The authors would like to acknowledge Aspen Walker at the University of Pennsylvania for her assistance in reactor maintenance and sample collection.

1. Assembleia Reactor <ol><li> Dispor os componentes do reactor de acordo com o esquema na Figura 1. <ol><li> Coloque o reactor (R) em uma placa de mistura, adicionar uma barra de agitação para o reactor. Coloque o tanque de reciclagem (RT) ao lado da placa de agitação e o reactor de modo que a porta de efluente (topo) do reservatório é dirigida para a borda da bancada do laboratório. </li><li> Coloque o recipiente de resíduos (W) por baixo da porta de efluente (topo) do tanque de reciclagem (RT). Coloque o tanque de alimentação (FT) ao lado do tanque de reciclagem (RT). Nota: O tanque de alimentação tem uma capacidade total de 5 L. </li></ol></li><li> Prenda o reactor (R) contra a inclinação com um stand de tamanho adequado e grampo. Da mesma forma, assegurar o tanque de reciclagem (RT) para impedir o movimento. </li><li> Insira neoprene tubulação bomba peristáltica na reciclagem (Bomba A) e alimentá-cabeças (Bomba B) da bomba. Consulte a tabela de especificações de materiais para tubos adicionais. Instale as cabeças de bomba para as unidades de bomba com o provi parafusosded com as unidades de bomba. </li><li> Conecte tubagem da bomba A para as portas no reactor e o tanque de reciclagem. Insira a extremidade do tubo de bomba B para o tanque de alimentação e o tanque de reciclagem. Ligue a porta reactor superior ao tanque de reciclagem com tubulação. Aplicar grampos para o tubo do reactor nos portos. Nota: comunidades fotossintéticas podem beneficiar de iluminação artificial fornecida por lâmpadas. </li></ol> 2. Preparação das soluções de reserva, Soluções Influente / alimentação, e Algas Inoculante <ol><li> Preparar a solução estoque mineral. Adicionar o seguinte a um balão volumétrico de 1 L com 500 ml de água desionizada: 200 g de bicarbonato de sódio, 40 g de fosfato monobásico de potássio, sulfato de magnésio 4 g, 4 g de cloreto férrico, cloreto de cálcio 4 g, 1 g de cloreto de cobre, 1 g de cobalto hexa-hidrato de cloreto de, 1 g de hexa-hidrato de cloreto de níquel, 1 g de sulfato de zinco hepta-hidratado. Adicionar um adicional de 400 ml de água deionizada. Agite vigorosamente para incentivar a dissolução de sais. Seguindo Dissolução de sais, adicionar água desionizada para levar o volume total da solução para 1 L. </li><li> Prepare a solução de amônia. Em um balão volumétrico de 1 L, dissolve-se 38.214 g de cloreto de amónio em aproximadamente 900 ml de água desionizada. Após dissolução, adicionar água desionizada para levar o volume total até 1.000 ml. Nota: 1 ml de solução de estoque diluído para 1 L produz uma 10 mg L-1 NH4 + -N solução. </li><li> Preparar a solução de nitrato. Em um balão volumétrico de 1 L, dissolve-se 72,413 g de nitrato de potássio em cerca de 900 ml de água desionizada. Após dissolução, adicionar água desionizada para levar o volume total até 1.000 ml. Nota: 1 ml de solução de estoque diluído para 1 L produz uma 10 mg L-1 NO 3 - -N solução. </li><li> Prepare solução de alimentação / afluente. Para fazer uma solução de alimentação contendo 20 mg L-1 + -N NH 4 e 20 mg L-1 NO 3 - -N, dilui-se 2 ml de umasolução estoque mmonia e 2 ml de solução de nitrato ao volume total de 1 L. Antes da diluição, adicionar 0,5 ml de solução mineral / L de solução a ser feita. Prepare 5 L de influente no total para o arranque do reactor. </li><li> Prepara-se o inoculante algas. <ol><li> Recolher um volume grande (pelo menos de 10 L) de água a partir de uma massa de água que contém algas, tais como uma corrente ou tanque. Permitir que as algas para resolver, deixando as amostras de água em repouso por 24 horas. </li><li> Decantar e rejeitar o claro (não contendo algas) de água na parte superior das amostras, deixando uma suspensão de algas concentrada dentro dos frascos de amostras. Combinar a suspensão de algas a partir de todas as amostras em um recipiente e repetir a sedimentação e passos de decantação. </li><li> Medir a biomassa no interior da amostra concentrada. <ol><li> Seca-se um filtro de papel sob vácuo (filtro de vácuo de 0,45 um MCE) de alumínio e pesar barco O / N em um forno que tenha sido definido a 103 ° C Depois de arrefecimento num exsicador durante 30 min à TA medir a combined massa do filtro e pesar barco. </li><li> Filtro de vácuo 20 ml de suspensão concentrada de algas e devolver o filtro e pesar barco para forno para secar S / N. </li><li> Medir a massa combinada do filtro e pesar barco. Calcula-se a densidade de biomassa no interior da amostra concentrada. Nota: O volume total da amostra de água que os investigadores terá de recolher dependerá da massa de água fonte. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 3. Sementeira e iniciando o Reactor <ol><li> Adicionar 750 ml de solução de alimentação para o reactor. Encha o tanque de reciclagem com 500 ml de solução de alimentação. </li><li> Usar uma pipeta longa para adicionar suavemente uma suspensão inoculante contendo 1,5 g de algas perto da parte inferior do reactor. Permitir que o inoculo para assentar no fundo do reactor, assegurar esta por observação visual, antes de prosseguir para o próximo passo. </li><li> Uma vez que as células se instalaram, retire os grampos de tubo e ligue Bomba A a uma taxa de fluxo lento (10 revolutioNS min -1 / 38 mL min -1). Ar preso no tubo vai ser expelida para dentro do reactor. Nota: A adição de 750 ml para o reactor vai prevenir qualquer biomassa perturbado pela bomba de deixar o reactor. Espremer o tubo para assegurar que todo o ar foi expulso. </li><li> Gradualmente adicionar solução de alimentação para o tanque de reciclagem, como a solução é bombeada para dentro do reactor. Continuar a adição até que tanto o reactor e o tanque de reciclagem são no capacidade de efluentes e começa a sair do tanque de reciclagem através do topo da porta. Nota: O volume da solução de alimentação para ser adicionado ao tanque de reciclagem irá variar com o volume de inoculante adicionado ao reactor. </li><li> Verter a solução de alimentação remanescente no tanque de alimentação. </li><li> Defina a bomba de reciclagem (Bomba A) a 19 rotações min -1, estabelecendo uma taxa de fluxo de reciclagem de 72,5 ml min -1. Observar as algas para loft começar a partir do fundo do reactor. Usando as gradações no reactor, determinar o bi algasaltura zona omass. Assegure-se que a altura é constante antes de prosseguir para o próximo passo. </li><li> Ligue a placa de mistura a uma velocidade muito baixa; uma configuração de 1 ou 2 é apropriado para iniciar. O bar mistura irá ajudar na lofting biomassa mais longe, mas mistura agressiva fará com que as algas para deixar o reator, insira o tanque de reciclagem, e deixar no efluente. Ajuste a velocidade de mistura em uma configuração necessárias para estabelecer uma fronteira clara algas no interior do reactor (Figura 2A); a zona de biomassa de algas deve ser de aproximadamente de 10-15 cm de altura. </li><li> Comece a bomba de alimentação depois de observar uma clara fronteira entre o plugue de algas e do fluido reactor. Definir a bomba a 25 rotações min -1, estabelecendo uma taxa de fluxo de 1,5 ml min -1. Observe a saída de fluido do reactor a porta de efluentes devido à gravidade e deslocamento causado pela corrente influente de entrada. </li></ol> 4. Colheita e Análise <ol><li> Realizar atividades de coleta de amostras priou para a manutenção do sistema de reactor. Coletar 20 ml de amostras de efluentes e influentes diária. Coletar amostras de efluentes de dentro do tanque de reciclagem. Coletar amostras influentes diretamente do tanque de alimentação. </li><li> Amostras de filtro a vácuo para remover os sólidos antes do armazenamento e análise suspensa. </li><li> Armazenar o influente e amostras de efluente à temperatura de -20 ° C até análise posterior. Limitar o número de ciclos de descongelamento congelamento as amostras são submetidas a. Se necessário, as amostras podem ser divididas em alíquotas para manter a integridade da amostra. </li><li> Realizar a análise da amostra de nitrato, nitrito e amônia, utilizando técnicas convencionais 17. Nota: Os autores utilizaram Ion Chromatography (IC) para produzir os resultados aqui apresentados. Consulte a tabela de Materiais para a especificação. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose and declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Esta secção irá começar com uma discussão sobre variações de protocolo necessárias para lidar com possíveis problemas operacionais, bem como a utilização de diferentes comunidades microbianas. Os pontos fortes deste projeto do reator será discutido, incluindo a capacidade de governar o controle de fluxo de oxigênio ea formação de flocos de alta densidade no interior do reactor. Os desafios actuais e possíveis vias de investigação também serão mencionados. Protocolo de...

Águas residuais municipais é comumente tratado com processos de lodos ativados, a fim de reduzir os sólidos em suspensão (SS), demanda biológica de oxigênio (DBO), nitrogênio orgânico e inorgânico, e teor de fósforo 5,6. O processo de lamas activadas, um meio de tratamento de águas residuais secundário, implica a oxidação do carbono orgânico num tanque de arejamento enchida com um líquido misturado e de águas residuais recebidas microorganismo heterotrófica reciclado (vulgarmente designado por lamas activadas) 5-7. A lixívia mista, em seguida, entra em uma relativamente grande clarificador (decantador) onde a lama liquida para facilitar a recolha, quer para ser descartado ou reciclado de volta para o tanque de arejamento, enquanto a clarificada, água residual tratada pode continuar a tratamento terciário ou desinfecção antes de ser libertado para águas receptoras 5-7. Separação eficiente do efluente tratado e sólidos (lodo) no clarificador secundário é essencial para o bom funcionamento de um estavatewater sistema de tratamento, como qualquer lama activada continuada para além dos clarificadores irá aumentar o BOD e SS no efluente 5-8. Um número de processos biológicos alternativas existem para o tratamento secundário de águas residuais de, que reduzem ou eliminam a necessidade de grandes tanques de esclarecimento, incluindo o crescimento fixadas (biofilme) reactores, bioreactores de membrana (MBR), e reactores de lamas granulares. Em reactores de biofilme, a formação de biofilmes, no qual os microorganismos naturalmente agregado e anexar como uma camada sobre uma superfície sólida, permite a retenção e acumulação de biomassa, sem a necessidade de um tanque de clarificação. Biofilme reactores podem ser classificados em três tipos: reatores de leito fixo, reactores de leito fluidizado, e contactores biológicos rotativos. Reatores de leito fixo, como uma filtros biológicos e torres biológicas, utilizar uma superfície estacionária sólido crescimento 5,6. Os reactores de leito fluidizado (FBRs) dependem da fixação de microrganismos às partículas,tais como areia, carvão activado granular (GAC), ou esferas de vidro, que são mantidas em suspensão por uma alta taxa de fluxo ascendente 9,10. Rotação reactores biológicos dependem biofilmes formados em meios ligados a um eixo de rotação, permitindo o biofilme a ser alternadamente exposto ao ar e o líquido a ser tratado 5,6. MBRs usar unidades de filtração de membrana, quer dentro do biorreator (configuração submersa) ou externamente através de recirculação (configuração side-stream) 5,11. As membranas servem para conseguir uma boa separação entre a biomassa e as partículas sólidas a partir do líquido tratado 11,12. Reactores de lamas granulares são reactores de fluxo ascendente, em que a formação de grânulos extremamente densos e bem-sedimentação de microorganismos ocorre quando são expostos a altas velocidades de fluxo ascendente de ar superficial 13. Como uma outra alternativa para o processo de lamas activadas, num sistema de fluxo ascendente reactor de novo, agora chamado bioreactor de alta densidade (HDBR), foi designed e construído por Vendas e Shieh (2006) para estudar remoção de DQO por lamas activadas a partir de fluxos de resíduos sintéticos em condições de baixa F / M que são conhecidos por causar a formação de lamas de decantação pobres (ou seja, de volume de lodo) 1,7,14. O sistema utilizado HDBR modificado reactores de leito fluidizado, que consistem tipicamente de um reactor de fluxo ascendente e um tanque de reciclagem externa. Reactores de leito fluidificado estão tipicamente operado com caudais de fluxo de recirculação de alta o suficiente para manter o substrato de crescimento de biofilme suspenso, mas baixa o suficiente para que o substrato coberto-biofilme é retida. Ao contrário dos reactores de leito fluidizado, o HDBR descrito em Vendas e Shieh (2006) utilizadas taxas de fluxo relativamente baixa corrente de reciclagem a qual, juntamente com arejamento externo, impediram ruptura da zona de biomassa formada no interior do reactor 1. Estudos posteriores demonstraram a capacidade deste projeto do reator de tratar com sucesso uma série de fluxos de nitrogênio usando nitrificantes / desnitrificadores 3,4. Ao todo parafuso prisioneiroies a formação de, uma zona densa de biomassa estável dentro do HDBR eliminou a necessidade de um processo de / sedimentação floculação externo 1-4. À medida que relatamos aqui, a utilização da HDBR a crescer culturas densas também foi testado numa configuração fotobiorreactor (PBR) para o cultivo de algas. Discutimos as vantagens e desvantagens deste sistema reactor romance para o cultivo de algas e seu potencial para superar um grande obstáculo na comercialização de biocombustíveis de algas associadas a colheita de biomassa (ou seja, uma boa separação sólido-líquido 15,16). O protocolo a seguir descreve as etapas necessárias para a montagem, arranque, a partir de amostra, e manter uma HDBR com algas como a comunidade microbiana de interesse. As variações no protocolo de inicialização e operação de culturas heterotróficas e nitrificação / desnitr também será mencionado. Por último, vantagens, desvantagens, gerais e incógnitas deste projeto do reator novela será destacado.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="686">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Aeration stone</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Alita</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AS-3015C</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Aerator</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Top Fin</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Air-1000</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Ammonium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A9434</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Anion analysis column</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Shodex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IC SI-52 4E</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:213px;">Beaker (600 mL)</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Corning Pyrex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1000-600</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Used as mixing vessel (MV). Addition of hose barbs at the bottom and 500 mL levels. Outside diameter of hose barbs 3/8&#34;.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Calcium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C5670</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Cation analysis column</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Shodex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IC YS-50</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Cobalt chloride hexahydrate</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C8661</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Copper chloride</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">222011</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Ferric chloride</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">157740</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Filter (vacuum)</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">09-719-2E</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">0.45 um membrane filter, MCE, 47 mm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:213px;">Graduated cylinder (1000 mL)</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Corning Pyrex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3025-1L</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Used as reactor vessel (R). Addition of hose barbs at bottom, 500 mL, and 1 L levels. Outside diameter of hose barbs 3/8&#34;.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">HPLC/IC</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Shimadzu</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Prominence</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Magnesium sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M2643</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Masterflex L/S variable speed drive</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Masterflex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">07553-50</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Drive for recycle and feed pumps (2 needed)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Nickel chloride hexahydrate</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N6136</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Potassium nitrate</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P8291</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">(Monobasic) Potassium phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P5655</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Pump head</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Masterflex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">07018-20</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Recycle pump head</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Pump head</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Masterflex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">07013-20</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Feed pump head</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Pump tubing</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Masterflex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6404-18</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Recycle pump tubing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Pump tubing</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Masterflex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6404-13</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Feed pump tubing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S5761</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Zinc sulfate heptahydrate</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z0251</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a novel bioreactor for high density cultivation of diverse microbial communities

A novel reactor design, coined a high density bioreactor (HDBR), is presented for the cultivation and study of high density microbial communities. Past studies have evaluated the performance of the reactor for the removal of COD1 and nitrogen species2-4 by heterotrophic and chemoautotrophic bacteria, respectively. The HDBR design eliminates the requirement for external flocculation/sedimentation processes while still yielding effluent containing low suspended solids. In this study, the HDBR is applied as a photobioreactor (PBR) in order to characterize the nitrogen removal characteristics of an algae-based photosynthetic microbial community. As previously reported for this HDBR design, a stable biomass zone was established with a clear delineation between the biologically active portion of the reactor and the recycling reactor fluid, which resulted in a low suspended solid effluent. The algal community in the HDBR was observed to remove 18.4% of total nitrogen species in the influent. Varying NH4+ and NO3- concentrations in the feed did not have an effect on NH4+ removal (n=44, p=0.993 and n=44, p=0.610 respectively) while NH4+ feed concentration was found to be negatively related with NO3- removal (n=44, p=0.000) and NO3- feed concentration was found to be positively correlated with NO3- removal (n=44, p=0.000). Consistent removal of NH4+, combined with the accumulation of oxidized nitrogen species at high NH4+ fluxes indicates the presence of ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria within the microbial community.

O HDBR foi usada para cultivar algas ao longo de várias proporções de concentrações de amônia e nitrato influente, mantendo um teor de nitrogênio total na ração a 40 mg -NL -1. Influente e amostras de efluentes foram tomados diariamente; amostras de densidade de biomassa foram tomadas no início e no final de cada condição. O reactor necessário em média 3-5 dias para atingir o equilíbrio de estado estacionário, após as condições foram alteradas. Ao longo de um vasto leque de condições infl...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Bioreactor for High Density Cultivation of Diverse Microbial Communities at JoVE.com

A Novel Bioreactor for High Density Cultivation of Diverse Microbial Communities

A novel reactor design, coined a high density bioreactor (HDBR), is presented for the cultivation and study of high density microbial communities. Here, the HDBR is successfully applied in a photobioreactor (PBR) configuration for the study of nitrogen metabolism by a mixed high density algal community.

Um biorreator Novel de Cultivo de Alta Densidade de diversas comunidades microbianas

A novel reactor design, coined a high density bioreactor (HDBR), is presented for the cultivation and study of high density microbial communities. Past ...

a-novel-bioreactor-for-high-density-cultivation-diverse-microbial

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

16.8K visualizações.  Drexel University. A novel reactor design, coined a high density bioreactor (HDBR), is presented for the cultivation and study of high density microbial communities. Here, the HDBR is successfully applied in a photobioreactor (PBR) configuration for the study of nitrogen metabolism by a mixed high density algal community.

Vídeo: A Novel Bioreactor for High Density Cultivation of Diverse Microbial Communities

Density Gradient Multilayered Polymerization (DGMP): A Novel Technique for Creating Multi-compartment, Customizable Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering

Complex tissue culture matrices, in which types and concentrations of biological stimuli (e.g. growth factors, inhibitors, or small molecules) or matrix structure (e.g. composition, concentration, or stiffness of the matrix) vary over space, would enable a wide range of investigations concerning how these variables affect cell differentiation, migration, and other phenomena. The major challenge in creating layered matrices is maintaining the structural integrity of layer interfaces without diffusion of individual components from each layer1. Current methodologies to achieve this include photopatterning2-3, lithography4, sequential functionalization5, freeze drying6, microfluidics7, or centrifugation8, many of which require sophisticated instrumentation and technical skills. Others rely on sequential attachment of individual layers, which may lead to delamination of layers9. 
DGMP overcomes these issues by using an inert density modifier such as iodixanol to create layers of varying densities10. Since the density modifier can be mixed with any prepolymer or bioactive molecule, DGMP allows each scaffold layer to be customized. Simply varying the concentration of the density modifier prevents mixing of adjacent layers while they remain aqueous. Subsequent single step polymerization gives rise to a structurally continuous multilayered scaffold, in which each layer has distinct chemical and mechanical properties. The density modifier can be easily removed with sufficient rinsing without perturbation of the individual layers or their components. This technique is therefore well suited for creating hydrogels of various sizes, shapes, and materials.
A protocol for fabricating a 2D-polyethylene glycol (PEG) gel, in which alternating layers incorporate RGDS-350, is outlined below. We use PEG because it is biocompatible and inert. RGDS, a cell adhesion peptide11, is used to demonstrate spatial restriction of a biological cue, and the conjugation of a fluorophore (Alexa Fluor 350) enables us to visually distinguish various layers. This procedure can be adapted for other materials (e.g. collagen, hyaluronan, etc.) and can be extended to fabricate 3D gels with some modifications10.

Density Gradient Multilayered Polymerization DGMP: A Novel Technique for Creating Multi-compartment, Customizable Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering

Here we describe a unique strategy for creating biocompatible, layered matrices with continuous interfaces between distinct layers for tissue engineering. Such a scaffold could provide an ideal customizable environment to modulate cell behavior by various biological, chemical or mechanical cues

Gradiente de densidade de várias camadas de polimerização (DGMP): uma nova técnica para a criação de multi-compartimento, Andaimes customizáveis ​​para Engenharia de Tecidos

Complex tissue culture matrices, in which types and concentrations of biological stimuli (e.g. growth factors, inhibitors, or small molecules) or matrix ...

Bioengenharia

Design of a Biaxial Mechanical Loading Bioreactor for Tissue Engineering

We designed a loading device that is capable of applying uniaxial or biaxial mechanical strain to a tissue engineered biocomposites fabricated for transplantation. While the device primarily functions as a bioreactor that mimics the native mechanical strains, it is also outfitted with a load cell for providing force feedback or mechanical testing of the constructs. The device subjects engineered cartilage constructs to biaxial mechanical loading with great precision of loading dose (amplitude and frequency) and is compact enough to fit inside a standard tissue culture incubator. It loads samples directly in a tissue culture plate, and multiple plate sizes are compatible with the system. The device has been designed using components manufactured for precision-guided laser applications. Bi-axial loading is accomplished by two orthogonal stages. The stages have a 50 mm travel range and are driven independently by stepper motor actuators, controlled by a closed-loop stepper motor driver that features micro-stepping capabilities, enabling step sizes of less than 50 nm. A polysulfone loading platen is coupled to the bi-axial moving platform. Movements of the stages are controlled by Thor-labs Advanced Positioning Technology (APT) software. The stepper motor driver is used with the software to adjust load parameters of frequency and amplitude of both shear and compression independently and simultaneously. Positional feedback is provided by linear optical encoders that have a bidirectional repeatability of 0.1 &mu;m and a resolution of 20 nm, translating to a positional accuracy of less than 3 &mu;m over the full 50 mm of travel. These encoders provide the necessary position feedback to the drive electronics to ensure true nanopositioning capabilities. In order to provide the force feedback to detect contact and evaluate loading responses, a precision miniature load cell is positioned between the loading platen and the moving platform. The load cell has high accuracies of 0.15% to 0.25% full scale.

We designed a novel mechanical loading bioreactor that can apply uniaxial or biaxial mechanical strain to a cartilage biocomposite prior to transplantation into an articular cartilage defect.

Projeto de um biorreator Carregando Mecânica Biaxial para Engenharia de Tecidos

We  designed a loading device that is capable of applying uniaxial or biaxial  mechanical strain to a tissue engineered biocomposites fabricated for  ...

Microfluidic Picoliter Bioreactor for Microbial Single-cell Analysis: Fabrication, System Setup, and Operation

In this protocol the fabrication, experimental setup and basic operation of the recently introduced microfluidic picoliter bioreactor (PLBR) is described in detail. The PLBR can be utilized for the analysis of single bacteria and microcolonies to investigate biotechnological and microbiological related questions concerning, e.g.&#160;cell growth, morphology, stress response, and metabolite or protein production on single-cell level. The device features continuous media flow enabling constant environmental conditions for perturbation studies, but in addition allows fast medium changes as well as oscillating conditions to mimic any desired environmental situation. To fabricate the single use devices, a silicon wafer containing sub micrometer sized SU-8 structures served as the replication mold for rapid polydimethylsiloxane casting. Chips were cut, assembled, connected, and set up onto a high resolution and fully automated microscope suited for time-lapse imaging, a powerful tool for spatio-temporal cell analysis. Here, the biotechnological platform organism Corynebacterium glutamicum&#160;was seeded into the PLBR and cell growth and intracellular fluorescence were followed over several hours unraveling time dependent population heterogeneity on single-cell level, not possible with conventional analysis methods such as flow cytometry. Besides insights into device fabrication, furthermore, the preparation of the preculture, loading, trapping of bacteria, and the PLBR cultivation of single cells and colonies is demonstrated. These devices will add a new dimension in microbiological research to analyze time dependent phenomena of single bacteria under tight environmental control. Due to the simple and relatively short fabrication process the technology can be easily adapted at any microfluidics lab and simply tailored towards specific needs.

In this protocol the fabrication, setup and basic operation of a microfluidic picoliter bioreactor (PLBR) for single-cell analysis of prokaryotic microorganisms is introduced. Industrially relevant microorganisms were analyzed as proof of principle allowing insights into growth rate, morphology, and phenotypic heterogeneity over certain time periods, hardly possible with conventional methods.

In this protocol the fabrication, experimental setup and basic operation of the recently introduced microfluidic picoliter bioreactor (PLBR) is described ...

Operation of a Benchtop Bioreactor

Fermentation systems are used to provide an optimal growth environment for many different types of cell cultures. The ability afforded by fermentors to carefully control temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen concentrations in particular makes them essential to efficient large scale growth and expression of fermentation products. This video will briefly describe the advantages of the fermentor over the shake flask. It will also identify key components of a typical benchtop fermentation system and give basic instruction on setup of the vessel and calibration of its probes. The viewer will be familiarized with the sterilization process and shown how to inoculate the growth medium in the vessel with culture. Basic concepts of operation, sampling, and harvesting will also be demonstrated. Simple data analysis and system cleanup will also be discussed.

Fermentors are used to increase culture yield and productivity of bioengineered cells. After screening multiple microbial or animal cell culture candidates in shake flasks, the next logical step is to increase the selected culture&#x2019;s biomass with the fermentor. This video demonstrates the setup and operation of a typical benchtop bioreactor system.

Funcionamento de um biorreator de bancada

Fermentation systems are used to provide an optimal growth environment for many different types of cell cultures. The ability afforded by fermentors to ...

Construction and Characterization of a Novel Vocal Fold Bioreactor

In vitro engineering of mechanically active tissues requires the presentation of physiologically relevant mechanical conditions to cultured cells. To emulate the dynamic environment of vocal folds, a novel vocal fold bioreactor capable of producing vibratory stimulations at fundamental phonation frequencies is constructed and characterized. The device is composed of a function generator, a power amplifier, a speaker selector and parallel vibration chambers. Individual vibration chambers are created by sandwiching a custom-made silicone membrane between a pair of acrylic blocks. The silicone membrane not only serves as the bottom of the chamber but also provides a mechanism for securing the cell-laden scaffold. Vibration signals, generated by a speaker mounted underneath the bottom acrylic block, are transmitted to the membrane aerodynamically by the oscillating air. Eight identical vibration modules, fixed on two stationary metal bars, are housed in an anti-humidity chamber for long-term operation in a cell culture incubator. The vibration characteristics of the vocal fold bioreactor are analyzed non-destructively using a Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV). The utility of the dynamic culture device is demonstrated by culturing cellular constructs in the presence of 200-Hz sinusoidal vibrations with a mid-membrane displacement of 40 &#181;m. Mesenchymal stem cells cultured in the bioreactor respond to the vibratory signals by altering the synthesis and degradation of vocal fold-relevant, extracellular matrix components. The novel bioreactor system presented herein offers an excellent in vitro platform for studying vibration-induced mechanotransduction and for the engineering of functional vocal fold tissues.

A novel vocal fold bioreactor capable of delivering physiologically relevant, vibratory stimulation to cultured cells is constructed and characterized. This dynamic culture device, when combined with a fibrous poly(&#949;-caprolactone) scaffold, creates a vocal fold-mimetic environment that modulates the behaviors of mesenchymal stem cells.

Construção e Caracterização de um biorreator Fold Novel Vocal

In vitro engineering of mechanically active tissues requires the presentation of physiologically relevant mechanical conditions to cultured cells. To ...

Cultivation of Mammalian Cells Using a Single-use Pneumatic Bioreactor System

Recent advances in mammalian, insect, and stem cell cultivation and scale-up have created tremendous opportunities for new therapeutics and personalized medicine innovations. However, translating these advances into therapeutic applications will require in vitro systems that allow for robust, flexible, and cost effective bioreactor systems. There are several bioreactor systems currently utilized in research and commercial settings; however, many of these systems are not optimal for establishing, expanding, and monitoring the growth of different cell types. The culture parameters most challenging to control in these systems include, minimizing hydrodynamic shear, preventing nutrient gradient formation, establishing uniform culture medium aeration, preventing microbial contamination, and monitoring and adjusting culture conditions in real-time. Using a pneumatic single-use bioreactor system, we demonstrate the assembly and operation of this novel bioreactor for mammalian cells grown on micro-carriers. This bioreactor system eliminates many of the challenges associated with currently available systems by minimizing hydrodynamic shear and nutrient gradient formation, and allowing for uniform culture medium aeration. Moreover, the bioreactor&#8217;s software allows for remote real-time monitoring and adjusting of the bioreactor run parameters. This bioreactor system also has tremendous potential for scale-up of adherent and suspension mammalian cells for production of a variety therapeutic proteins, monoclonal antibodies, stem cells, biosimilars, and vaccines.

Using a pneumatic bioreactor, we demonstrate the assembly, operation, and performance of this single-use bioreactor system for the growth of mammalian cells.

O cultivo de células de mamíferos utilizando um uso único sistema pneumático Bioreactor

Recent advances in mammalian, insect, and stem cell cultivation and scale-up have created tremendous opportunities for new therapeutics and personalized ...

Construction and Setup of a Bench-scale Algal Photosynthetic Bioreactor with Temperature, Light, and pH Monitoring for Kinetic Growth Tests

The optimal design and operation of photosynthetic bioreactors (PBRs) for microalgal cultivation is essential for improving the environmental and economic performance of microalgae-based biofuel production. Models that estimate microalgal growth under different conditions can help to optimize PBR design and operation. To be effective, the growth parameters used in these models must be accurately determined. Algal growth experiments are often constrained by the dynamic nature of the culture environment, and control systems are needed to accurately determine the kinetic parameters. The first step in setting up a controlled batch experiment is live data acquisition and monitoring. This protocol outlines a process for the assembly and operation of a bench-scale photosynthetic bioreactor that can be used to conduct microalgal growth experiments. This protocol describes how to size and assemble a flat-plate, bench-scale PBR from acrylic. It also details how to configure a PBR with continuous pH, light, and temperature monitoring using a data acquisition and control unit, analog sensors, and open-source data acquisition software.

This paper describes the assembly process and operation of a bench-scale photosynthetic bioreactor that can be used, in conjunction with other methods, to estimate pertinent kinetic growth parameters. This system continuously monitors the pH, light, and temperature using sensors, a data acquisition and control unit, and open-source data acquisition software.

Construção e configuração de um Bioreactor Fotossintético Algal com Escala de Banco com Monitoramento de Temperatura, Luz e pH para testes de crescimento cinético

The optimal design and operation of photosynthetic bioreactors (PBRs) for microalgal cultivation is essential for improving the environmental and economic ...

Process Optimization using High Throughput Automated Micro-Bioreactors in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Cultivation

Optimization of bioprocesses to increase the yield of desired products is of importance in the biopharmaceutical industry. This can be achieved by strain selection and by developing bioprocess parameters. Shake flasks have been used for this purpose. They, however, lack the capability to control the process parameters such as pH and dissolved oxygen (DO). This limitation can be overcome with the help of an automated micro-bioreactor. These bioreactors mimic cultivation at a larger scale. One of the major advantages of this system is the integration of the Design of Experiment (DOE) in the software. This integration enables establishing a design where multiple process parameters can be varied simultaneously. The critical process parameters and optimum bioprocess conditions can be analyzed within the software. The focus of the work presented here is to introduce the user to the steps involved in process design in the software and incorporation of the DOE within the cultivation run.

Here, we present a detailed procedure to run a Design of Experiment in an automated micro-bioreactor followed by cell harvest and protein quantification using a Protein A column.

Otimização de processos usando micro-bioreatores automatizados de alto throughput no cultivo de células de ovário de hamster chinês

Optimization of bioprocesses to increase the yield of desired products is of importance in the biopharmaceutical industry. This can be achieved by strain ...

High-Throughput Identification of Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato in Tomato using Seedling Flood Assay

Tomato is an agronomically important crop that can be infected by Pseudomonas syringae, a Gram-negative bacterium, resulting in bacterial speck disease. The tomato-P. syringae pv. tomato pathosystem is widely used to dissect the genetic basis of plant innate responses and disease resistance. While disease was successfully managed for many decades through the introduction of the Pto/Prf gene cluster from Solanum pimpinellifolium into cultivated tomato, race 1 strains of P. syringae have evolved to overcome resistance conferred by the Pto/Prf gene cluster and occur worldwide.
Wild tomato species are important reservoirs of natural diversity in pathogen recognition, because they evolved in diverse environments with different pathogen pressures. In typical screens for disease resistance in wild tomato, adult plants are used, which can limit the number of plants that can be screened due to their extended growth time and greater growth space requirements. We developed a method to screen 10-day-old tomato seedlings for resistance, which minimizes plant growth time and growth chamber space, allows a rapid turnover of plants, and allows large sample sizes to be tested. Seedling outcomes of survival or death can be treated as discrete phenotypes or on a resistance scale defined by amount of new growth in surviving seedlings after flooding. This method has been optimized to screen 10-day-old tomato seedlings for resistance to two P. syringae strains and can easily be adapted to other P. syringae strains.

High-Throughput Identification of Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato in Tomato using Seedling Flood Assay

The seedling flood assay facilitates rapid screening of wild tomato accessions for the resistance to the Pseudomonas syringae bacterium. This assay, used in conjunction with the seedling bacterial growth assay, can assist in further characterizing the underlying resistance to the bacterium, and can be used to screen mapping populations to determine the genetic basis of resistance.

Identificação de alta duração da resistência a Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomate no Tomate usando Ensaio de Inundação de Mudas

Tomato is an agronomically important crop that can be infected by Pseudomonas syringae, a Gram-negative bacterium, resulting in bacterial speck disease. ...

Generation of Dynamical Environmental Conditions using a High-Throughput Microfluidic Device

Mimicking in vivo environmental conditions is crucial for in vitro studies on complex life machinery. However, current techniques targeting live cells and organs are either highly expensive, like robotics, or lack nanoliter volume and millisecond time accuracy in liquid manipulation. We herein present the design and fabrication of a microfluidic system, which consists of 1,500 culture units, an array of enhanced peristaltic pumps and an on-site mixing modulus. To demonstrate the capacities of the microfluidic device, neural stem cell (NSC) spheres are maintained in the proposed system. We observed that when the NSC sphere is exposed to CXCL in day 1 and EGF in day 2, the round-shaped conformation is well maintained. Variation in the input order of 6 drugs causes morphological changes to the NSC sphere and the expression level representative marker for NSC stemness (i.e., Hes5 and Dcx). These results indicate that dynamic and complex environmental conditions have great effects on NSC differentiation and self-renewal, and the proposed microfluidic device is a suitable platform for high throughput studies on the complex life machinery.

We present a microfluidic system for high throughput studies on complex life machinery, which consists of 1500 culture units, an array of enhanced peristaltic pumps and an on-site mixing modulus. The microfluidic chip allows for the analysis of the highly complex and dynamic micro-environmental conditions in vivo.

Geração de Condições Ambientais Dinâmicas usando um dispositivo microfluido de alto rendimento

Mimicking in vivo environmental conditions is crucial for in vitro studies on complex life machinery. However, current techniques targeting live cells and ...