present the histological technique for preparing paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of Drosophila thoracic muscles. These preparations allow for the tissue to be stained with classical histological stains and labeled with protein detecting dyes, and specifically cryosections are ideal for immunohistochemical detection of proteins in intact muscles. This allows for analysis of muscle tissue structure, identification of morphological defects, and detection of the expression pattern for muscle/neuron-specific proteins in Drosophila adult muscles. These techniques can also be slightly modified for sectioning of other body parts.

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

Identification of mechanisms underlying muscle damage is crucial. Here we present the histological technique for preparing paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of Drosophila thoracic muscles. This allows analysis of muscle morphology and localization of protein and other muscle cell components.

Seções incluído em parafina e congelados de Drosophila Músculos Adulto

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of ...

Visualization of Caenorhabditis elegans Cuticular Structures Using the Lipophilic Vital Dye DiI

The cuticle of C. elegans is a highly resistant structure that surrounds the exterior of the animal1-4. The cuticle not only protects the animal from the environment, but also determines body shape and plays a role in motility4-6. Several layers secreted by epidermal cells comprise the cuticle, including an outermost lipid layer7.
Circumferential ridges in the cuticle called annuli pattern the length of the animal and are present during all stages of development8. Alae are longitudinal ridges that are present during specific stages of development, including L1, dauer, and adult stages2,9. Mutations in genes that affect cuticular collagen organization can alter cuticular structure and animal body morphology5,6,10,11. While cuticular imaging using compound microscopy with DIC optics is possible, current methods that highlight cuticular structures include fluorescent transgene expression12, antibody staining13, and electron microscopy1. Labeled wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) has also been used to visualize cuticular glycoproteins, but is limited in resolving finer cuticular structures14. Staining of cuticular surface using fluorescent dye has been observed, but never characterized in detail15. We present a method to visualize cuticle in live C. elegans using the red fluorescent lipophilic dye DiI (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate), which is commonly used in C. elegans to visualize environmentally exposed neurons. This optimized protocol for DiI staining is a simple, robust method for high resolution fluorescent visualization of annuli, alae, vulva, male tail, and hermaphrodite tail spike in C. elegans.

Visualization of Caenorhabditis elegans Cuticular Structures Using the Lipophilic Vital Dye DiI

We present a method to visualize cuticle in live C. elegans using the red fluorescent lipophilic dye DiI (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate), which is commonly used in C. elegans to visualize environmentally exposed neurons. With this optimized protocol, alae and annular cuticular structures are stained by DiI and observed using compound microscopy.

Visualização de Caenorhabditis elegans Estruturas cutícula Usando o Dye lipofílicos Vital, DII

The cuticle of C. elegans is a highly resistant structure that surrounds the exterior of the animal1-4. The cuticle not only protects the animal from the ...

A High-content Imaging Workflow to Study Grb2 Signaling Complexes by Expression Cloning

Signal transduction by growth factor receptors is essential for cells to maintain proliferation and differentiation and requires tight control. Signal transduction is initiated by binding of an external ligand to a transmembrane receptor and activation of downstream signaling cascades. A key regulator of mitogenic signaling is Grb2, a modular protein composed of an internal SH2 (Src Homology 2) domain flanked by two SH3 domains that lacks enzymatic activity. Grb2 is constitutively associated with the GTPase Son-Of-Sevenless (SOS) via its N-terminal SH3 domain. The SH2 domain of Grb2 binds to growth factor receptors at phosphorylated tyrosine residues thus coupling receptor activation to the SOS-Ras-MAP kinase signaling cascade. In addition, other roles for Grb2 as a positive or negative regulator of signaling and receptor endocytosis have been described. The modular composition of Grb2 suggests that it can dock to a variety of receptors and transduce signals along a multitude of different pathways1-3.
	Described here is a simple microscopy assay that monitors recruitment of Grb2 to the plasma membrane. It is adapted from an assay that measures changes in sub-cellular localization of green-fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Grb2 in response to a stimulus4-6. Plasma membrane receptors that bind Grb2 such as activated Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) recruit GFP-Grb2 to the plasma membrane upon cDNA expression and subsequently relocate to endosomal compartments in the cell. In order to identify in vivo protein complexes of Grb2, this technique can be used to perform a genome-wide high-content screen based on changes in Grb2 sub-cellular localization. The preparation of cDNA expression clones, transfection and image acquisition are described in detail below. Compared to other genomic methods used to identify protein interaction partners, such as yeast-two-hybrid, this technique allows the visualization of protein complexes in mammalian cells at the sub-cellular site of interaction by a simple microscopy-based assay. Hence both qualitative features, such as patterns of localization can be assessed, as well as the quantitative strength of the interaction.

A high-content screening method for the identification of novel signaling competent transmembrane receptors is described. This method is amenable to large-scale automation and allows predictions about in vivo protein binding and the sub-cellular localization of protein complexes in mammalian cells.

Um fluxo de trabalho de imagem de alta de conteúdo para estudar Grb2 Complexos de Sinalização por clonagem de expressão

Signal  transduction by growth factor receptors is essential for cells to maintain  proliferation and differentiation and requires tight control. Signal  ...

Efficient Agroinfiltration of Plants for High-level Transient Expression of Recombinant Proteins

Mammalian cell culture is the major platform for commercial production of human vaccines and therapeutic proteins. However, it cannot meet the increasing worldwide demand for pharmaceuticals due to its limited scalability and high cost. Plants have shown to be one of the most promising alternative pharmaceutical production platforms that are robust, scalable, low-cost and safe. The recent development of virus-based vectors has allowed rapid and high-level transient expression of recombinant proteins in plants. To further optimize the utility of the transient expression system, we demonstrate a simple, efficient and scalable methodology to introduce target-gene containing Agrobacterium into plant tissue in this study. Our results indicate that agroinfiltration with both syringe and vacuum methods have resulted in the efficient introduction of Agrobacterium into leaves and robust production of two fluorescent proteins; GFP and DsRed. Furthermore, we demonstrate the unique advantages offered by both methods. Syringe infiltration is simple and does not need expensive equipment. It also allows the flexibility to either infiltrate the entire leave with one target gene, or to introduce genes of multiple targets on one leaf. Thus, it can be used for laboratory scale expression of recombinant proteins as well as for comparing different proteins or vectors for yield or expression kinetics. The simplicity of syringe infiltration also suggests its utility in high school and college education for the subject of biotechnology. In contrast, vacuum infiltration is more robust and can be scaled-up for commercial manufacture of pharmaceutical proteins. It also offers the advantage of being able to agroinfiltrate plant species that are not amenable for syringe infiltration such as lettuce and Arabidopsis. Overall, the combination of syringe and vacuum agroinfiltration provides researchers and educators a simple, efficient, and robust methodology for transient protein expression. It will greatly facilitate the development of pharmaceutical proteins and promote science education.

Plants offer a novel system for the production of pharmaceutical proteins on a commercial scale that is more scalable, cost-efficient and safe than current expression paradigms. In this study, we report a simple and convenient, yet scalable approach to introduce target-gene containing Agrobacterium tumefaciens into plants for protein transient expression.

Agroinfiltration eficiente de plantas para alto nível de expressão transiente de proteínas recombinantes

Mammalian cell culture is the major platform for commercial production of human vaccines and therapeutic proteins. However, it cannot meet the increasing ...

Temporal Quantification of MAPK Induced Expression in Single Yeast Cells

The quantification of gene expression at the single cell level uncovers novel regulatory mechanisms obscured in measurements performed at the population level. Two methods based on microscopy and flow cytometry are presented to demonstrate how such data can be acquired. The expression of a fluorescent reporter induced upon activation of the high osmolarity glycerol MAPK pathway in yeast is used as an example. The specific advantages of each method are highlighted. Flow cytometry measures a large number of cells (10,000) and provides a direct measure of the dynamics of protein expression independent of the slow maturation kinetics of the fluorescent protein. Imaging of living cells by microscopy is by contrast limited to the measurement of the matured form of the reporter in fewer cells. However, the data sets generated by this technique can be extremely rich thanks to the combinations of multiple reporters and to the spatial and temporal information obtained from individual cells. The combination of these two measurement methods can deliver new insights on the regulation of protein expression by signaling pathways.

Two complementary methods based on flow cytometry and microscopy are presented which enable the quantification, at the single cell level, of the dynamics of gene expression induced by the activation of a MAPK pathway in yeast.

A quantificação temporal da expressão MAPK induzida em células de levedura Solteiro

The quantification of gene expression at the  single cell level uncovers novel regulatory mechanisms obscured in measurements  performed at the population ...

Transient Expression of Proteins by Hydrodynamic Gene Delivery in Mice

Efficient expression of transgenes in vivo is of critical importance in studying gene function and developing treatments for diseases. Over the past years, hydrodynamic gene delivery (HGD) has emerged as a simple, fast, safe and effective method for delivering transgenes into rodents. This technique relies on the force generated by the rapid injection of a large volume of physiological solution to increase the permeability of cell membranes of perfused organs and thus deliver DNA into cells. One of the main advantages of HGD is the ability to introduce transgenes into mammalian cells using naked plasmid DNA (pDNA). Introducing an exogenous gene using a plasmid is minimally laborious, highly efficient and, contrary to viral carriers, remarkably safe. HGD was initially used to deliver genes into mice, it is now used to deliver a wide range of substances, including oligonucleotides, artificial chromosomes, RNA, proteins and small molecules into mice, rats and, to a limited degree, other animals. This protocol describes HGD in mice and focuses on three key aspects of the method that are critical to performing the procedure successfully: correct insertion of the needle into the vein, the volume of injection and the speed of delivery. Examples are given to show the application of this method to the transient expression of two genes that encode secreted, primate-specific proteins, apolipoprotein L-I (APOL-I) and haptoglobin-related protein (HPR).

In vivo transfection of naked DNA by hydrodynamic gene delivery introduces genes into the tissue of an animal with minimal inflammatory response. Sufficient amounts of gene product are generated such that gene function and regulation as well as protein structure and function can be analyzed.

Expressão transiente de proteínas por hidrodinâmica Gene Entrega em Ratos

Efficient expression of transgenes in vivo is of critical importance in studying gene function and developing treatments for diseases. Over the past ...

Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

Metabolic disorders are a frequent problem affecting human health. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate metabolism is a crucial scientific task. Many disease causing genes in humans have a fly homologue, making Drosophila a good model to study signaling pathways involved in the development of different disorders. Additionally, the tractability of Drosophila simplifies genetic screens to aid in identifying novel therapeutic targets that may regulate metabolism. In order to perform such a screen a simple and fast method to identify changes in the metabolic state of flies is necessary. In general, carbon dioxide production is a good indicator of substrate oxidation and energy expenditure providing information about metabolic state. In this protocol we introduce a simple method to measure CO2 output from flies. This technique can potentially aid in the identification of genetic perturbations affecting metabolic rate.

Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

Metabolic disorders are among one of the most common diseases in humans. The genetically tractable model organism D. melanogaster can be used to identify novel genes that regulate metabolism. This paper describes a relatively simple method which allows studying the metabolic rate in flies by measuring their CO2 production.

A medição da taxa metabólica em<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Usando respirometria

Metabolic disorders are a frequent problem affecting human health. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate metabolism is a crucial ...

High Yield Expression of Recombinant Human Proteins with the Transient Transfection of HEK293 Cells in Suspension

The art of producing recombinant proteins with complex post-translational modifications represents a major challenge for studies of structure and function. The rapid establishment and high recovery from transiently-transfected mammalian cell lines addresses this barrier and is an effective means of expressing proteins that are naturally channeled through the ER and Golgi-mediated secretory pathway. Here is one protocol for protein expression using the human HEK293F and HEK293S cell lines transfected with a mammalian expression vector designed for high protein yields. The applicability of this system is demonstrated using three representative glycoproteins that expressed with yields between 95-120 mg of purified protein recovered per liter of culture. These proteins are the human Fc&#947;RIIIa and the rat &#945;2-6 sialyltransferase, ST6GalI, both expressed with an N-terminal GFP fusion, as well as the unmodified human immunoglobulin G1 Fc. This robust system utilizes a serum-free medium that is adaptable for expression of isotopically enriched proteins and carbohydrates for structural studies using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Furthermore, the composition of the N-glycan can be tuned by adding a small molecule to prevent certain glycan modifications in a manner that does not reduce yield.

Laboratory-scale production of eukaryotic proteins with appropriate post-translational modification represents a significant barrier. Here is a robust protocol with rapid establishment and turnaround for protein expression using a mammalian expression system. This system supports selective amino acid, selective labeling of proteins and small molecule modulators of glycan composition.