This work was funded by the University of Michigan Department Of Psychiatry (U032826; JDM), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA; K08 DA037912-01; JDM) and the Department of Defense (DoD) National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) Fellowship (CJF).

Todos os procedimentos foram aprovados pelo Comitê da Universidade sobre o Uso e tratamento dos animais (UCUCA; Universidade de Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI). 1. Equipamentos e Software <ol><li> Obter câmaras operativas comerciais e dispositivos. Veja a Tabela de Materiais. </li><li> Realizar treinamento em ratos câmaras de condicionamento operante (largura 24,1 cm × 20,5 cm de profundidade x 29,2 cm de altura), situada em armários de atenuação de som com ventiladores para fornecer o ruído ambiente. </li><li> Equipar cada câmara, com uma revista pelete (receptáculo), localizado centralmente na 21.6 cm de largura da parede frontal da câmara de operante 3 cm acima do chão de grelha de aço inoxidável. Certifique-se de que a revista pellet contém um sensor infravermelho que é capaz de detectar as entradas de cabeça para dentro do dispositivo. </li><li> Ligue a revista pellet a um distribuidor da pelota, que oferece pelotas de alimentos com sabor de bananas (45 mg). </li><li> De uma forma contrabalançada, posição um retrátil leVer (CS) de aproximadamente 2,5 cm de cada lado do recipiente de ressuspensão (esquerda ou direita) 3 cm acima do chão de grelha de aço inoxidável. </li><li> Certifique-se de que a alavanca contém uma luz de sinalização LED dentro dele para fazer a alavanca estendida visualmente mais evidente. </li><li> Se usando uma alavanca retráctil, calibrar a alavanca, colocando um peso de calibração 10 g na parte superior da alavanca, e depois ajustando o parafuso de calibração (localizado na parte superior do dispositivo) com uma chave de porca sextavada até que o peso por si só, é capaz de deprimir a alavanca. </li><li> Equipar uma casa de luz vermelha no topo da câmara na parede oposta do recipiente revista. Nota: Uma casa de luz vermelha é utilizado para aumentar a perceptibilidade da alavanca iluminado. </li></ol> 2. Formação PCA <ol><li> -House par adulto ratos Sprague Dawley (250-300 g) no momento da chegada e deixá-los sem ser perturbado por pelo menos dois dias na colônia de habitação, que é mantido em um 12 hr ciclo claro / escuro. </li><li> Gentilmente lidar com EACH rato durante pelo menos 1 min por dia durante dois dias, a fim de se aclimatar os ratos ao contacto humano. Fornecer ratos acesso ad libitum a comida e água na colônia habitacional. </li><li> Conhecimento ratos com as pelotas de alimentos com sabor de bananas, colocando pelotas do alimento nas suas gaiolas (aproximadamente 15 pelotas por rato) por dois dias, começando três dias antes do treino PCA. Nota: Se os ratos são alojados em pares, que é útil para dividir os peletes uniformemente sobre os dois lados da gaiola de origem. </li><li> Programa pré-treinamento Nota: Toda a nossa programação é realizada utilizando MEDState Notation (para Med Associates, software), eo manual está disponível online (mednr.com/pdf/doc003_MedPCProgramr.pdf). Programas são escritos como documentos de texto sem formatação (por exemplo, ASCII ou texto DOS) usando MedState notação, salvo com a extensão adequada (ou seja, [nome do arquivo] .mpc), então traduzido usando o programa MED-PC, Trans IV. Todos estes passos são fornecidos em maior detalhe na acima referida prógramação manual. <ol><li> Criar um programa de pré-treinamento que oferece cinqüenta pelotas do alimento em um tempo variável (VT) de programação 30 seg 5 min após o início do programa (ou seja, um pellet comida é entregue em média a cada 30 segundos, mas a entrega real varia aleatoriamente entre 0- 60 seg). </li><li> Escreva o programa pré-treinamento de tal forma que a casa da luz vermelha está acesa, mas a alavanca permanece retraída para a duração do programa (cerca de 25 min). </li><li> Realizar pré-treinamento e toda a experimentação subsequente durante o ciclo de luz. </li><li> Um dia antes do treino PCA, coloque cada rato em uma câmara operante, feche e tranque a porta da câmara, e fechar a porta do armário de atenuação do som. </li><li> Inicie o programa de pré-treinamento o mais rapidamente possível após a colocação de cada rato, na sua câmara. </li><li> Remover cada rato da sua câmara tão rapidamente quanto possível após o programa termina. </li><li> Registe o número de pelotas consumidas e excluir os ratos que não consumir todo opelotas de novos testes. </li></ol></li><li> Criar um programa de formação de APC que proporciona 25 ensaios em aproximadamente 40 minutos, começando 1 min após o início do programa. <ol><li> Escrever o programa para que, durante cada ensaio a alavanca é estendido para a câmara e iluminada por 8 s. </li><li> Programa retração alavanca para ser imediatamente seguido pela entrega independente de resposta de um pellet de alimentos para a revista pellet. </li><li> Separe cada teste em uma programação sec VT 90 (ie, extensão da alavanca e subsequente entrega pellet alimentos ocorre em média a cada 90 segundos, mas a entrega real varia aleatoriamente entre 30-150 seg). </li><li> Coloque cada rato numa câmara de condicionamento, feche e tranque a porta da câmara, e fechar a porta do armário de atenuação do som. </li><li> Inicie o programa de formação APC tão rapidamente quanto possível após a colocação de cada rato, na sua câmara. </li><li> Remover cada rato da sua câmara tão rapidamente quanto possível após o programa termina. </li><li> Eratos xclude que não consomem todas as pelotas de mais testes. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Processamento de Dados <ol><li> Transferir informações de saída para uma folha de cálculo (por exemplo, um documento de planilha). </li><li> Criar um perfil que extrai informações de identificação (número de registro assunto, data de início, hora de início e número de caixa), bem como informações de saída (número e latência de prensas de alavanca e entradas de revistas). Nota: Nas experiências, as entradas do compartimento não-CS também são extraídas pelo perfil. Definir entradas de revistas não-CS como entradas para a revista que ocorrem fora do período sec CS 8 e durante o (ou seja, 60-120 seg) período VT 90 segundos durante o qual a alavanca não é estendido. </li><li> Além disso processar os dados, nivelando as apertar a alavanca e revistas latências entrada em 8 segundos (ou seja, a duração da apresentação CS). Isto pode ser conseguido por meio de folha de cálculo da função IF: IF (X&gt; 8,8, X). </li><li> calcular a pontuação depara viés de resposta (ou seja, o número total de pressões da alavanca e entradas de revista para uma sessão; [alavanca prensas - entradas revista] / [pressões da alavanca + entradas de revista]), pontuação de latência (ou seja, a latência média para executar uma imprensa alavanca ou entrada de revista durante uma sessão; [latência entrada revista - alavanca de imprensa latência] / 8), ea diferença de probabilidade (ou seja, a proporção de pressões da alavanca ou entradas de revista; [alavanca de imprensa probabilidade - revista entrada probabilidade]) 5. Nota: Com estas fórmulas, todas as pontuações deve variar entre 1,0 e -1,0. </li><li> Calcule a pontuação do índice PCA para cada rato pela média de seu viés de resposta, pontuação de latência, e a diferença de probabilidade dentro de cada sessão individual. Nota: A pontuação do índice PCA deve variar entre 1,0 e -1,0. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

formação PCA pode ser usado para determinar a variação individual na tendência de atribuir incentivos relevância aos estímulos condicionados, que tem sido argumentado ser um componente importante de vulnerabilidade vício. Por exemplo, ele já havia sido demonstrado que STs atribuir incentivos relevância para ambos os alimentos e medicamentos pistas 6, e ambos géneros e sugestões relacionadas com as drogas ativam regiões cerebrais semelhantes dentro de um circuito amígdalo-estriato-tálamo na <sup...

A transição do uso de drogas ao vício envolve interações complexas entre 1,2 aprendizagem pavloviano e instrumental. Durante consumo de drogas e drogas de procura de comportamentos, ações e resultados são aprendidas através de processos instrumentais; no entanto, as relações entre estímulos (por exemplo, sugestões relacionadas com a droga) e recompensas também são aprendidas através de processos de Pavlov. Pistas de Pavlov adquirir valor preditivo, mas eles também podem adquirir incentivo valor motivacional 3, em que eles se tornam atraente, desejável, e capaz de promover e manter o comportamento recompensa-seeking 4. Muitos procedimentos que investigam recompensa aprendizagem em animais, no entanto, não permitir a disentanglement de preditivo em relação a aprendizagem motivacional incentivo. Em procedimentos de auto-administração de drogas, por exemplo, ambas as contingências instrumentais e pavlovianas são normalmente empregadas, de tal forma que os ratos aprendem a executar uma ação (por exemplo, nariz-poking, pressionando-alavanca, etc), a fim de receber um resultado (isto é, infusão intravenosa de drogas). O resultado gratificante também está emparelhado com estímulos de Pavlov (por exemplo, a iluminação de um porto nariz puxão, apresentação luz de sinalização, o som da bomba de infusão, sensação interoceptiva de fornecimento de fluido para a corrente sanguínea, etc.). Nem sempre é claro nestes procedimentos se pistas estão apoiando ações dirigidas a objetivos simplesmente por causa de sua relação preditiva com a recompensa, ou se sinais adquiriram propriedades motivacionais de incentivo da sua própria. Para isolar experimentalmente o valor motivacional incentivo do valor preditivo de estímulos de Pavlov, nosso laboratório usa um procedimento pavloviano abordagem condicionado (PCA), a fim de identificar os ratos que atribuem incentivos relevância para recompensar-relacionados pistas. Durante uma sessão de treinamento, um estímulo condicionado (CS; por exemplo, uma alavanca) resposta de forma independente prevê a Delivery de um estímulo não condicionado (US, por exemplo, uma pastilha de alimento). Ao longo de várias sessões de treino, três fenótipos desenvolver: Sinal de rastreamento (resposta condicionada CS-dirigido [CR]), a meta-tracking (CR US-dirigido), e uma resposta intermediária (ambos CRs). Para meta-trackers (GTs), o CS é utilizado como um preditor de entrega de recompensa; No entanto, para sign-trackers (STs), o CS é atribuído com saliência incentivo, tornando-se atraente e desejável. Nesta revisão, descrevemos o equipamento, instalação e processamento de dados necessários para realizar um procedimento de PCA. Além disso, nós fornecemos resultados representativos de treinamento PCA, traçar considerações experimentais importantes, e discutir a utilidade putativa de procedimentos PCA em investigar a dependência e outros transtornos neuropsiquiátricos.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Standard Modular Operant Test Chamber with Modified Top for Rat</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-008CT</td><td>Top has access slot for drug delivery leashes or other harness systems; comes with ENV-008CTC (Cover Insert) for access slot</td></tr><tr><td>Expanded PVC Sound Attenuating Cubicle</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-022V</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PCI Operating Package for up to Sixteen Chambers</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>MED-SYST-16</td><td>Based on the number of operant chambers, MED-SYST-8 (PCI Operating Package for up to Eight Chambers) is also available</td></tr><tr><td>SmartCtrl</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>DIG-716P2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Universal Cable, 25&amp;prime; (7.6 m)</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>SG-210CB</td><td>Based on individual needs, SG-210CB-50 (Universal Cable, 50&amp;prime; [15.2 m]) is also available</td></tr><tr><td>18&amp;Prime; (45.7 cm) 3-Pin Mini-Molex</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>SG-216A</td><td>Based on individual needs, SG-216A-2 (2&amp;prime; [61.0 cm] 3-Pin Mini-Molex) is also available</td></tr><tr><td>Power Cable, 25&amp;prime; (7.6 m)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>SG-210CP-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stainless Steel Grid Floor for Rat</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-005</td><td>Based on preference, ENV-005A (Stainless Steel Grid Floor for Mouse) is also available&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Reusable Waste Pan</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-007-P3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filler Panel Package for Standard Modular Test Chamber</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-008-FP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Modular Pellet Dispenser for Rat, 45 mg</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-203M-45</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pellet Receptacle, Trough Type</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-200R2M</td><td>Based on preference, ENV-200R1M (Pellet Receptable, Cup Type) is also available&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Retractable Lever</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-112CM</td><td>Calibrated to 25 g; needs to be adjusted to 10 g before Pavlovian conditioned approach training</td></tr><tr><td>Retractable Lever Cue Light</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-112CML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>House Light for Rat</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-215M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 mA Replacement Bulbs, Pack of 10</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>SG-800R</td><td>Red-colored; for use with ENV-215M (House Light for Rat)</td></tr><tr><td>Pellets, 45 mg, Primate Purified Diet, Banana Flavor</td><td>Bio-Serv</td><td>F0059</td><td>50,000/box&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

pavlovian conditioned approach training in rats

Pistas que são contingentemente emparelhado com incondicionados, estímulos gratificantes pode adquirir-se propriedades de recompensa por meio de um processo conhecido como a atribuição de relevância de incentivo, ou a transformação de estímulos neutros em atraente, &quot;queria&quot; estímulos capazes de motivar comportamento. Abordagem condicionado de Pavlov (PCA) desenvolve-se após a apresentação independente de resposta de um estímulo condicionado (CS; por exemplo, uma alavanca) que prevê a administração de um estímulo não condicionado (US, por exemplo, uma pastilha de comida) e pode ser utilizado para medir incentivo saliência durante a formação, três padrões. respostas da condicionado (CRS) pode desenvolver:. comportamento de rastreamento de sinal (CS-dirigido CR), o comportamento de rastreamento de meta (US-dirigido CR), e uma resposta intermediária (ambos CRs) Registe-trackers atribuir incentivos relevância para recompensar-relacionada pistas e são mais vulneráveis ​​a reintegração induzida por sugestão de drogas que procuram, bem como outros comportamentos relacionados com a dependência, tornando PCA um poteprocedimento entially valiosa para estudar a vulnerabilidade vício. Aqui, descrevemos os materiais e métodos utilizados para provocar um comportamento PCA de ratos, bem como analisar e interpretar o comportamento PCA em experiências individuais.

Verificou-se que 5-7 sessões diárias de formação PCA é suficiente para ratos fenótipo por STS, GT, e respondedores intermédios (IRS), embora os ratos podem ser formados ainda com base nas necessidades de um laboratório particular ou experiência. Fenotipagem é baseado nos resultados de índice PCA, que são calculados pela média do viés de resposta, a pontuação de latência, ea diferença probabilidade de sessões individuais como anteriormente descrito no protocolo. Fenóti...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats at JoVE.com

Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

Here, we present a protocol to elicit Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior in rats. This procedure can be used to measure individual differences in the tendency to approach and attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and investigate addiction vulnerability.

Formação Abordagem Condicionada pavloviano em Ratos

Cues that are contingently paired with unconditioned, rewarding stimuli can acquire rewarding properties themselves through a process known as the ...

pavlovian-conditioned-approach-training-in-rats

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.9K visualizações.  University of Michigan. Here, we present a protocol to elicit Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior in rats. This procedure can be used to measure individual differences in the tendency to approach and attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and investigate addiction vulnerability. 

Vídeo: Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. Higher cognitive functions that require precise control over sensorimotor responses such as decision-making and attentional modulation, however, are typically assessed in nonhuman primates. Despite the richness of primate behavior that allows multiple variants of these functions to be studied, the rodent model remains an attractive, cost-effective alternative to primate models. Furthermore, the ability to fully automate operant conditioning in rodents adds unique advantages over the labor intensive training of nonhuman primates while studying a broad range of these complex functions.
Here, we introduce a protocol for operantly conditioning rats on performing working memory tasks. During critical epochs of the task, the protocol ensures that the animal's overt movement is minimized by requiring the animal to 'fixate' until a Go cue is delivered, akin to nonhuman primate experimental design. A simple two alternative forced choice task is implemented to demonstrate the performance. We discuss the application of this paradigm to other tasks.

A fully automated protocol for rodent operant conditioning is proposed. The protocol relies on precise temporal control of behavioral events to investigate the extent to which this control influences neural activity underlying sensorimotor integration and cognitive control experiments.

Um totalmente automatizada Roedor Condicionado Protocolo para Sensorimotor Integração e Experimentos controle cognitivo

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. ...

Comportamento

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

Um procedimento para Observar Renovação induzida por Contexto de pavloviano condicionado Comportamento Álcool-seeking em Ratos

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that neural mechanisms for certain behavioral tasks and response behaviors are different in females and males. Using females in research studies can represent a challenge because of the variation of gonadal hormones during their estrous cycle. This protocol describes well-established procedures that are useful in investigating the role of estrogen in fear extinction memory consolidation in female rats. Phase of the estrous cycle and exogenous estrogen administration prior to extinction training can influence extinction recall 24 hr later. The vaginal swabbing technique for estrous phase identification described here aids the examination and manipulation of naturally cycling gonadal hormones. The use of this basic rodent model may further delineate the mechanisms by which estrogen can modulate fear extinction memory in females.

Gonadal hormones such as estrogen modulate memory formation in a number of experimental paradigms including fear extinction memory. This protocol describes a set of methods for investigating the influence of gonadal hormones specifically during extinction in naturally cycling females, including estrous cycle monitoring and exogenous estrogen administration.

Protocolo de Estudos de Extinção do medo condicionado em Naturally Ciclismo ratas

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that ...

Signal Attenuation as a Rat Model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus which serves as a feedback cue. This feedback is later attenuated by repeated presentations of the stimulus without food (without the rat emitting the lever-press response). In the next stage, lever-pressing is assessed under extinction conditions (i.e., no food is delivered). At this stage rats display two types of lever-presses, those that are followed by an attempt to collect a reward, and those that are not. The latter are the measure of compulsive-like behavior in the model. A control procedure in which rats do not experience the attenuation of the feedback cue serves to distinguish between the effects of signal attenuation and of extinction. The signal attenuation model is a highly validated model of OCD and differentiates between compulsive-like behaviors and behaviors that are repetitive but not compulsive. In addition the measures collected during the procedure eliminate alternative explanations for differences between the groups being tested, and are quantitative, unbiased and unaffected by inter-experimenter variability. The major disadvantages of this model are the costly equipment, the fact that it requires some technical know-how and the fact that it is time-consuming compared to other models of OCD (11 days). The model may be used for detecting the anti- or pro-compulsive effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological manipulations and for studying the neural substrate of compulsive behavior.

The goal of the protocol described in this paper is to induce compulsive-like behavior in rats for the study of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This behavior is precipitated by attenuating a signal indicating that a lever-press response was effective in producing food.

Atenuação de sinal como um modelo de rato de Transtorno Obsessivo Compulsivo

In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus ...

A Fully Automated and Highly Versatile System for Testing Multi-cognitive Functions and Recording Neuronal Activities in Rodents

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be investigated in a single task sequence. The unique feature of this system is a custom-made, acoustically transparent chamber that eliminates many of the issues associated with auditory cue control in most commercially available chambers. The ease with which operant devices can be added or replaced makes this system quite versatile, allowing for the implementation of a variety of auditory, visual, and olfactory behavioral tasks. Automation of the system allows fine temporal (10 ms) control and precise time-stamping of each event in a predesigned behavioral sequence. When combined with a multi-channel electrophysiology recording system, multiple cognitive brain functions, such as motivation, attention, decision-making, patience, and rewards, can be examined sequentially or independently.

In this report, we present a fully automated and highly versatile system capable of simultaneously testing multi-cognitive behaviors and recording neuronal activities for rodents.

Um sistema totalmente automatizado e altamente versátil para testes de várias funções cognitivas e registro das atividades neuronais em roedores

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be ...

Neurociência

Using Clicker Training and Social Observation to Teach Rats to Voluntarily Change Cages

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on well-being and can affect the comparability and reproducibility of research results, the amount of stress experienced by laboratory animals should be minimized and avoided when possible. Further, the direct contact between the rat and animal caretaker during the cage change bears hygiene risks and therefore possibly negatively impacts the well-being of the rats and the quality of the research. 
Our protocol aims to improve the routinely performed cage changing procedure. For this reason, we present a feasible protocol that enables rats to learn via clicker training and observation to voluntarily change to a clean cage. This training helps to reduce stress caused by the physical disturbance and handling associated with the cage changes and concurrently enables a reduction in direct contact between animal and animal caretaker after the training phase is completed.
The implementation of clicker training to rats is fast and easy. Rats are generally interested in the training and efficiently learn the desired behavior, which entails changing cages through a pipe. Even without training, the rats learn to perform the desired behavior by observation, as 80% of the observational learning group successfully changed cages when tested. The training further helps to establish a relationship of trust between trainer and animal. As hygiene and well-being are both very important in animal experiments, this protocol might also help to improve high-quality research.

This protocol introduces a method of cage change for rats via clicker training. Rats learn the desired behavior not only by direct training but also by observational learning. The implementation of this fast and easy protocol might help to improve well-being and hygiene in rodent facilities.

Usando o Clicker formação e observação Social para ensinar ratos para mudar voluntariamente gaiolas

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on ...

Fear Incubation Using an Extended Fear-Conditioning Protocol for Rats

Emotional memory has been primarily studied with fear-conditioning paradigms. Fear conditioning is a form of learning through which individuals learn the relationships between aversive events and otherwise neutral stimuli. The most-widely utilized procedures for studying emotional memories entail fear conditioning in rats. In these tasks, the unconditioned stimulus (US) is a footshock presented once or several times across single or several sessions, and the conditioned response (CR) is freezing. In a version of these procedures, called cued fear conditioning, a tone (conditioned stimulus, CS) is paired with footshocks (US) during the training phase. During the first test, animals are exposed to the same context in which training took place, and freezing responses are tested in the absence of footshocks and tones (i.e., a context test). During the second test, freezing is measured when the context is changed (e.g., by manipulating the smell and walls of the experimental chamber) and the tone is presented in the absence of footshocks (i.e., a cue test). Most cued fear conditioning procedures entail few tone-shock pairings (e.g., 1-3 trials in a single session). There is a growing interest in less common versions involving an extensive number of pairings (i.e., overtraining) related to the long-lasting effect called fear incubation (i.e., fear responses increase over time without further exposure to aversive events or conditioned stimuli). Extended fear-conditioning tasks have been key to the understanding of fear incubation&#8217;s behavioral and neurobiological aspects, including its relationship with other psychological phenomena (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder). Here, we describe an extended fear-conditioning protocol that produces overtraining and fear incubation in rats. This protocol entails a single training session with 25 tone-shock pairings (i.e., overtraining) and a comparison of conditioned freezing responses during context and cue tests 48 h (short-term) and 6 weeks (long-term) after training.

We describe an extended fear-conditioning protocol that produces overtraining and fear incubation in rats. This protocol entails a single training session with 25 tone-shock pairings (i.e., overtraining) and a comparison of conditioned freezing responses during context and cue tests 48 h (short-term) and 6 weeks (long-term) after training.

Incubação do medo usando um protocolo estendido de condicionamento do medo para ratos

Emotional memory has been primarily studied with fear-conditioning paradigms. Fear conditioning is a form of learning through which individuals learn the ...

A Novel Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigm to Study Freezing and Flight Behavior

Fear- and anxiety-related behaviors significantly contribute to an organism&#8217;s survival. However, exaggerated defensive responses to perceived threat are characteristic of various anxiety disorders, which are the most prevalent form of mental illness in the United States. Discovering the neurobiological mechanisms responsible for defensive behaviors will aid in the development of novel therapeutic interventions. Pavlovian fear conditioning is a widely used laboratory paradigm to study fear-related learning and memory. A major limitation of traditional Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigms is that freezing is the only defensive behavior monitored. We recently developed a modified Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm that allows us to study both conditioned freezing and flight (also known as escape) behavior within individual subjects. This model employs higher intensity footshocks and a greater number of pairings between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus. Additionally, this conditioned flight paradigm utilizes serial presentation of pure tone and white noise auditory stimuli as the conditioned stimulus. Following conditioning in this paradigm, mice exhibit freezing behavior in response to the tone stimulus, and flight responses during the white noise. This conditioning model can be applied to the study of rapid and flexible transitions between behavioral responses necessary for survival.

Defensive behavioral responses are contingent upon threat intensity, proximity, and context of exposure. Based on these factors, we developed a classical conditioning paradigm that elicits clear transitions between conditioned freezing and flight behavior within individual subjects. This model is crucial for the understanding the pathologies involved in anxiety, panic, and post-traumatic stress disorders.

Um novo paradigma de condicionamento do medo pavloviano para estudar o congelamento e o comportamento de voo

Fear- and anxiety-related behaviors significantly contribute to an organism&#8217;s survival. However, exaggerated defensive responses to perceived threat ...

An Inescapable Cat Odor Exposure Protocol for Studying Innate and Contextual Threat Conditioning in Rats

Animals respond to threatening situations by exhibiting a number of defensive behaviors, including avoidance, freezing, and risk assessment. An animal model with an ethological approach offers a deeper insight into the biological mechanisms underlying threat responses. This paper describes a methodology to measure defensive behaviors toward both innate and learned aversive stimuli in rats. Animals were individually exposed to predator odor in an inescapable chamber to elicit a measurable, sustained, defensive state. The experimental design involved placing a rat in a familiar chamber for 10 min followed by exposure to cat odor for another 10 min in the same context. The next day, the rats were re-exposed for 10 min to the same context chamber where cat odor exposure occurred. Sessions were video-recorded and defensive behaviors were assessed on both days. 
The behavioral test was coupled with reversible functional inactivation and c-Fos immunohistochemistry techniques to determine the role of the interoceptive cortex in threat responses. Rats exposed to cat odor on the first day and re-exposed to the context chamber on the second day displayed higher levels of defensive behaviors, and that cat odor elicited a robust increase in the neural activity of the interoceptive cortex. Moreover, muscimol inactivation of the interoceptive cortex reduced the expression of defensive behaviors in response to cat odor and impaired contextual threat memory. These results show that this behavioral assay is a useful tool for studying neural mechanisms of defensive behaviors and may offer insight into mechanisms that mediate fear in humans and its related disorders.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Um Protocolo Inescapável de Exposição a Odores de Gatos para Estudar o Condicionamento de Ameaças Inatas e Contextuais em Ratos

Cat skin/fur odor exposure provides a reliable method to investigate neural circuits and mechanisms of defensive responses in rodents and may offer insight into mechanisms that mediate fear in humans. Here, we describe a protocol for investigating the role of the interoceptive cortex in threat responses in rats.

Um Protocolo Inescapável de Exposição a Odores de Gatos para Estudar o Condicionamento de Ameaças Inatas e Contextuais em Ratos

Animals respond to threatening situations by exhibiting a number of defensive behaviors, including avoidance, freezing, and risk assessment. An animal ...

Formação Abordagem Condicionada pavloviano em Ratos

Resumo

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