Este trabalho é apoiado por subsídios da Canadian Institutes of Health Research (178.918), Fonds de recherche en santé du Québec - Visão Rede de Investigação em Saúde.

NOTA: Masculino camundongos C57BL / 6 (5-7 semanas de idade) são de Charles River Laboratories International, Inc. (St-Constant, Quebec, Canadá.) E manipulados de acordo com protocolos aprovados pela Comissão de CHU Sainte-Justine Animal Care. Rato explantes de tecido dos brônquios fornecer uma boa fonte de células epiteliais brônquicas primárias para investigar os efeitos pró-apoptóticos de LMPS em células epiteliais. Este protocolo descreve a geração in vitro de LMPS, bem como um método para detectar células apoptóticas epiteliais brônquicas em explantes de tecido tratados com LMPS. Este protocolo é composta de 3 seções. 1. LMPS produção e caracterização NOTA: Para evitar a contaminação, garantir que todos os materiais utilizados no experimento são estéreis ou autoclavado. Execute todas as etapas na RT em uma cabine de segurança biológica em condições estéreis, salvo indicação em contrário. 1.1) Estímulo e Recolha de MPs9 <ol><li> Descongelar uma aliquota de 10 milhões de células T CEM em um banho de água a 37 ° C. Dilui-se em 10 ml de meio pré-aquecido hematopoiéticas, tais como X-Vivo, em um tubo de 15 ml estéril e centrifugar a 200 gx 5 min isento de soro. Aspirar o sobrenadante e ressuspender as células em 5 ml de meio de pré-aquecido. </li><li> Transferência de células para um balão de cultura de tecidos T75 (para as células em suspensão) com 15 ml de meio pré-aquecido hematopoiéticas, tais como X-Vivo e incubar durante 4 dias numa incubadora humidificada a 37 ° C com 5% de CO 2. </li><li> Após 4 dias, transferir todo o meio de cultura e as células para um balão de cultura de tecidos T175 contendo 100 ml de meio fresco. Continuar a incubação das células durante cerca de 72 horas sob as mesmas condições até terem crescido até uma densidade de 2 milhões de células / ml. </li><li> Células uniformemente dividida entre quatro frascos T175 contendo cada um 150 ml de meio fresco e continuam até que as células de cultura de células foram cultivadas (aproximadamente 48 horas de incubação) a uma densidade de 2 milhões / ml. </li><li&gt; Recolher as células de cada balão por centrifugação a 200 xg durante 5 min e ressuspender 300 x 10 6 células para um novo frasco T175 contendo 150 ml de meio fresco, para manter a 2 milhões / ml de densidade celular. </li><li> Adicionar actinomicina D (dissolvido em DMSO a 2 mg / ml) ao meio, numa concentração final de 0,5 ug / ml e incubar durante 24 horas. </li><li> Transferir todo o meio de cultura para tubos cónicos de 50 ml e girar para baixo as células a 750 xg durante 5 min. Transferir o sobrenadante para 50 ml tubos cónicos e centrifugar a 1500 xg por 15 min para remover fragmentos de células grandes. </li><li> Transferir o sobrenadante para um frasco de 250 ml e ultracentrífuga a 12.000 xg durante 50 min. Desprezar o sobrenadante e recolher pellets. </li><li> Lavar peletes LMPS enriquecido com 40 ml de PBS estéril num tubo de 50 ml por centrifugação a 12.000 xg durante 50 min. Repita esta etapa duas vezes. </li><li> Recolher o último sobrenadante da lavagem; ele será usado como controlo do veículo. Suspender as pastilhas em 1 LMPSml de PBS e transferir para um microtubo de 1.5 ml estéril. Alíquotas e armazenar LMPS isoladas a -80 ° C (para evitar múltiplos ciclos de livre-descongelamento). </li></ol> 1.2) Caracterização de MPs via Análise FACS 4 <ol><li> Preparar 2 amostras de tampão de anexina, com uma e outra sem CaCl2: Hepes 10 mM, NaCl 140 mM, mais ou menos 5 mM de CaCl2. </li><li> Filtro de tampão de FACS e anexina fluxo do fluido do invólucro através de um filtro de 0,22 um para remover as partículas. </li><li> Dilui-se 1 ul de LMPS em 44 ul de tampão de anexina com CaCl2 a 5 mM para um tubo de FACS. Preparar outro tubo com 1 ml de LMPS em 44 ul de tampão de anexina sem CaCl2 (controle negativo). </li><li> Adiciona-se 5 ul de annexinV-Cy5 em cada tubo e misturar bem. Incubar durante 15 minutos à temperatura ambiente no escuro. Parar a reacção por diluição da mistura com 400 ul de fluido de revestimento de fluxo FACS em cada tubo. </li><li> Adicionam-se 10 ul (200000 pérolas), de 7 mm de contagem beasuspensão ds como padrão interno em cada tubo para se obter uma contagem absoluta. </li><li> Estabelecer portas do tamanho relativo (FSC-H, PMT E00, escala logarítmica) e granularidade relativa (SSC-H, PMT 325, escala logarítmica) gráfico de pontos no citômetro de fluxo utilizando partículas fluorescentes calibrado de tamanho de 1 mm (portão 1) e contando grânulos portão 7 mm (portão 2). </li><li> Analisar a amostra LMPS em FSC-H enredo / SSC-H usando os portões estabelecidos e FL-4 canais para anexina (PMT 765, escala logarítmica) gráfico de pontos, através da aquisição de um sinal de até 20 mil contas de contagem são alcançado em portão 2. </li><li> Determinar os eventos positivos de annexinV LMPS em tampão de anexina contendo CaCl 2 e em seguida subtrair os eventos de LMPS em tampão de anexina sem CaCl2 (controle negativo). </li><li> Calcula-se o número absoluto de MPs com base na seguinte equação: <img alt="Equação 1" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52651/52651eq1.jpg" /></li></ol> 1.3) Determinação do MP Protein Concentração (Ensaio de Bradford) <ol><li> Prepare a 5 diluições em série de um padrão de proteína 1,25-20 ug / ml. Pipetar 800 ul de cada solução padrão e amostra para um tubo de ensaio limpo em duplicado. Adicionar 200 ul de reagente corante de Bradford a cada tubo. Misture bem, em seguida incubar à temperatura ambiente durante 5 min. </li><li> Medir a absorvância a 595 nm. Determinar a concentração de proteína de LMPS utilizando a regressão linear da curva padrão. </li></ol> 2. explantes tecido brônquico e Tratamento LMPS NOTA: Preste atenção especial para o ambiente de trabalho estéril, e assepticamente preparar as soluções e médio utilizadas nos seguintes experimentos. Para preparar o meio de cura completa, adicionar 1 ml de tecido em cicatrização Médias Suplementos com Serum (descongeladas em gelo) a 100 ml Tissue Cura Médio e misture bem. 2.1) Preparação de explantes de tecidos bronquiais <ol><li> Antes de cultura, arranhar 6 áreas de 1 cm 2cada um na extremidade da superfície de cada 100 milímetros prato de cultura de tecidos com uma lâmina de bisturi. Casaco cada riscado 100 mm de prato de cultura de tecido com 2 ml da solução de revestimento de prato de cultura, e incuba-se a placa em uma incubadora de CO 2 humidificado O / N a 37 ° C. Vacuum aspirar a solução excedente e encher o prato com 15 ml de lavar roupa Tissue Medium. </li><li> Eutanásia camundongos C57BL / 6 (5-7 semanas de idade) por inalação de CO2 de acordo com protocolos aprovados pelo comitê de ética do cuidado animal. </li><li> Assepticamente dissecar tecido pulmonar com bisturi, Dumont super fino pinça e tesouras cirúrgicas. Remova cuidadosamente vasos do parênquima e do sangue. Coloque o tecido pulmonar em gelada Tissue lavar Médio para o transporte para o laboratório, se for o caso. </li><li> Além disso dissecar brônquio submerso no meio de lavagem de tecidos e separar o brônquio com um diâmetro de 1 a 2,5 mm a partir de tecidos periféricos de pulmão. Fatia tecidos bronquiais em ~ 5 milímetros anéis brônquica grossas com um bisturi. </li&gt; <li> Use um movimento de escavar com as estéreis forceps microdissecting curvas para pegar os fragmentos dos brônquios e colocá-los para as áreas riscadas dos pratos. </li><li> Remover o meio de lavagem de tecidos, e os fragmentos incubar à temperatura ambiente durante ~ 5 min para permitir que adiram aos pratos. </li><li> Adicionar 10 ml de meio de cura completa para cada prato e coloque-os em uma atmosfera controlada câmara incubadora modular. Lave com a câmara de mistura de gás de alta O 2 (70% de O2, 25% de N2 e 5% de CO 2,). Coloque a câmara numa incubadora orbital de bancada e agite-o a 37 ° C. Agitar a câmara durante 24 horas a 10 ciclos por minuto para permitir que a forma de fluir de forma intermitente ao longo dos fragmentos. </li><li> Após 24 horas de incubação, observar os explantes de tecido sob um microscópio de luz de contraste de fase invertida. Selecione explantes brônquica, com completa, movimento cabelos finos e animada epitélio brônquico para tratamento LMPS subseqüente. </li></ol>2.2) Tratamento LMPS <ol><li> Prepare meio de crescimento completo como se segue: Crescimento de degelo suplementos médias com soro e de fibroblastos inibidor sobre gelo. Adicionar 1 ml de meio de crescimento os suplementos com soro e 200 ul de inibidor de fibroblastos a 100 ml de meio de crescimento; homogeneizar. Aquecer o meio de crescimento completo a 37 ° C durante 10 min antes da utilização. </li><li> Diluir LMPS isolados em um novo tubo eppendorf estéril com PBS para preparar um estoque LMPS a uma concentração de 800 ug / ml. </li><li> Adicionar 0,5 ml de Meio Completo Crescimento para cada poço de uma placa de 12 poços de cultura de tecidos. </li><li> Transferir os explantes brônquicas seleccionados com os fórceps microdissecting curvas do protocolo anterior (secção 2.1) a cada poço da placa de cultura de tecido. </li><li> Rotular a placa de cultura de forma adequada para identificar LMPS poços de tratamento e poços de controlo. Adicionar 25 ul LMPS estoque em cada tratamento bem LMPS (para uma concentração final de 40 ug / ml) e 25 ul de veículo de controlo (ver LMP<html> s produção) aos poços de controlo. </li><li> Continuar a incubação num incubador modular câmara de atmosfera controlada a 37 ° C com agitação suave. </li><li> Após 24 horas, lavar explantes 3 vezes com PBS e avançar para a (fixação paraformaldeído a 4% [PFA]) próximo passo. </li></ol> 3. exame histopatológico 3.1) Prepare as seguintes soluções antes de prosseguir para as próximas etapas <ol><li> Preparar tampão PBS 1x por mistura de NaCl 137 mM, KCl 2,7 mM, 10 mM de Na 2 HPO 4, 1,76 mM, KH 2 PO 4, pH 7,4. </li><li> Para preparar PFA a 4%, dissolver 20 g de PFA em 400 ml de água, aquecida a 60 ° C com agitação; adicionar algumas gotas de NaOH 10 M para limpar a solução. Em seguida adicionar tampão de PBS 1x e ajustar o volume para 500 ml e o pH a 7,4. Filtrar e alíquota; armazenar a -20 ° C. </li><li> Prepare os seguintes reagentes de desidratação ou de reidratação; 100%, 90%, 70%, etanol a 50% e xileno. </li></ol>e_step &quot;&gt; 3.2) Explant Fixation e Tissue Seção desparafinização <ol><li> Colocar cada explante num tubo de microcentrífuga marcado com 1,5 ml de 4% de PFA e incubar O / N a 4 ° C. Lavar os explantes duas vezes com PBS 1x. </li><li> Desidratar explantes através de uma série de álcoois (etanol a 70%: 3 vezes 30 minutos cada; etanol a 90%: 2 vezes 30 minutos cada; etanol a 100%: 3 vezes cada 30 min, em seguida, o xileno: 3 vezes 20 min cada). Execute todas as etapas na RT em um exaustor. </li><li> Imbed explantes de tecido em parafina a 58 ° C num forno. Prepare 5 mm de espessura de tecido usando um micrótomo rotativo. </li><li> Float as seções em um banho de água a 56 ° C, e em seguida, montar as secções em lâminas histológicas marcados. Colocar as lâminas em cavaletes de coloração manuais e seco a 65 ° C durante 1 h. Permitir que os slides para esfriar em temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Mergulhe as prateleiras em 4 pratos mancha consecutivos contendo xileno por 10 min cada, para remover a parafina. Mergulhar as prateleiras em uma série de etanol para remover o xileno: 100%, depois 95%, thpt 80%, em seguida, 70%, em seguida etanol a 50% (5 minutos para cada etapa). Lavar as cremalheiras com água da torneira durante 5 minutos para remover o etanol. </li></ol> 3.3) Hematoxilina e Eosina (H &amp; E) Coloração <ol><li> Continue trabalhando com os cortes de tecidos fixos; colocar o suporte para um prato de coloração com hematoxilina de Mayer durante 15 min. Lavar o rack com água da torneira para remover Hematoxilina para 20 min. </li><li> Colocar em água destilada durante 30 sec.Place em etanol a 95% durante 30 seg. Coloque em Eosina Y coloração solução prato para 1 min. Desidratar através de duas mudanças de etanol a 95%, etanol a 100%, e de xileno durante 2 min cada. </li><li> Realize uma verificação rápida sob um microscópio para garantir que o excesso de eosina é removido. Coloque 2 a 3 gotas de Meio de Suporte (Fisher SP15-100) em cada slide, em seguida, cubra com uma tampa de vidro. </li></ol> 3.4) In Situ celular Detecção de morte: TUNEL Assay <ol><li> Antes de começar, preparar a solução de trabalho de proteinase K: 20 ug / ml emTris 10 mM / HCl, pH 7,4. </li><li> Repita os passos 1 a 5 da secção 3.2 (fixação Explant e tecido seção desparafinização). Lavar as lâminas com deionizada H 2 O. </li><li> Mergulhar as lâminas com 1x PBS durante 10 min. Escorra o excesso de PBS. Incubar as secções de tecido, durante 30 min à temperatura ambiente com uma solução de proteinase K a trabalhar. Lavar as lâminas duas vezes com PBS 1x. </li><li> Realize o ensaio TUNEL conforme descrito no manual de instruções do kit de detecção de morte celular. Montar usando meio de montagem, e lamela manualmente com lamelas de vidro. </li><li> Analisar amostras sob um microscópio de luz. Use Imagem Pro 4.5 para analisar as células em apoptose na cor marrom. </li></ol>

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MPs são mediadores ativos de conversas cruzadas intercelular e seu estudo é promissor em muitas áreas da ciência. 11 Este estudo apresentou um protocolo detalhado para in vitro geração em larga escala de LMPS derivado de uma linha de células T por apoptose. Estas MPs expressar um grande repertório de moléculas de linfócitos e são biologicamente implicado na regulação da homeostase celular e tecidual. No entanto, LMPS derivadas de diferentes fontes podem ser biologicamente diferente. <sup...

Microparticles (MPs) are biologically active submicron membrane vesicles released following cell activation or apoptosis. MPs are derived from both healthy and damaged cells and are implicated in many physiological and pathological processes.1 MPs have been detected not only in human plasma, but also in inflammatory and apoptotic tissue. The biological utility of cell membrane&#8211;derived MPs has been demonstrated in various settings, including cell signalling models and as pharmacological tools.2,3 We previously demonstrated that LMPs derived from T lymphocytes following actinomycin D stimulation (to induce apoptosis) suppress angiogenesis and inhibit endothelial cell survival and proliferation.4,5 The antiangiogenic effects of LMPs may vary significantly depending on the stimuli used to activate T lymphocytes in vitro.6
The airway epithelium functions as a protective physical and functional barrier. Increased numbers of T lymphocytes in the airway can contribute to cell damage and airway inflammation.7 We have shown that LMPs induce apoptosis of human bronchial epithelial cells,8 which indicated LMPs may change barrier function of bronchial epithelium in vivo. Apoptotic cells can be identified using the TUNEL method, which detects in situ DNA fragmentation. 
The overall goal of this protocol is to illustrate the in vitro production of LMPs from a T lymphocyte cell line, and to demonstrate their proapoptotic effect on airway epithelial cells. In situ cell death detection demonstrated that LMPs strongly induce airway bronchial epithelial cell death, suggesting that LMPs-mediated injury to the airway epithelium may impact barrier function of the damaged epithelium.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="828">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">LMPs production and characterization</td>
			<td style="width:231px;"></td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CEM T cells&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">ATCC&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">CCL-119</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">X-VIVO 15 medium&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Cambrex, Walkersville</td>
			<td>04-744Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Flask T75</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">83.1813.502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Flask T175</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">83.1812.502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Actinomycin&#160;D&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sigma Chemical Co.</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">A9415-2mg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Lifetechnologies</td>
			<td>14190-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.22&#181;m filter</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">83.1826.001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Annexin-VCy5</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">BD Pharmagen&#160;</td>
			<td>559933</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FACS flow solution</td>
			<td>BD Bio-sciences</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">342003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Fluorescent microbeads (1 um)</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Molecular Probes&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">T8880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polysterene counting beads (7 um)</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Bangs laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">PS06N/6994</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polypropylene FACS tubes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">352058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">1 ml pipet</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">13-678-11B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">5 ml pipet</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">357543</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">25 ml pipet</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Ultident</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">DL-357551</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">1,5 ml conical polypropylene micro tube</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">72.690</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">15 ml conical polypropylene tube</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">62.554.205</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">50 ml conical polypropylene tube</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">62.547.205</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:303px;">50 ml high speed polypropylene copolymer tube</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Nalgene</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">3119-0050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">250 ml high speed polypropylene bottle</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Beckman</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">356011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Protein assay (Bradford assay)</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories</td>
			<td>500-0006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Protein assay standard II</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories</td>
			<td>500-0007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Test tube 16x100</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>47729-576</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Test tube 12x75</td>
			<td>Ultident</td>
			<td>170-14100005B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cell incubator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Mandel</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Heracell 150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Low speed centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">IEC</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Centra8R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">High speed centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Beckman</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Avanti J8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">High speed rotor for 250ml bottle</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Beckman</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">JLA16.250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">High speed rotor for 50ml tube</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Beckman</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">JA30.50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fow cytometry&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Bio-sciences</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">FACS Calibur</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Beckman</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Series 600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;"></td>
			<td style="width:231px;"></td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bronchial tissue explants and sections&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;"></td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">C57BL/6 mice (5-7 weeks old)&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Charles River Laboratories, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Airway PrimaCell&#8482; System:</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">CHI Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">2-82001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;Rib-Back Carbon Steel Scalpel Blades</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Becton Dickinson AcuteCare</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">371310</td>
			<td>#10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Scalpel Handle</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">10003-12</td>
			<td>#7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">phase-contrast inverted microscope</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Olympus Optical CO., LTD.&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">CK2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">high O2 gas mixture&#160;</td>
			<td>VitalAire Canada Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">modular incubator chamber</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Billups-Rothenberg Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">MIC-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MaxQ 4000 incubated orbital shaker</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Barnstead Lab-Line,&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">SHKA4000-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">12-well tissue culture plate</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Becton Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">353043</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Plastic tissue culture dishes (100 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sarstedt, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">83.1802</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:303px;">Surgical scissors</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">14060-09</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Straight, sharp, 9cm longth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Half-curved Graefe forceps</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">11052-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">humidified CO2 incubator</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Mandel Scientific Company Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">SVH-51023421</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;"></td>
			<td style="width:231px;"></td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;Histopathological examination&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;"></td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">formalin formaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">HT5011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">paraffin</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Fisher scientific&#160; International, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">T555</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ethyl alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Merck KGaA, Darmstadt</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">EX0278-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;glutaraldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">G6403</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cacodylate</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">31533</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">VWR Scientific Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">48300-025</td>
			<td>25x75mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Xylene</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Fisher scientific&#160; International, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">X5-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mayer&#39;s hematoxylin</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">MHS16</td>
			<td>Funnel with filter paper&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HCl&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Fisher scientific&#160; International, Inc.&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">A144s-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">eosin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">HT110116</td>
			<td>Funnel with filter paper&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Permount&#8482; Mounting Medium</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td>SP15-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">glass coverslip</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">surgipath medical industries, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">84503</td>
			<td>24&#215;24&#160;#1&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TUNEL detection kit</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">In Situ Cell Death Detection, POD</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">11 684 817 910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">oven</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Despatch Industries Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">LEB-1-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">rotary Microtome</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Leica Microsystems Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">RM2145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">filter paper</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Whatman International Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">1003150</td>
			<td>#3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Nikon Imaging Japan Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">E800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">staining dish complete</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Wheaton Industries, Inc.</td>
			<td>900200</td>
			<td>including dish, rack, cover</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">1.5 ml eppendorf tube</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sarstedt Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">72.69</td>
			<td>39x10mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Orbital and Reciprocating Water Bath</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">ExpotechUSA</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">ORS200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">phosphate buffered saline&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">GIBCO</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">14190-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">fume hood</td>
			<td>Nicram RD Service</td>
			<td>3707E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of lymphocytic microparticles and detection of their proapoptotic effect on airway epithelial cells

O interesse nas funções biológicas de células derivadas de vesículas de membrana em comunicação célula-célula tem aumentado nos últimos anos. As micropartículas (MP) são um tal tipo de vesículas, que variam em diâmetro de 0,1 mm a 1 mm, e normalmente eliminados da membrana plasmática de células eucarióticas submetidos a activação ou a apoptose. Aqui descreve-se a geração de linfócitos T derivados de micropartículas (LMPS) a partir de células CEM T apoptóticas estimuladas com actinomicina D. LMPS são isoladas através de um processo de múltiplos passos de centrifugação diferencial e caracterizadas por citometria de fluxo. Este protocolo também apresenta um método de detecção da morte celular in situ para demonstrar o efeito pró-apoptótica de LMPS em células epiteliais brônquicas derivadas de rato primários respiratórias explantes de tecido brônquico. Os métodos aqui descritos proporcionam um procedimento reprodutível para o isolamento de quantidades abundantes de LMPS de linfócitos apoptóticos in vitro. LMPS derivadodeste modo pode ser utilizado para avaliar as características de vários modelos de doenças, e para a farmacologia e toxicologia de teste. Dado que o epitélio das vias aéreas como uma barreira física e funcional protectora entre o ambiente externo e o tecido subjacente, o uso de explantes de tecido brônquico, em vez de linhas de células epiteliais imortalizadas fornece um modelo eficaz para investigações que requerem tecido vias aéreas.

LMPS foram caracterizados com coloração de anexina V por 10 células activadas por fluorescência (FACS) e fechado utilizando uma pm grânulos em que 97% das MPs (≤1 um) foram anexina-V-Cy5 positivo (Figura 1A e 1B). Normalmente, cerca de 2,5 mg de LMPS foram obtidos seguindo este protocolo. Explantes de tecido brônquico de ratos C57BL / 6 foram submetidos a tratamento e LMPS veículo. A análise histopatológica das secções brônquicas revelado o efeito de LMPS sobre a integridade est...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Lymphocytic Microparticles and Detection of their Proapoptotic Effect on Airway Epithelial Cells at JoVE.com

Generation of Lymphocytic Microparticles and Detection of their Proapoptotic Effect on Airway Epithelial Cells

Micropartículas verter à membrana celular (MPs) são vesículas biológicas activas que podem ser isolados e os seus efeitos patofisiológicos investigados em vários modelos. Descrevemos aqui um método para a geração de MPs derivadas de linfócitos T (LMPS) e para demonstrar o seu efeito pró-apoptóticos em células epiteliais das vias respiratórias.

Geração de Lymphocytic micropartículas e Detecção de seu efeito pró-apoptóticos em células epiteliais das vias aéreas

Interest in the biological roles of cell membrane&#8211;derived vesicles in cell&#8211;cell communication has increased in recent years. Microparticles ...

generation-lymphocytic-microparticles-detection-their-proapoptotic

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

8.9K visualizações.  University of Montréal.  Micropartículas verter à membrana celular (MPs) são vesículas biológicas activas que podem ser isolados e os seus efeitos patofisiológicos investigados em vários modelos. Descrevemos aqui um método para a geração de MPs derivadas de linfócitos T (LMPS) e para demonstrar o seu efeito pró-apoptóticos em células epiteliais das vias respiratórias. 

Vídeo: Generation of Lymphocytic Microparticles and Detection of their Proapoptotic Effect on Airway Epithelial Cells

Co-culture Models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Grown on Live Human Airway Cells

Bacterial biofilms have been associated with a number of different human diseases, but biofilm development has generally been studied on non-living surfaces. In this paper, we describe protocols for forming Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms on human airway epithelial cells (CFBE cells) grown in culture. In the first method (termed the Static Co-culture Biofilm Model), P. aeruginosa is incubated with CFBE cells grown as confluent monolayers on standard tissue culture plates. Although the bacterium is quite toxic to epithelial cells, the addition of arginine delays the destruction of the monolayer long enough for biofilms to form on the CFBE cells. The second method (termed the Flow Cell Co-culture Biofilm Model), involves adaptation of a biofilm flow cell apparatus, which is often used in biofilm research, to accommodate a glass coverslip supporting a confluent monolayer of CFBE cells. This monolayer is inoculated with P. aeruginosa and a peristaltic pump then flows fresh medium across the cells. In both systems, bacterial biofilms form within 6-8 hours after inoculation. Visualization of the biofilm is enhanced by the use of P. aeruginosa strains constitutively expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). The Static and Flow Cell Co-culture Biofilm assays are model systems for early P. aeruginosa infection of the Cystic Fibrosis (CF) lung, and these techniques allow different aspects of P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and virulence to be studied, including biofilm cytotoxicity, measurement of biofilm CFU, and staining and visualizing the biofilm.

Co-culture Models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Grown on Live Human Airway Cells

This paper describes different methods of growing Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms on cultured human airway epithelial cells. These protocols can be adapted to study different aspects of biofilm formation, including visualization of the biofilm, staining of the biofilm, measuring the colony forming units (CFU) of the biofilm, and studying biofilm cytotoxicity.

Co-cultura de Modelos Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilmes Grown no Live Células Airway Humanos

Bacterial biofilms have been associated with a number of different human diseases, but biofilm development has generally been studied on non-living ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Combination of Adhesive-tape-based Sampling and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Rapid Detection of Salmonella on Fresh Produce

This protocol describes a simple approach for adhesive-tape-based sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by on-tape fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for rapid culture-independent detection of Salmonella spp. Cell-charged tapes can also be placed face-down on selective agar for solid-phase enrichment prior to detection. Alternatively, low-volume liquid enrichments (liquid surface miniculture) can be performed on the surface of the tape in non-selective broth, followed by FISH and analysis via flow cytometry. To begin, sterile adhesive tape is brought into contact with fresh produce, gentle pressure is applied, and the tape is removed, physically extracting microbes present on these surfaces. Tapes are mounted sticky-side up onto glass microscope slides and the sampled cells are fixed with 10% formalin (30 min) and dehydrated using a graded ethanol series (50, 80, and 95%; 3 min each concentration). Next, cell-charged tapes are spotted with buffer containing a Salmonella-targeted DNA probe cocktail and hybridized for 15 - 30 min at 55&deg;C, followed by a brief rinse in a washing buffer to remove unbound probe. Adherent, FISH-labeled cells are then counterstained with the DNA dye 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and results are viewed using fluorescence microscopy. For solid-phase enrichment, cell-charged tapes are placed face-down on a suitable selective agar surface and incubated to allow in situ growth of Salmonella microcolonies, followed by FISH and microscopy as described above. For liquid surface miniculture, cell-charged tapes are placed sticky side up and a silicone perfusion chamber is applied so that the tape and microscope slide form the bottom of a water-tight chamber into which a small volume (&le; 500 &mu;L) of Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) is introduced. The inlet ports are sealed and the chambers are incubated at 35 - 37&deg;C, allowing growth-based amplification of tape-extracted microbes. Following incubation, inlet ports are unsealed, cells are detached and mixed with vigorous back and forth pipetting, harvested via centrifugation and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Finally, samples are hybridized and examined via flow cytometry to reveal the presence of Salmonella spp. As described here, our "tape-FISH" approach can provide simple and rapid sampling and detection of Salmonella on tomato surfaces. We have also used this approach for sampling other types of fresh produce, including spinach and jalape&ntilde;o peppers.

Combination of Adhesive-tape-based Sampling and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Rapid Detection of Salmonella on Fresh Produce

This protocol describes a simple adhesive-tape-based approach for sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by rapid whole cell detection of Salmonella using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

Combinação de adesivos de fita baseada em amostragem e de fluorescência In situ Hibridação para detecção rápida de Salmonella On Fresh Produce

This protocol describes a simple approach for adhesive-tape-based sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by on-tape fluorescence in ...

Application of a Mouse Ligated Peyer&#x2019;s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

The inside of our gut is inhabited with enormous number of commensal bacteria. The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed to them and occasionally to pathogens. The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) play a key role for induction of the mucosal immune response to these microbes1, 2. To initiate the mucosal immune response, the mucosal antigens must be transported from the gut lumen across the epithelial barrier into organized lymphoid follicles such as Peyer's patches. This antigen transcytosis is mediated by specialized epithelial M cells3, 4. M cells are atypical epithelial cells that actively phagocytose macromolecules and microbes. Unlike dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, which target antigens to lysosomes for degradation, M cells mainly transcytose the internalized antigens. This vigorous macromolecular transcytosis through M cells delivers antigen to the underlying organized lymphoid follicles and is believed to be essential for initiating antigen-specific mucosal immune responses. However, the molecular mechanisms promoting this antigen uptake by M cells are largely unknown. We have previously reported that glycoprotein 2 (Gp2), specifically expressed on the apical plasma membrane of M cells among enterocytes, serves as a transcytotic receptor for a subset of commensal and pathogenic enterobacteria, including Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), by recognizing FimH, a component of type I pili on the bacterial outer membrane 5. Here, we present a method for the application of a mouse Peyer's patch intestinal loop assay to evaluate bacterial uptake by M cells. This method is an improved version of the mouse intestinal loop assay previously described 6, 7. The improved points are as follows: 1. Isoflurane was used as an anesthetic agent. 2. Approximately 1 cm ligated intestinal loop including Peyer's patch was set up. 3. Bacteria taken up by M cells were fluorescently labeled by fluorescence labeling reagent or by overexpressing fluorescent protein such as green fluorescent protein (GFP). 4. M cells in the follicle-associated epithelium covering Peyer's patch were detected by whole-mount immunostainig with anti Gp2 antibody. 5. Fluorescent bacterial transcytosis by M cells were observed by confocal microscopic analysis. The mouse Peyer's patch intestinal loop assay could supply the answer what kind of commensal or pathogenic bacteria transcytosed by M cells, and may lead us to understand the molecular mechanism of how to stimulate mucosal immune system through M cells.

Application of a Mouse Ligated Peyer&amp;#8217;s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

M cells in a specialized follicle-associated epithelium covering Peyer&#x2019;s patches play an important role for the mucosal immunosurveillance in gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Here we described the evaluation method for bacterial transcytosis by M cells in vivo. This method provides a method to understand M-cell function in the immune system.

Aplicação de um rato ligado patch Peyer Assay alça intestinal para avaliar absorção pelas células bacterianas M

The inside of our gut is inhabited with enormous number of commensal bacteria. The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed ...

Establishing a Liquid-covered Culture of Polarized Human Airway Epithelial Calu-3 Cells to Study Host Cell Response to Respiratory Pathogens In vitro

The apical and basolateral surfaces of airway epithelial cells demonstrate directional responses to pathogen exposure in vivo. Thus, ideal in vitro models for examining cellular responses to respiratory pathogens polarize, forming apical and basolateral surfaces. One such model is differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE). However, this system requires lung tissue samples, expertise isolating and culturing epithelial cells from tissue, and time to generate an air-liquid interface culture.
Calu-3 cells, derived from a human bronchial adenocarcinoma, are an alternative model for examining the response of proximal airway epithelial cells to respiratory insult1, pharmacological compounds2-6, and bacterial7-9 and viral pathogens, including influenza virus, rhinovirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome - associated coronavirus10-14. Recently, we demonstrated that Calu-3 cells are susceptible to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in a manner consistent with NHBE15,16 . Here, we detail the establishment of a polarized, liquid-covered culture (LCC) of Calu-3 cells, focusing on the technical details of growing and culturing Calu-3 cells, maintaining cells that have been cultured into LCC, and we present the method for performing respiratory virus infection of polarized Calu-3 cells.
To consistently obtain polarized Calu-3 LCC, Calu-3 cells must be carefully subcultured before culturing in Transwell inserts. Calu-3 monolayer cultures should remain below 90% confluence, should be subcultured fewer than 10 times from frozen stock, and should regularly be supplied with fresh medium. Once cultured in Transwells, Calu-3 LCC must be handled with care. Irregular media changes and mechanical or physical disruption of the cell layers or plates negatively impact polarization for several hours or days. Polarization is monitored by evaluating trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and is verified by evaluating the passive equilibration of sodium fluorescein between the apical and basolateral compartments17,18 . Once TEER plateaus at or above 1,000 &Omega;&times;cm2, Calu-3 LCC are ready to use to examine cellular responses to respiratory pathogens.

Establishing a Liquid-covered Culture of Polarized Human Airway Epithelial Calu-3 Cells to Study Host Cell Response to Respiratory Pathogens In vitro

The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Estabelecer uma cultura líquida, coberta de vias respiratórias humanas epiteliais Polarized Calu-3 células para estudar a resposta Cell Host para patógenos respiratórios<em&gt; In vitro</em

The  apical and basolateral surfaces of airway epithelial cells demonstrate  directional responses to pathogen exposure in  vivo. Thus, ideal in vitro ...

Isolation of Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Epithelial Cells from Human Thymus

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen presenting cell (APC) types found in a normal thymus and it is well established that they play distinct roles during thymic selection. These cells are localized in distinct microenvironments in the thymus and each APC type makes up only a minor population of cells. To further understand the biology of these cell types, characterization of these cell populations is highly desirable but due to their low frequency, isolation of any of these cell types requires an efficient and reproducible procedure. This protocol details a method to obtain cells suitable for characterization of diverse cellular properties. Thymic tissue is mechanically disrupted and after different steps of enzymatic digestion, the resulting cell suspension is enriched using a Percoll density centrifugation step. For isolation of myeloid DC (CD11c+), cells from the low-density fraction (LDF) are immunoselected by magnetic cell sorting. Enrichment of TEC populations (mTEC, cTEC) is achieved by depletion of hematopoietic (CD45hi) cells from the low-density Percoll cell fraction allowing their subsequent isolation via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) using specific cell markers. The isolated cells can be used for different downstream applications.

This protocol details a method to isolate antigen presenting cells from human thymus via different steps of enzymatic digestion of the tissue followed by density centrifugation of the single cell suspension and finally magnetic and/or FACS sorting of the cell populations of interest.

O isolamento de células dendríticas mielóides e células epiteliais de timo humano

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen ...

Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells

Antibodies against red blood cells (RBCs) can lead to complement activation resulting in an accelerated clearance via complement receptors in the liver (extravascular hemolysis) or leading to intravascular lysis of RBCs. Alloantibodies (e.g. ABO) or autoantibodies to RBC antigens (as seen in autoimmune hemolytic anemia, AIHA) leading to complement activation are potentially harmful and can be - especially when leading to intravascular lysis - fatal1. Currently, complement activation due to (auto)-antibodies on RBCs is assessed in vitro by using the Coombs test reflecting complement deposition on RBC or by a nonquantitative hemolytic assay reflecting RBC lysis1-4. However, to assess the efficacy of complement inhibitors, it is mandatory to have quantitative techniques. Here we describe two such techniques. First, an assay to detect C3 and C4 deposition on red blood cells that is induced by antibodies in patient serum is presented. For this, FACS analysis is used with fluorescently labeled anti-C3 or anti-C4 antibodies. Next, a quantitative hemolytic assay is described. In this assay, complement-mediated hemolysis induced by patient serum is measured making use of spectrophotometric&#160;detection of the released hemoglobin. Both of these assays are very reproducible and quantitative, facilitating studies of antibody-induced complement activation.

Here we describe two assays for measuring complement activation induced by antibodies against red blood cells. The major advantage over the current assays is their quantitative and easy-to-interpret nature.

Métodos para a detecção quantitativa de anticorpos induzida pela ativação do complemento no Glóbulos Vermelhos

Antibodies against red blood cells (RBCs) can lead to complement activation resulting in an accelerated clearance via complement receptors in the liver ...

Large-Scale Purification of Porcine or Bovine Photoreceptor Outer Segments for Phagocytosis Assays on Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Analysis of one of the vital functions of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, the phagocytosis of spent aged distal fragments of photoreceptor outer segments (POS) can be performed in vitro. Photoreceptor outer segments with stacks of membranous discs containing the phototransduction machinery are continuously renewed in the retina. Spent POS are eliminated daily by RPE cells. Rodent, porcine/bovine and human RPE cells recognize POS from various species in a similar manner. To facilitate performing large series of experiments with little variability, a large stock of POS can be isolated from porcine eyes and stored frozen in aliquots. This protocol takes advantage of the characteristic of photopigments that display an orange color when kept in the dark. Under dim red light, retinae are collected in a buffer from opened eyecups cut in halves. The retinal cell suspension is homogenized, filtered and loaded onto a continuous sucrose gradient. After centrifugation, POS are located in a discrete band in the upper part of the gradient that has a characteristic orange color. POS are then collected, spun, resuspended sequentially in wash buffers, counted and aliquoted. POS obtained this way can be used for phagocytosis assays and analysis of protein activation, localization or interaction at various times after POS challenge. Alternatively, POS can be labeled with fluorophores, e.g., FITC, before aliquoting for subsequent fluorescence quantification of POS binding or engulfment. Other possible applications include the use of modified POS or POS challenge combined with stress conditions to study the effect of oxidative stress or aging on RPE cells.

This article describes the protocol for the purification of photoreceptor outer segment fragments (POS) via ultracentrifugation from porcine/bovine retinae using homogenization and sucrose gradient centrifugation. This protocol allows the preparation of large stocks of POS aliquots, labeled or unlabeled, that can then be stored at -80 &#176;C.

Grande Escala da Purificação de suínos ou bovinos fotorreceptores Outer Segmentos para a fagocitose Ensaios sobre Retinal Pigment células epiteliais

Analysis of one of the vital functions of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, the phagocytosis of spent aged distal fragments of photoreceptor outer ...

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Regulatory T (Treg) cells, which express Foxp3 as a transcription factor, are subsets of CD4+ T cells. Treg cells play crucial roles in immune tolerance and homeostasis maintenance by regulating the immune response. The primary role of Treg cells is to suppress the proliferation of effector T (Teff) cells and the production of cytokines such as IFN-&#947;, TNF-&#945;, and IL-2. It has been demonstrated that Treg cells&#39; ability to inhibit the function of Teff cells is enhanced during persistent pathogen infection and cancer development. To clarify the function of Treg cells under resting or inflamed conditions, a variety of in vitro suppression assays using mouse or human Treg cells have been devised. The main aim of this study is to develop a method to compare the differences in phenotype and suppressive function between resting and activated Treg cells. To isolate activated Treg cells, mice were infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13 (CL13), a chronic strain of LCMV. Treg cells isolated from the spleen of LCMV CL13-infected mice exhibited both the activated phenotype and enhanced suppressive activity compared with resting Treg cells isolated from na&#239;ve mice. Here, we describe the basic protocol for ex vivo phenotype analysis to distinguish activated Treg cells from resting Treg cells. Furthermore, we describe a protocol for the measurement of the suppressive activity of fully activated Treg cells.

Here, we describe a protocol to analyze the phenotype of regulatory T (Treg) cells isolated from na&#239;ve and chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-infected mice. In addition, we provide a process to evaluate the suppressive activity of the Treg cells.

Fenotípica e análise funcional de células reguladoras T ativadas isolados de ratinhos infectados com o vírus da coriomeningite linfocítica crônica

Regulatory T (Treg) cells, which express Foxp3 as a transcription factor, are subsets of CD4+ T cells. Treg cells play crucial roles in immune tolerance ...

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels

This protocol describes noninvasive sampling of undisturbed upper airway mucosal lining fluid. It also details the extraction procedure used prior to the analysis of immune mediators in fluid eluates for the study of the airway topical immune signature, without the need for stimulation procedures (often used by other techniques). The mucosal lining fluid is sampled on a strip of filter paper placed at the anterior part of the inferior turbinate and left for 2 min of absorption. Analytes are eluted from the filter papers, and the extracted protein-based eluates are analyzed by an electrochemiluminescence-based immunoassay, allowing for the high-sensitivity quantification of low- and high-level analytes in the same sample. We measured the in vivo levels of 20 preselected immune mediators related to specific immune signaling pathways in the upper airway mucosa, but the technique is not limited to that specific panel or sampling site. The technique was first implemented in 7-year-old children from the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood2000 (COPSAC2000) cohort with allergic rhinitis. It was thereafter used in the longitudinal COPSAC2010 birth cohort, sampled at 1 month, 2 years, and 6 years of age and at instances of acute respiratory symptoms. We successfully obtained and analyzed samples from 620 (89%) of 700 1-month-old children; a few samples were below the assay detection limit (reported as the median (Inter-Quartile Range (IQR)). The number of samples below the detection limit (i.e.&#160;from 0 to the set point for the lower limit of detection) for each mediator was 29 (7.25 - 119.5). This technique enables the quantification of the in vivo airway mucosal immune profile from birth, can be applied longitudinally, and can be applied to studies on the effect of genetics and early-life environmental exposures, pathophysiology, endotyping, and monitoring of respiratory diseases, and development and evaluation of novel therapeutics.

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels

This protocol describes a noninvasive technique for the sampling of undisturbed mucosal lining fluid from the upper airways. It can be used to perform the quantification of in vivo levels of protein mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, in subjects of all ages.

Amostragem não-invasiva de mucosa líquido para a quantificação dos níveis de imune-mediador na Vivo das vias aéreas superiores

This protocol describes noninvasive sampling of undisturbed upper airway mucosal lining fluid. It also details the extraction procedure used prior to the ...

Isolation and Characterization of Neutrophil-derived Microparticles for Functional Studies

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil-derived microparticles (PMN)-MPs) are lipid bilayer, spherical microvesicles with sizes ranging from 50&#8211;1,000 nm in diameter. MPs are a newly evolving, important part of cell-to-cell communication and signaling machinery. Because of their size and the nature of their release, until recently MP existence was overlooked. However, with improved technology and analytical methods their function in health and disease is now emerging. The protocols presented here are aimed at isolating and characterizing PMN-MPs by flow cytometry and immunoblotting. Moreover, several implementation examples are given. These protocols for MP isolation are fast, low-cost, and do not require the use of expensive kits. Furthermore, they allow for the labeling of MPs following isolation, as well as pre-labeling of source cells prior to MP release, using a membrane-specific fluorescent dye for visualization and analysis by flow cytometry. These methods, however, have several limitations including purity of PMNs and MPs and the need for sophisticated analytical instrumentation. A high-end flow cytometer is needed to reliably analyze MPs and minimize false positive reads due to noise or auto-fluorescence. The described protocols can be used to isolate and define MP biogenesis, and characterize their markers and variation in composition under different stimulating conditions. Size heterogeneity can be exploited to investigate whether the content of membrane particles versus exosomes is different, and whether they fulfill different roles in tissue homeostasis. Finally, following isolation and characterization of MPs, their function in cellular responses and various disease models (including, PMN-associated inflammatory disorders, such as Inflammatory Bowel Diseases or Acute Lung Injury) can be explored.

New protocols are described here to isolate and characterize microparticles derived from human and mouse neutrophils. These protocols utilize ultracentrifugation, flow cytometry, and immunoblotting techniques to analyze microparticle content, and they can be used to study the role of microparticles derived from various cell types in cellular function.

Isolamento e caracterização de micropartículas de neutrófilos-derivado para estudos funcionais

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil-derived microparticles (PMN)-MPs) are lipid bilayer, spherical microvesicles with sizes ranging from 50&#8211;1,000 nm in ...