Este trabalho foi financiado pelo Instituto Nacional de Surdez e Outros Distúrbios de Comunicação Grants R21DC013915 e R01DC012502, as ciências naturais e do Conselho de Investigação do Canadá Engenharia e do Conselho Europeu de Investigação no âmbito do Sétimo Programa-Quadro da Comunidade Europeia (/ 2007-2013 Acordo FP7 Grant não 339,152. ).

O protocolo experimental atual segue as diretrizes de conduta ética de acordo com o Comitê de Investigação Humana da Universidade de Yale. 1. Electroenchephalopgaphy (EEG) Preparação <ol><li> Meça o tamanho da cabeça para determinar a tampa EEG apropriado. </li><li> Identificar a localização do vértice por encontrar o ponto médio entre nasion e inion com uma fita métrica. </li><li> Coloque a tampa EEG na cabeça usando o vértice pré-determinado como Cz. Examine Cz novamente depois de colocar a tampa, utilizando uma fita métrica como feito em 1.2. Note-se que a tampa do EEG é equipado com suportes de eléctrodo e a colocação dos eléctrodos (64) ou suportes baseia-se num sistema de 10-20 modificada com sistema de coordenadas pré-determinado com base em Cz 11. Nota: Este aplicativo representante usa uma configuração de 64 eletrodo para avaliar as mudanças de distribuição no couro cabeludo e para análise fonte. Para aplicações mais simples (relacionados a eventos possíveis mudanças na amplitude e latência) using menos eléctrodos são possíveis. Há dois eletrodos adicionais para solo no sistema de EEG usados ​​aqui. Esses detentores do eléctrodo são também incluídos no tampão. </li><li> Aplique gel eletrodo nos suportes de eletrodos utilizando uma seringa descartável. </li><li> Anexar eletrodos de EEG (incluindo eléctrodos de terra) para os eletrodos correspondentes titulares os rótulos dos eletrodos e para os titulares de eletrodos sobre a tampa do eletrodo. </li><li> Limpe a superfície da pele com compressas embebidas em álcool. Nota: Para eléctrodos para detecção de movimento dos olhos (electro-oculografia), os locais de pele são acima e abaixo do olho direito (olho movimento vertical), e lateralmente ao canto externo do olho dos olhos ambos (movimento ocular horizontal); para a estimulação somatossensorial lateral pele ao ângulo oral é limpo. </li><li> Encha os quatro eletrodos eletro-oculografia com o gel do eletrodo e garantir os eletrodos com fita dupla face aos sites anotados em 1.6. </li><li> Prenda todos os cabos de força, usando uma cinta de velcro. Se required, tape os cabos ao corpo do participante ou de outros locais que não introduzem qualquer ruído elétrico ou mecânico adicional. </li><li> Posicione o participante na frente do monitor e do robô para a estimulação somatossensorial. Prenda todos os cabos de força novamente como em 1.8. </li><li> Ligue a EEG e eletrodos eletro-oculografia (incluindo os eletrodos de aterramento) nos conectores apropriados (etiqueta correspondentes e forma conector) na caixa de amplificador do sistema de EEG. </li><li> Verifique se os sinais de EEG são artefato livre e que o valor de compensação está em uma faixa aceitável (&lt;50 mV ou menor). Se sinais ruidosos ou grandes deslocamentos que geralmente são indicativos de alta impedância são encontrados, corrigir esses sinais de eletrodos, adicionando gel EEG adicional e / ou reposicionamento de cabelo que está diretamente sob o eletrodo. </li><li> Inserir os fones de ouvido compatíveis com EEG e confirmar que o nível de som está em uma faixa confortável com base no relatório em questão. </li></ol><pclass = &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 2. Somatossensorial Estimulação Nota: O protocolo atual aplica-se o estiramento da pele facial com a finalidade de estimulação somatossensorial. A configuração experimental com o sistema de EEG é representado na Figura 1. Os detalhes do dispositivo de estimulação somatosensorial foram descritos nos estudos anteriores 1,7,12-14. Resumidamente, duas presilhas de plástico pequenas (2 cm de largura e 3 cm de altura) são unidas com fita dupla face para a pele facial. As guias estão ligados ao dispositivo robótico usando a corda. O robô gera cargas sistemáticas de estiramento da pele de acordo com projetos experimentais. O protocolo de configuração para gravação de ERP é a seguinte: <ol><li> Coloque a cabeça do participante no encosto de cabeça, a fim de minimizar o movimento da cabeça durante a estimulação. Remova cuidadosamente os cabos de força entre a cabeça do participante e encosto de cabeça. </li><li> Peça ao participante para segurar o interruptor de segurança para o robô. </li><li> Anexar presilhas de plástico paraa localização da pele alvo usando fita dupla face para a estimulação somatossensorial. Os resultados representativos para a 12,13, em que o alvo é a pele de lateral para o ângulo oral, colocar o centro das abas no modiolus, alguns mm lateral ao ângulo oral com o centro das abas aproximadamente à mesma altura do ângulo oral. </li><li> Ajuste a configuração da cadeia, suportes de corda eo robô a fim de evitar eletrodos e cabos de EEG. </li><li> Aplique algumas trechos da pele facial (um ciclo sinusoid em 3 Hz com uma força máxima de 4 N) para verificar artefatos devido ao estímulo (geralmente observado como amplitude relativamente grande e menor freqüência comparada com a resposta eletrofisiológica). Se os artefatos são observados nos sinais de EEG, volte para 2,4. </li></ol> Gravação 3. ERP <ol><li> Explique a tarefa experimental para o assunto e fornecer provas práticas (um bloco = 10 ensaios ou menos) para confirmar se o assunto understands claramente a tarefa. Nota: A tarefa experimental e apresentação do estímulo para a gravação de ERP são preprogramed em software para apresentação do estímulo. <ol><li> No teste de representante com somatossensorial combinados e estimulação auditiva 12, aplicar a estimulação somatossensorial associada a deformação da pele para a pele de lateral para o ângulo oral. O padrão de estiramento é um sinusoid um ciclo (3 Hz) com uma força máxima de 4 N. A única fala voz sintetizada que está a meio caminho de um continuum de som de 10 passos entre &quot;cabeça&quot; e &quot;tinha&quot; é usado para a estimulação auditiva. </li><li> Apresentar ambos os estímulos separadamente ou em combinação. Na estimulação combinada, teste três horários de início (90 ms de chumbo e lag, e simultâneas em somatossensorial e auditivas onsets: ver Figura 3A). </li><li> Randomize a apresentação de cinco estímulos (somatossensorial sozinho, auditivo sozinho e três combinado:. Ligação, simult e lag). Varie o intervalo inter-julgamento entre 1.000 e 2.000 ms, a fim de evitar a antecipação e habituação. A tarefa experimental é identificar se o som de fala apresentado, que é o som que é acusticamente intermediário entre o &quot;cabeça&quot; e &quot;tinha&quot;, era &quot;cabeça&quot; pressionando uma tecla em um teclado. Na condição sozinho somatossensorial, em que há há estimulação auditiva, os participantes são instruídos a responder não &quot;cabeça&quot;. </li><li> Juízos participantes recordes e o tempo de reacção do início do estímulo à imprensa chave usando o software de apresentação do estímulo. Peça ao participante para olhar um ponto de fixação na tela, a fim de reduzir artefatos devido a olho-movimento. </li><li> Remova o ponto de fixação a cada 10 estímulos para uma curta pausa. (Veja também outro exemplo de tarefa eo estímulo de apresentação 12,13) </li></ol></li><li> Inicie o software para gravação de ERP em 512 Hzamostragem, que também registra o tempo de início da estimulação no cronograma de dados do ERP. Note-se que as marcas de tempo da estimulação, que também inclui as informações sobre o tipo de estimulação, são enviados para todos os estímulos do software para a apresentação do estímulo. Os dois programas (para gravação de ERP e para a apresentação do estímulo) estão rodando em dois computadores separados que estão conectados através de uma porta paralela. </li><li> Defina o software para a estimulação somatossensorial para o modo de espera de disparo e, em seguida, iniciar a apresentação do estímulo pela ativação do software para apresentação do estímulo. Note que o software para a estimulação somatossensorial também está rodando em um PC separado dos outros dois PCs. Ficha 100 ERPs por condição. Nota: Um sinal de disparo para a estimulação somatosensorial é recebida através de um dispositivo de entrada analógico, que é ligado a um dispositivo de saída digital no PC para a estimulação sensorial. Estimulação somatossensorial único é produzido por um gatilho. &lt;/ li&gt; </ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Os estudos aqui apresentados fornecem evidência que a estimulação somatosensorial controlada com precisão, que é produzida pela deformação da pele facial induz ERPs corticais. Aferentes cutâneas são conhecidos como uma rica fonte de informação cinestésica 3,4 em circulação membro humano 5,6 e fala movimento 7,8,21. Esticando a pele facial de uma forma que reflete o sentido do movimento real durante discurso induz um sentido cinestésico semelhante ao movimento correspondent...

Produção da fala é dependente tanto da informação auditiva e somatossensorial. O auditiva e feedback somatossensorial ocorrer em combinação, desde as primeiras vocalizações produzidas por uma criança e ambos estão envolvidos na aprendizagem motora da fala. Resultados recentes sugerem que processos contribuem para a percepção somatossensoriais, bem como de produção. Por exemplo, a identificação dos sons da fala se altera quando um dispositivo de autómato, estica a pele facial como participantes ouvir a estímulos auditivos 1. Sopros de ar para o rosto que coincidem com estímulos de fala auditivos alterar julgamentos perceptivos 2 participantes. Estes efeitos somatossensoriais envolvem a activação de mecanorreceptores cutâneas em resposta à deformação da pele. A pele é deformada de várias maneiras, durante o movimento, e mecanorreceptores cutâneas são conhecidos por contribuir para cinestésica 3,4 sentido. O papel cinestésica de mecanorreceptores cutâneas é demôniostrated por descobertas recentes 5-7 que as tensões relacionadas com o movimento da pele são adequadamente percebidas como flexão ou extensão de movimento, dependendo do padrão de estiramento da pele 6. Sobre o curso de formação motora da fala, que é a repetição do enunciado discurso específico com discurso estiramento da pele facial concomitante, padrões articulatórios mudar de forma adaptativa 7. Estes estudos indicam que a modulação estiramento da pele durante a ação fornece um método para avaliar a contribuição de aferentes cutâneos para a função cinestésica do sistema sensório-motor. A função cinestésica de mecanorreceptores cutâneas orofaciais tem sido estudada principalmente através de métodos psicofisiológicos 7,8 e microeletrodos recodificação de nervos sensoriais 9,10. Aqui, o protocolo actual centra-se na combinação de estimulação somatossensorial orofacial associada a deformação pele facial e potencial (ERP) de gravação de evento relacionado. ºé procedimento tem o controle experimental preciso sobre a direção eo momento da deformação da pele facial usando um dispositivo robótico controlado por computador. Isto permite-nos testar hipóteses específicas sobre a contribuição somatossensorial para a produção da fala e percepção seletiva e precisamente por deformar a pele do rosto em uma ampla gama de orientações durante a aprendizagem motora da fala e diretamente na produção da fala e percepção. Gravação de ERP são utilizados para avaliar de forma não invasiva o padrão temporal e ao momento da influência da estimulação somatossensorial sobre os comportamentos orofaciais. O protocolo atual, em seguida, pode avaliar os correlatos neurais da função cinestésica e avaliar a contribuição do sistema somatossensorial para o processamento da fala, fala e fala produção percepção. Para mostrar a utilidade da aplicação da estimulação estiramento da pele para a gravação de ERP, o protocolo que se segue concentra-se na interacção de somatossensorial e auditivo entrada no discurso perception. Os resultados destacam um método potencial para avaliar a interação somatossensorial-auditiva no discurso.

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somatosensory event-related potentials from orofacial skin stretch stimulation

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of providing precise and controlled stimulation. This article introduces a technique for recording somatosensory event-related potentials (ERP) that uses a novel mechanical stimulation method involving skin deformation using a robotic device. Controlled deformation of the facial skin is used to modulate kinesthetic inputs through excitation of cutaneous mechanoreceptors. By combining somatosensory stimulation with electroencephalographic recording, somatosensory evoked responses can be successfully measured at the level of the cortex. Somatosensory stimulation can be combined with the stimulation of other sensory modalities to assess multisensory interactions. For speech, orofacial stimulation is combined with speech sound stimulation to assess the contribution of multi-sensory processing including the effects of timing differences. The ability to precisely control orofacial somatosensory stimulation during speech perception and speech production with ERP recording is an important tool that provides new insight into the neural organization and neural representations for speech.

Esta seção apresenta potenciais representativos relacionados a eventos em resposta à estimulação somatossensorial resultante da deformação da pele facial. A montagem experimental é representado na Figura 1. Sinusoidal estimulação foi aplicada à pele facial lateral, para o ângulo via oral (ver a Figura 3A como referência). Uma centena de ensaios de estiramento foram registrados para cada participante com 12 participantes test...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation at JoVE.com

Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

This paper introduces a method for obtaining somatosensory event-related potentials following orofacial skin stretch stimulation. The current method can be used to evaluate the contribution of somatosensory afferents to both speech production and speech perception.

Potenciais relacionados a eventos somatossensorial de pele Orofacial estiramento Estimulação

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of ...

somatosensory-event-related-potentials-from-orofacial-skin-stretch

Research

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Neuroscience

13.1K visualizações.  Haskins Laboratories. This paper introduces a method for obtaining somatosensory event-related potentials following orofacial skin stretch stimulation. The current method can be used to evaluate the contribution of somatosensory afferents to both speech production and speech perception.

Vídeo: Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

High Density Event-related Potential  Data Acquisition in Cognitive Neuroscience

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the standard method of evaluating brain function in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, in part because fMRI data acquisition and analysis techniques are readily available. Because fMRI has excellent spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution, this method can only be used to identify the spatial location of brain activity associated with a given cognitive process (and reveals virtually nothing about the time course of brain activity). By contrast, event-related potential (ERP) recording, a method that is used much less frequently than fMRI, has excellent temporal resolution and thus can track rapid temporal modulations in neural activity. Unfortunately, ERPs are under utilized in Cognitive Neuroscience because data acquisition techniques are not readily available and low density ERP recording has poor spatial resolution. In an effort to foster the increased use of ERPs in Cognitive Neuroscience, the present article details key techniques involved in high density ERP data acquisition. Critically, high density ERPs offer the promise of excellent temporal resolution and good spatial resolution (or excellent spatial resolution if coupled with fMRI), which is necessary to capture the spatial-temporal dynamics of human brain function.

Event-related potential (ERP) recording is under utilized in Cognitive Neuroscience because data acquisition techniques are not readily available and this method often has poor spatial resolution. To foster the increased use of ERPs in Cognitive Neuroscience, the present article details key techniques involved in high density ERP data acquisition.

Evento relacionados com alta densidade de Aquisição de Dados Potencial em Neurociência Cognitiva

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the standard method of evaluating brain function in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, in part ...

Neurociência

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful rest."1,2,3 It is thought the default mode network corresponds to self-referential or "internal mentation".2,3
It has been hypothesized that, in humans, activity within the default mode network is correlated with certain pathologies (for instance, hyper-activation has been linked to schizophrenia 4,5,6 and autism spectrum disorders 7 whilst hypo-activation of the network has been linked to Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases 8). As such, noninvasive modulation of this network may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for a number of neurological and psychiatric pathologies linked to abnormal network activation. One possible tool to effect this modulation is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.9
In order to explore the default mode network's propensity towards and tolerance of modulation, we will be combining TMS (to the left inferior parietal lobe) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Through this article, we will examine the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools.

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the combination of TMS and fMRI to examine the effects of brain stimulation on the default network.

Combinando Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana e fMRI para o Exame da rede de modo padrão

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS display abnormalities in the expression of FMR1 - a protein required for typical, healthy neural development.3 Recent data has suggested that the loss of this protein can cause the cortex to be hyperexcitable thereby affecting overall patterns of neural plasticity.4,5
In addition, Fragile X shows a strong comorbidity with autism: in fact, 30% of children with FXS are diagnosed with autism, and 2 - 5% of autistic children suffer from FXS.6
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability via the application of localized magnetic field pulses 7,8) represents a unique method of exploring plasticity and the manifestations of FXS within affected individuals. More specifically, Theta-Burst Stimulation (TBS), a specific stimulatory protocol shown to modulate cortical plasticity for a duration up to 30 minutes after stimulation cessation in healthy populations, has already proven an efficacious tool in the exploration of abnormal plasticity.9,10 
Recent studies have shown the effects of TBS last considerably longer in individuals on the autistic spectrum - up to 90 minutes.11 This extended effect-duration suggests an underlying abnormality in the brain's natural plasticity state in autistic individuals - similar to the hyperexcitability induced by Fragile X Syndrome.
In this experiment, utilizing single-pulse motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) as our benchmark, we will explore the effects of both intermittent and continuous TBS on cortical plasticity in individuals suffering from FXS and individuals on the Autistic Spectrum.

In this article, we examine the effects of Theta-Burst TMS stimulation on cortical plasticity in individuals suffering from Fragile X syndrome and individuals on the autistic spectrum.

TMS: Usando o protocolo Theta-Burst para Explorar Mechasnism de Plasticidade em Indivíduos com Síndrome do X Frágil e Autismo

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS ...

Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a non-invasive and safe alternative to change cortical excitability2. The effects of one session of tDCS can last for several minutes, and its effects depend on polarity of stimulation, such as that cathodal stimulation induces a decrease in cortical excitability, and anodal stimulation induces an increase in cortical excitability that may last beyond the duration of stimulation6. These effects have been explored in cognitive neuroscience and also clinically in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders &#x2013; especially when applied over several consecutive sessions4. One area that has been attracting attention of neuroscientists and clinicians is the use of tDCS for modulation of pain-related neural networks3,5. Modulation of two main cortical areas in pain research has been explored: primary motor cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex7. Due to the critical role of electrode montage, in this article, we show different alternatives for electrode placement for tDCS clinical trials on pain; discussing advantages and disadvantages of each method of stimulation.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an established technique to modulate cortical excitability1,2. It has been used as an investigative tool in neuroscience due to its effects on cortical plasticity, easy operation, and safe profile. One area that tDCS has been showing encouraging results is pain alleviation 3-5.

Posicionamento do eletrodo e Montage na estimulação transcraniana por corrente

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a ...

Applications of EEG Neuroimaging Data: Event-related Potentials, Spectral Power, and Multiscale Entropy

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain signal. Typically, researchers represent the brain's response as the mean across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal fluctuations over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that brain signal variability conveys meaningful functional information about neural network dynamics. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy (MSE) for quantifying brain signal variability. MSE may be particularly informative of neural network dynamics because it shows timescale dependence and sensitivity to linear and nonlinear dynamics in the data.

Neuroimaging researchers typically consider the brain's response as the mean activity across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal variability over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that there is signal in that noise. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy for quantifying brain signal variability in the time domain.

Aplicações de dados de EEG Neuroimagem: potenciais relacionados a eventos, espectral de potência, e Multiscale Entropia

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain ...

Optogenetic Activation of Zebrafish Somatosensory Neurons using ChEF-tdTomato

Larval zebrafish are emerging as a model for describing the development and function of simple neural circuits. Due to their external fertilization, rapid development, and translucency, zebrafish are particularly well suited for optogenetic approaches to investigate neural circuit function. In this approach, light-sensitive ion channels are expressed in specific neurons, enabling the experimenter to activate or inhibit them at will and thus assess their contribution to specific behaviors. Applying these methods in larval zebrafish is conceptually simple but requires the optimization of technical details. Here we demonstrate a procedure for expressing a channelrhodopsin variant in larval zebrafish somatosensory neurons, photo-activating single cells, and recording the resulting behaviors. By introducing a few modifications to previously established methods, this approach could be used to elicit behavioral responses from single neurons activated up to at least 4 days post-fertilization (dpf). Specifically, we created a transgene using a somatosensory neuron enhancer, CREST3, to drive the expression of the tagged channelrhodopsin variant, ChEF-tdTomato. Injecting this transgene into 1-cell stage embryos results in mosaic expression in somatosensory neurons, which can be imaged with confocal microscopy. Illuminating identified cells in these animals with light from a 473 nm DPSS laser, guided through a fiber optic cable, elicits behaviors that can be recorded with a high-speed video camera and analyzed quantitatively. This technique could be adapted to study behaviors elicited by activating any zebrafish neuron. Combining this approach with genetic or pharmacological perturbations will be a powerful way to investigate circuit formation and function.

Optogenetic techniques have made it possible to study the contribution of specific neurons to behavior. We describe a method in larval zebrafish for activating single somatosensory neurons expressing a channelrhodopsin variant (ChEF) with a diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) laser and recording the elicited behaviors with a high-speed video camera.

Optogenética ativação de neurônios Zebrafish somatossensoriais usando chef-tdTomato

Larval  zebrafish are emerging as a model for describing the development and function  of simple neural circuits. Due to their  external fertilization, ...

Extracting Visual Evoked Potentials from EEG Data Recorded During fMRI-guided Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological effects. Specifically, by creating a transient interference with the normal activity of a target region and measuring changes in an electrophysiological signal, we can establish a causal link between the stimulated brain area or network and the electrophysiological signal that we record. If target brain areas are functionally defined with prior fMRI scan, TMS could be used to link the fMRI activations with evoked potentials recorded. However, conducting such experiments presents significant technical challenges given the high amplitude artifacts introduced into the EEG signal by the magnetic pulse, and the difficulty to successfully target areas that were functionally defined by fMRI. Here we describe a methodology for combining these three common tools: TMS, EEG, and fMRI. We explain how to guide the stimulator&#39;s coil to the desired target area using anatomical or functional MRI data, how to record EEG during concurrent TMS, how to design an ERP study suitable for EEG-TMS combination and how to extract reliable ERP from the recorded data. We will provide representative results from a previously published study, in which fMRI-guided TMS was used concurrently with EEG to show that the face-selective N1 and the body-selective N1 component of the ERP are associated with distinct neural networks in extrastriate cortex. This method allows us to combine the high spatial resolution of fMRI with the high temporal resolution of TMS and EEG and therefore obtain a comprehensive understanding of the neural basis of various cognitive processes.

This paper describes a method for collecting and analyzing electroencephalography (EEG) data during concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) guided by activations revealed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A method for TMS artifact removal and extraction of event related potentials is described as well as considerations in paradigm design and experimental setup.

Extraindo potenciais evocados visuais de dados EEG gravado durante fMRI-guiada Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological ...

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

While the subject of learning has attracted immense interest from both behavioral and neural scientists, only relatively few investigators have observed single-neuron activity while animals are acquiring an operantly conditioned response, or when that response is extinguished. But even in these cases, observation periods usually encompass only a single stage of learning, i.e. acquisition or extinction, but not both (exceptions include protocols employing reversal learning; see Bingman&#160;et al.1 for an example). However, acquisition and extinction entail different learning mechanisms and are therefore expected to be accompanied by different types and/or loci of neural plasticity.
Accordingly, we developed a behavioral paradigm which institutes three stages of learning in a single behavioral session and which is well suited for the simultaneous recording of single neurons&#39; action potentials. Animals are trained on a single-interval forced choice task which requires mapping each of two possible choice responses to the presentation of different novel visual stimuli (acquisition). After having reached a predefined performance criterion, one of the two choice responses is no longer reinforced (extinction). Following a certain decrement in performance level, correct responses are reinforced again (reacquisition). By using a new set of stimuli in every session, animals can undergo the acquisition-extinction-reacquisition process repeatedly. Because all three stages of learning occur in a single behavioral session, the paradigm is ideal for the simultaneous observation of the spiking output of multiple single neurons. We use pigeons as model systems, but the task can easily be adapted to any other species capable of conditioned discrimination learning.

Recording Single Neurons&#039; Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

Learning new stimulus-response associations engages a wide range of neural processes which are ultimately reflected in changing spike output of individual neurons. Here we describe a behavioral protocol allowing for the continuous registration of single-neuron activity while animals acquire, extinguish, and reacquire a conditioned response within a single experimental session.

Registro do potencial de ação simples Neurônios &#39;de livremente mover Pombos em três estágios da aprendizagem

While the subject of learning has attracted immense interest from both behavioral and neural scientists, only relatively few investigators have observed ...

Analysis of Developing Tooth Germ Innervation Using Microfluidic Co-culture Devices

Innervation plays a key role in the development, homeostasis and regeneration of organs and tissues. However, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena are not well understood yet. In particular, the role of innervation in tooth development and regeneration is neglected.
Several in vivo studies have provided important information about the patterns of innervation of dental tissues during development and repair processes of various animal models. However, most of these approaches are not optimal to highlight the molecular basis of the interactions between nerve fibres and target organs and tissues.
Co-cultures constitute a valuable method to investigate and manipulate the interactions between nerve fibres and teeth in a controlled and isolated environment. In the last decades, conventional co-cultures using the same culture medium have been performed for very short periods (e.g., two days) to investigate the attractive or repulsive effects of developing oral and dental tissues on sensory nerve fibres. However, extension of the culture period is required to investigate the effects of innervation on tooth morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation.
Microfluidics systems allow co-cultures of neurons and different cell types in their appropriate culture media. We have recently demonstrated that trigeminal ganglia (TG) and teeth are able to survive for a long period of time when co-cultured in microfluidic devices, and that they maintain in these conditions the same innervation pattern that they show in vivo.
On this basis, we describe how to isolate and co-culture developing trigeminal ganglia and tooth germs in a microfluidic co-culture system.This protocol describes a simple and flexible way to co-culture ganglia/nerves and target tissues and to study the roles of specific molecules on such interactions in a controlled and isolated environment.

Co-cultures represent a valuable method to study the interactions between nerves and target tissues and organs. Microfluidic systems allow co-culturing ganglia and whole developing organs or tissues in different culture media, thus representing a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the crosstalk between neurons and their targets.

Análise de Desenvolvimento de dente Germ Innervation Utilizar dispositivos microfluídicos Co-cultura

Innervation plays a key role in the development, homeostasis and regeneration of organs and tissues. However, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena ...

How to Find Effects of Stimulus Processing on Event Related Brain Potentials of Close Others when Hyperscanning Partners

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen in one of two adjacent rooms. These rooms are separated by a glass window through which participants communicate to maintain feelings of togetherness while being fitted with the EEG cap. After checking for adequate EEG signals, the glass is covered by a curtain to prevent visual communication. Then, partners must be silent but are instructed to try to feel in the presence of their partner during the entire experiment. Just before it starts, participants are told that each of them will be presented with one image at a time and that these images will occur at the same time for both of them on their own screen. They are also instructed that, for each trial, the simultaneous images will always be different. However, unbeknownst to them, trials are randomized: only half of them are consistent with this instruction and actually include two different images. These trials form the DSC, that is, the different-stimuli condition. The other half of the trials are inconsistent with the instruction. They include two identical images and form the ISC (identical-stimuli condition). After the experiment, participants are sorted into two groups: those who reported that they felt in the presence of their partner during the majority of the trials and those who reported they did not. The impact of the stimulus processing of the partner is found by subtracting the mean voltages of the ERPs of the ISC (inconsistent with the instructions) from the ERPs of the DSC (consistent with the instructions) in at least two time windows (TWs): firstly, in the 75 to 150 ms TW, where the absolute values of these subtractions are greater, especially at right frontal sites, in those who felt in the presence of their partner than in those who did not; secondly, in the LPP time window (i.e., from 650 to 950 ms post onset), where ERPs are significantly less positive in the DSC than in the ISC in those in whom the raw results of the early (75-150ms) subtractions are negative.

This protocol describes key steps involved in assessing the sensitivity of the brain of one person to the stimulus processing of a close other by selecting pairs of partners, recording their electroencephalogram (EEG) simultaneously and computing their event-related brain potentials (ERPs).

Como encontrar os efeitos de estímulo processamento sobre eventos relacionados cérebro potenciais de perto os outros quando Hyperscanning parceiros

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen ...