This material is based on the works supported by Nanyang Assistant Professorship (NAP, M4080740), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Public Sector Research Funding (PSF, M4070190), A*STAR-JST (The Japan Science and Technology Agency) joint grant (M4070198), and Singapore Ministry of Education (MOE2013-T2-2-049). The authors would like to thank Mr. Roger Tan Kay Chia, Prof. Low Kin Huat, Mr. Poon Kee Chun, Mr. Chew Hock See, Mr. Lam Kim Kheong and Dr. Mao Shixin at School of MAE for their support in setting up and maintaining the research facilities. The authors thank Prof. Michel Maharbiz (U.C. Berkeley) his advice and discussion, Prof. Kris Pister and his group (U.C. Berkeley) for their support in providing the GINA used in this study.

1. animal Estudo <ol><li> besouros traseiros individuais Mecynorrhina torquata (6 cm, 8 g) em recipientes de plástico separados com cama de aglomerados de madeira. </li><li> Alimentar cada besouro um copo de geléia de açúcar (12 ml) a cada 3 dias. </li><li> Manter a temperatura e humidade da sala de criação, a 25 ° C e 60%, respectivamente. </li><li> Testar a capacidade de vôo de cada besouro antes de implantar eletrodos de arame fino. <ol><li> Gentilmente jogar um besouro no ar. Se o besouro pode voar por mais de 10 segundos para 5 ensaios consecutivos, concluir que o besouro tem capacidades aéreas regulares e empregá-lo para experimentos voo seguinte. Para recuperar o besouro, desligar todas as luzes da sala para torná-lo escuro. Isso faz com que o besouro para terminar o vôo. Nota: Um besouro espontaneamente começa a voar para longe quando liberado no ar. É preferível realizar as experiências de voo numa sala fechada, tal como a mostrada na Figura 1 (16 x 8 x 4 m <sup&gt; 3 com um espaço de captura de movimento de 12,5 x 8 x 4 m 3), com um vôo movimentos besouro muito rápido (aproximadamente 3-5 m / s) e atrai grandes arcos ao girar no ar. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Eletrodo Implantação <ol><li> Anestesiar o besouro, colocando-o em um recipiente de plástico cheio com CO 2 durante 1 min 13,16,20-24. </li><li> Amaciar a cera dental por imersão em água quente por 10 seg. Coloque o besouro anestesiados em um bloco de madeira e imobilizá-lo com a cera dental amolecida. A cera dental naturalmente esfria e se solidifica dentro de alguns minutos. </li><li> Corte fios de prata isolados (127 mm de diâmetro nua, 178 mm de diâmetro quando revestido com perfluoroalkoxy) em comprimentos de 25 mm de usar eletrodos de fio finas para implantação. </li><li> Expor 3 mm de prata nua por chamas do isolador em ambas as extremidades de cada fio. </li><li> Dissecar a superfície superior da cutícula do besouro usando uma tesoura de ponta fina para criar uma smaLL janela de cerca de 4 x 4 mm no metepisternum (Figura 2c). Nota: A cutícula de cor castanha suave é então exposta, tal como mostrado nas Figuras 2c - e. O músculo 3AX está localizado por baixo da cutícula macia. </li><li> Pierce dois furos na cutícula castanho expostos usando um pino de inseto (tamanho 00) com uma distância de 2 mm entre os dois furos (Figura 2D). </li><li> Inserir dois eléctrodos de fio (incluindo uma eléctrodos activos e um retorno, preparado no passo 2.4) cuidadosamente através dos orifícios e implantá-las em cada músculo 3ax a uma profundidade de 3 mm. </li><li> Fixe os eletrodos implantados e mantê-los no lugar para evitar o contato e curto-circuitos, largando cera de abelha derretida sobre os buracos. Se necessário, a cera de abelha refluir através da cutícula tocando a cera de abelha com a ponta do ferro de soldar a quente. A cera solidifica rapidamente e reforça a implantação. Nota: Para verificar se o implante está correto, o elytra da beterrabale pode ser levantada para observar o movimento do músculo 3ax durante a estimulação eléctrica. </li></ol> 3. Montagem Backpack sem fio Nota: A mochila consistiu de um built-in microcontrolador rádio em uma em camadas placa de 4 FR-4 (1,6 x 1,6 centímetros 2). A mochila foi impulsionado por uma micro bateria de polímero de lítio (3,7 V, 350 mg, 10 mAh). A massa total da mochila, incluindo a bateria foi de 1,2 ± 0,26 g, o qual é menor do que a capacidade de carga do besouro (30% de 10 g de peso corporal). A mochila foi pré-programado para receber comunicações sem fio e tinha dois canais de saída. <ol><li> Limpe a superfície do pronoto (remover a camada de cera na cutícula) usando fita dupla face. Em seguida, coloque a mochila no pronotum do besouro com um pedaço de fita dupla face. </li><li> Conectar as extremidades dos eléctrodos implantados às saídas da mochila. </li><li> Enrole fita retro-reflexivo em torno do micro bateria para produzir um marcador focâmeras de captura de movimento r de detectar. </li><li> Anexar a microbateria para o topo da mochila utilizando um pedaço de fita adesiva de dupla face de modo que a fita retro-reflectora pode ser detectado por câmaras de captura de movimento. </li></ol> 4. Wireless Control System Nota: Neste caso, o sistema de controle sem fio termo inclui um receptor para o controlador remoto, um computador portátil para executar o software de controle de vôo costume, uma estação base, a mochila, e o sistema de captura de movimento. <ol><li> Ligue a estação base eo receptor do controle remoto para o computador portátil através de portas USB. </li><li> Ligue o sistema de captura de movimento e conecte-o ao computador portátil através de uma porta Ethernet. </li><li> Executar a calibração de volume, acenando a varinha de calibração (fornecido pela empresa fabricante do sistema de captura de movimento) para cobrir totalmente o espaço de captura de movimento. <ol><li> Abra o software de captura de movimento a partir do desktop do laptop. Clique e drag para selecionar todas as câmeras no menu &quot;Sistema&quot; do painel &quot;Recursos&quot;. </li><li> Clique no menu &quot;Perspectiva 3D&quot; e selecione &quot;Camera&quot; para mudar para a visualização da câmera. Clique na aba &quot;Camera&quot; no painel &quot;Ferramentas&quot; para mostrar o ajuste de calibração. Clique em &quot;Iniciar&quot; no menu &quot;Criar Máscaras Câmera&quot; para eliminar o ruído das câmeras e, em seguida, &quot;Stop&quot; após o barulho é mascarado em azul. </li><li> Clique e selecione &quot;5 Marcador Wand &amp; L-Frame&quot; no menu &quot;Wand&quot; eo menu &quot;L-Frame&quot; no separador &quot;Câmara&quot;. Defina o &quot;Contagem Wand&quot; para 2500, clique em &quot;Start&quot; no menu &quot;Câmeras Calibrar&quot;, e acenar a varinha de calibração através de todo o espaço de captura de movimento. O processo de calibração pára quando a contagem varinha atinge 2.500. </li><li> Repita o processo de calibração se o erro de imagem (na parte inferior da guia &quot;Camera&quot; do painel &quot;Ferramentas&quot;) é superior a 0,3 fou qualquer câmera. Depois de calibrar, coloque a varinha no chão no meio do espaço de captura de movimento e clique em &quot;Start&quot; no menu &quot;Definir Origem Volume&quot; para definir a origem do espaço de captura de movimento. </li></ol></li><li> Verifique a cobertura do sistema de captura de movimento utilizando um ensaio em branco para gravar o caminho de movimento de um marcador acenou por um usuário no espaço de captura de movimento e confirmar se o marcador é detectado e monitorado. Se o marcador é frequentemente perdido durante a detecção, repita a calibragem de volume até que o ensaio em branco bem-sucedido. <ol><li> Clique na aba &quot;Capture&quot; no painel &quot;Ferramentas&quot; e depois &quot;Iniciar&quot; no menu &quot;Capture&quot; antes de acenar o marcador amostra através de todo o espaço de captura de movimento para gravar sua trajetória. </li><li> Após a gravação, clique em &quot;Executa o gasoduto Reconstruct&quot; para reconstruir as posições do marcador e verificar a qualidade da gravação. </li></ol></li><li> Ligar os terminais do Microbattery (ligado à mochila no passo 3.4) para os pinos de alimentação da mochila. </li><li> Teste a comunicação sem fios entre o computador portátil e a mochila usando o software de controle de vôo personalizado. Clique no comando &quot;Iniciar&quot; no software e verificar o status da conexão exibido. </li></ol> Experiência 5. Vôo Livre <ol><li> Realizar a experiência de voo livre em uma arena de vôo medindo 16 x 8 x 4 m 3. </li><li> Entrada os parâmetros apropriados para o software de controle de vôo (tensão, largura de pulso, frequência e duração estimulação). Nota: Para demonstração, que fixa a tensão de 3 V, largura de impulso de 3 ms, e a duração de estimulação de 1 seg e a frequência variou de 60 a 100 Hz. <ol><li> Na tela do software, o tipo 3 para 3 V na caixa &quot;Voltage&quot;, de 1.000 para 1.000 ms na caixa de &quot;Estimulação Duração&quot;, 3 por 3 ms na caixa &quot;Largura de Pulso&quot;, e uma frequência desejada em Hz no &quot; frequência &quot;caixa de on janela de comando. </li></ol></li><li> Solte o besouro montado na mochila para o ar que lhe permite voar livremente dentro da arena de voo. acionar manualmente a estimulação quando o besouro entra no espaço de captura de movimento. Pressione o botão apropriado de comando (esquerda ou direita) no controle remoto para estimular o músculo alvo do lado esquerdo ou direito do besouro. Nota: Uma vez que o botão é pressionado, o software de controle de vôo em execução no laptop gera o comando e envia-lo para a mochila. A mochila, em seguida, emite o estímulo eléctrico ao músculo de interesse (no lado esquerdo ou direito). </li><li> Observe a reação do besouro em tempo real durante a estimulação e reconstruir os dados utilizando software de gráficos 3D. <ol><li> Escolha um dos ensaios gravados na lista de dados da janela &quot;Beetle Display&quot; e clique em &quot;Panda Export&quot; para copiar os dados de que o julgamento para a pasta de análise e executar o módulo de gráficos 3D. </li><li> Pressione &quot;N&quot; nao teclado para combinar o sinal de estímulo com a trajetória gravada. Prima I para mostrar a trajetória do besouro com os períodos de estimulação destacadas. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

O processo de implantação é importante, pois afeta a confiabilidade do experimento. Os eléctrodos deve ser inserido dentro do músculo a uma profundidade de 3 mm ou menos, dependendo do tamanho do besouro (evitando o contacto com os músculos próximas). Se os eletrodos tocar os músculos próximos, ações motoras indesejáveis ​​e comportamentos podem ocorrer devido à contração dos músculos próximos. Os dois eléctrodos deve ser bem alinhados para assegurar que não há curto-circuito ocorrer. Quando a fu...

An insect-machine hybrid system, often referred to as a cyborg insect or biobot, is the fusion of a living insect platform with a miniature mounted electronic device. The electronic device, which is wirelessly commanded by a remote user, outputs an electrical signal to electrically stimulate neuromuscular sites in the insect via implanted wire electrodes to induce user desired motor actions and behaviors. In the early stages of this research field, researchers were limited to conducting wireless recording of the muscular action of an insect, using simple analog circuits comprised of surface-mounted components1-3. The development of system-on-a-chip technology with radio frequency functionality enabled not only the wireless recording of neuromuscular signals but also the electrical stimulation of the neuromuscular sites in living insects. At present, a built-in radio microcontroller is small enough to be mounted on living insects without causing any obstructions to their locomotion4-13.
The development of the built-in radio microcontroller allows researchers to determine electrical stimulation protocols to induce desired motor actions to control the locomotion of the insect of interest. On the ground, researchers have demonstrated walking control by stimulating the neuromuscular sites of cockroaches4,12,14, spiders15, and beetles16,17. In the air, the initiation and cessation of flight were achieved using different methods such as the stimulation of the optic lobes (the massive neural cluster of a compound eye) in beetles7,9 and brain sub-regions in bees18, whereas turning control has been demonstrated by stimulating the antennae muscles and nervous system of the abdomens in moths11,19 and the flight muscles of beetles7,9,13. In most cases, a built-in radio microcontroller was integrated on a custom-designed printed circuit board to produce a miniature wireless stimulator (backpack), which was mounted on the insect of interest. This allows wireless electrical stimulation to be applied to a freely walking or flying insect. Such a microcontroller-mounted insect is what is referred to as an insect-machine hybrid system. 
This study describes the experimental protocols for building an insect-machine hybrid system, wherein a living beetle is employed as the insect platform, and instructs on how to operate the robot and test its flight control systems. The third axillary sclerite (3Ax) muscle was chosen as the muscle of interest for electrical stimulation and demonstration of left or right turning control13. A pair of thin silver wire electrodes was implanted in both the left and right 3Ax muscles. Moreover, a backpack was mounted on the living beetle. The other ends of the wire electrode were connected to the output pins of the microcontroller. The backpack was small enough for the beetle to carry in flight. Thus, this allows an experimentalist to remotely stimulate the muscle of interest of an insect in free flight and investigate its reactions to the stimulations.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Mecynorrhina torquata beetle</td>
			<td>Kingdom of Beetle Taiwan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10 g, 8 cm, pay load capacity is 30% of the body mass 
			Aproval of importing and using by Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA; HS code: 01069000, product code: ALV002).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wireless backpack stimulator</td>
			<td>Custom</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>TI CC2431 micocontroler 
			The board is custom made based on the GINA board from Prof. Kris Pister&#8217;s lab. The layout of GINA board can be found at&#160;&#160;&#160; https://openwsn.atlassian.net/wiki/display/OW/GINA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wii Remote control</td>
			<td>Nintendo</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Bluetooth remote control to send the command to the operator laptop</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BeetleCommander v1.8</td>
			<td>Custom. Maharbiz group at UC Berkeley and Sato group at NTU</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Establish the wireless communication of the backpack and the operator laptop. Configure the stimulus parameters and log the positional data. Visualize the flight data.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GINA base station</td>
			<td>Kris Pister group at UC Berkeley</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>TI MSP430F2618 and AT86RF231</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motion capture system</td>
			<td>VICON</td>
			<td>T160</td>
			<td>8 cameras for a flight arena of 12.5 x 8 x 4 m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motion capture system</td>
			<td>VICON</td>
			<td>T40s</td>
			<td>12 cameras for a flight arena of 12.5 x 8 x 4 m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro battery</td>
			<td>Fullriver</td>
			<td>&#160;201013HS10C&#160;</td>
			<td>3.7V, 10 mAh</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retro reflective tape</td>
			<td>Reflexite</td>
			<td>V92-1549-010150</td>
			<td>V92 reflective tape, silver color</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PFA-Insulated Silver Wire&#160;</td>
			<td>A-M systems</td>
			<td>786000</td>
			<td>127 &#181;m bare, 177.8 &#181;m coated, 3 mm bare silver flame exposed at tips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SMT Micro Header&#160;</td>
			<td>SAMTEC</td>
			<td>FTSH-110-01-L-DV</td>
			<td>0.3 x 6 mm, bend to make a 3 mm long slider to secure the electrode into the PCB header.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beeswax</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Secure the electrodes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dental Wax</td>
			<td>Vertex</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Immobilize the beetle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insect pin</td>
			<td>ROBOZ</td>
			<td>RS-6082-30</td>
			<td>Size&#160; 00; 0.3mm Rod diameter; 0.03 mm tip width; 38 mm Length&#160; 
			Make electrode guiding holes on cuticle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tweezers</td>
			<td>DUMONT</td>
			<td>RS-5015</td>
			<td>Pattern #5; .05 X .01mm Tip Size; 110mm Length 
			Dissecting and implantation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td>ROBOZ</td>
			<td>RS-5620</td>
			<td>Vannas Micro Dissecting Spring Scissors; Straight; 3mm Cutting Edge; 0.1mm Tip Width; 3&#34; Overall Length&#160; 
			Dissecting and implantation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potable soldering iron</td>
			<td>DAIYO</td>
			<td>DS241</td>
			<td>Reflow beeswax</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hotplate&#160;</td>
			<td>CORNING</td>
			<td>PC-400D</td>
			<td>Melting beeswax and dental wax</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flourescent lamp</td>
			<td>Philips</td>
			<td>TL5 14W</td>
			<td>Light the entire flight arena with 30 panels (60 x 60 cm2). Each panel has 3 lamps. 
			14 W, 549 mm x 17 mm&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

insect-machine hybrid system: remote radio control of a freely flying beetle (mercynorrhina torquata)

A ascensão de aparelhos eletrônicos digitais habilitados para rádio fez com que o uso de pequenos gravadores neuromusculares sem fio e estimuladores para estudar o comportamento de insetos em voo. Esta tecnologia permite o desenvolvimento de um sistema híbrido de inseto-máquina, utilizando uma plataforma de insetos vivendo descrito neste protocolo. Além disso, este protocolo apresenta a configuração do sistema e procedimentos experimentais de vôo livre para avaliar a função dos músculos do vôo em um inseto untethered. Para demonstração, alvo do músculo terceira axilar sclerite (3AX) para controlar e conseguir virar à esquerda ou à direita de um besouro voando. Um eléctrodo de fio de prata fina foi implantado no músculo 3ax em cada lado do besouro. Estes foram ligados às saídas de uma mochila sem fio (isto é, um estimulador eléctrico neuromuscular) montado no pronotum do besouro. O músculo foi estimulado em vôo livre, alternando o lado estimulação (esquerda ou direita) ou variando a stimulatiofrequência n. O besouro virado para o lado ipsilateral quando o músculo foi estimulado e exibiu uma resposta gradual para uma frequência cada vez maior. O processo de implantação e calibragem do volume do movimento sistema de câmera captura 3 dimensional precisa ser realizada com cuidado para evitar danos ao músculo e perder de vista o marcador, respectivamente. Este método é altamente benéfico para estudar vôo de insetos, uma vez que ajuda a revelar as funções do músculo do vôo de interesse em vôo livre.

O procedimento de implantação de eléctrodos é apresentado na Figura 2, os eléctrodos de arame de prata fina foram implantados no músculo 3ax do besouro através de pequenos orifícios perfurados na cutícula macio sobre o músculo (Figuras 2d - e).. Este cutícula macia é encontrada logo acima da apodema do músculo basalar após a remoção da parte anterior do metepisternum (Figuras 2d - c). Os ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Insect-machine Hybrid System: Remote Radio Control of a Freely Flying Beetle Mercynorrhina torquata at JoVE.com

Insect-machine Hybrid System: Remote Radio Control of a Freely Flying Beetle Mercynorrhina torquata

This protocol describes the process of constructing an insect-machine hybrid system and carrying out wireless electrical stimulation of the flight muscles required to control the turning motion of a flying insect.

Insect-máquina Sistema Híbrido: Controle de rádio remoto de um Beetle Livremente Aeronáutica (<em&gt; Torquata Mercynorrhina</em&gt;)

The rise of radio-enabled digital electronic devices has prompted the use of small wireless neuromuscular recorders and stimulators for studying in-flight ...

insect-machine-hybrid-system-remote-radio-control-freely-flying

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Insect-machine Hybrid System: Remote Radio Control of a Freely Flying Beetle (Mercynorrhina torquata)

12.1K visualizações.  Nanyang Technological University. This protocol describes the process of constructing an insect-machine hybrid system and carrying out wireless electrical stimulation of the flight muscles required to control the turning motion of a flying insect.

Vídeo: Insect-machine Hybrid System: Remote Radio Control of a Freely Flying Beetle Mercynorrhina torquata

Localizing Protein in 3D Neural Stem Cell Culture: a Hybrid Visualization Methodology

The importance of 3-dimensional (3D) topography in influencing neural stem and progenitor cell (NPC) phenotype is widely acknowledged yet challenging to study. When dissociated from embryonic or post-natal brain, single NPCs will proliferate in suspension to form neurospheres. Daughter cells within these cultures spontaneously adopt distinct developmental lineages (neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes) over the course of expansion despite being exposed to the same extracellular milieu. This progression recapitulates many of the stages observed over the course of neurogenesis and gliogenesis in post-natal brain and is often used to study basic NPC biology within a controlled environment. Assessing the full impact of 3D topography and cellular positioning within these cultures on NPC fate is, however, difficult. To localize target proteins and identify NPC lineages by immunocytochemistry, free-floating neurospheres must be plated on a substrate or serially sectioned. This processing is required to ensure equivalent cell permeabilization and antibody access throughout the sphere. As a result, 2D epifluorescent images of cryosections or confocal reconstructions of 3D Z-stacks can only provide spatial information about cell position within discrete physical or digital 3D slices and do not visualize cellular position in the intact sphere. Here, to reiterate the topography of the neurosphere culture and permit spatial analysis of protein expression throughout the entire culture, we present a protocol for isolation, expansion, and serial sectioning of post-natal hippocampal neurospheres suitable for epifluorescent or confocal immunodetection of target proteins. Connexin29 (Cx29) is analyzed as an example. Next, using a hybrid of graphic editing and 3D modelling softwares rigorously applied to maintain biological detail, we describe how to re-assemble the 3D structural positioning of these images and digitally map labelled cells within the complete neurosphere. This methodology enables visualization and analysis of the cellular position of target proteins and cells throughout the entire 3D culture topography and will facilitate a more detailed analysis of the spatial relationships between cells over the course of neurogenesis and gliogenesis in vitro.
Both Imbeault and Valenzuela contributed equally and should be considered joint first authors.

Here, we describe how to produce, expand, and immunolabel postnatal hippocampal neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in three-dimensional (3D) culture. Next, using hybrid visualization technologies, we demonstrate how digital images of immunolabelled cryosections can be used to reconstruct and map the spatial position of immunopositive cells throughout the entire 3D neurosphere.

Proteína localização em Cultura de Células-tronco neurais 3D: uma Metodologia de visualização híbrida

The importance of 3-dimensional (3D) topography in influencing neural stem and progenitor cell (NPC) phenotype is widely acknowledged yet challenging to ...

Neurociência

Long-term Behavioral Tracking of Freely Swimming Weakly Electric Fish

Long-term behavioral tracking can capture and quantify natural animal behaviors, including those occurring infrequently. Behaviors such as exploration and social interactions can be best studied by observing unrestrained, freely behaving animals. Weakly electric fish (WEF) display readily observable exploratory and social behaviors by emitting electric organ discharge (EOD). Here, we describe three effective techniques to synchronously measure the EOD, body position, and posture of a free-swimming WEF for an extended period of time. First, we describe the construction of an experimental tank inside of an isolation chamber designed to block external sources of sensory stimuli such as light, sound, and vibration. The aquarium was partitioned to accommodate four test specimens, and automated gates remotely control the animals&#39; access to the central arena. Second, we describe a precise and reliable real-time EOD timing measurement method from freely swimming WEF. Signal distortions caused by the animal&#39;s body movements are corrected by spatial averaging and temporal processing stages. Third, we describe an underwater near-infrared imaging setup to observe unperturbed nocturnal animal behaviors. Infrared light pulses were used to synchronize the timing between the video and the physiological signal over a long recording duration. Our automated tracking software measures the animal&#39;s body position and posture reliably in an aquatic scene. In combination, these techniques enable long term observation of spontaneous behavior of freely swimming weakly electric fish in a reliable and precise manner. We believe our method can be similarly applied to the study of other aquatic animals by relating their physiological signals with exploratory or social behaviors.

We describe a set of techniques for studying spontaneous behavior of freely swimming weakly electric fish over an extended period of time, by synchronously measuring the animal&#39;s electric organ discharge timing, body position and posture both accurately and reliably in a specially designed aquarium tank inside a sensory isolation chamber.

Longo prazo Behavioral Rastreamento de Livremente Natação fracamente elétrico dos peixes

Long-term behavioral tracking can capture and quantify natural animal behaviors, including those occurring infrequently. Behaviors such as exploration and ...

A Simplified Method for Ultra-Low Density, Long-Term Primary Hippocampal Neuron Culture

Culturing primary hippocampal neurons in vitro facilitates mechanistic interrogation of many aspects of neuronal development. Dissociated embryonic hippocampal neurons can often grow successfully on glass coverslips at high density under serum-free conditions, but low density cultures typically require a supply of trophic factors by co-culturing them with a glia feeder layer, preparation of which can be time-consuming and laborious. In addition, the presence of glia may confound interpretation of results and preclude studies on neuron-specific mechanisms. Here, a simplified method is presented for ultra-low density (~2,000 neurons/cm2), long-term (&#62;3 months) primary hippocampal neuron culture that is under serum free conditions and without glia cell support. Low density neurons are grown on poly-D-lysine coated coverslips, and flipped on high density neurons grown in a 24-well plate. Instead of using paraffin dots to create a space between the two neuronal layers, the experimenters can simply etch the plastic bottom of the well, on which the high density neurons reside, to create a microspace conducive to low density neuron growth. The co-culture can be easily maintained for &#62;3 months without significant loss of low density neurons, thus facilitating the morphological and physiological study of these neurons. To illustrate this successful culture condition, data are provided to show profuse synapse formation in low density cells after prolonged culture. This co-culture system also facilitates the survival of sparse individual neurons grown in islands of poly-D-lysine substrates and thus the formation of autaptic connections.

Low density cultures of primary hippocampal neurons usually require glia feeder layer to supply neurotrophic factors and sustain longevity. We describe here a simplified method to culture ultra-low density neurons on glass coverslips in the presence of a high density neuronal feeder layer, which facilitates investigation of specific neuronal-autonomous mechanisms.

Um método simplificado para Ultra-Baixa Densidade, Long-Term Primária do hipocampo Neuron Cultura

Culturing primary hippocampal neurons in vitro facilitates mechanistic interrogation of many aspects of neuronal development. Dissociated embryonic ...

Optical Control of a Neuronal Protein Using a Genetically Encoded Unnatural Amino Acid in Neurons

Photostimulation is a noninvasive way to control biological events with excellent spatial and temporal resolution. New methods are desired to photo-regulate endogenous proteins expressed in their native environment. Here, we present an approach to optically control the function of a neuronal protein directly in neurons using a genetically encoded unnatural amino acid (Uaa). By using an orthogonal tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pair to suppress the amber codon, a photo-reactive Uaa 4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzyl-cysteine (Cmn) is site-specifically incorporated in the pore of a neuronal protein Kir2.1, an inwardly rectifying potassium channel. The bulky Cmn physically blocks the channel pore, rendering Kir2.1 non-conducting. Light illumination instantaneously converts Cmn into a smaller natural amino acid Cys, activating Kir2.1 channel function. We express these photo-inducible inwardly rectifying potassium (PIRK) channels in rat hippocampal primary neurons, and demonstrate that light-activation of PIRK ceases the neuronal firing due to the outflux of K+ current through the activated Kir2.1 channels. Using in utero electroporation, we also express PIRK in the embryonic mouse neocortex in vivo, showing the light-activation of PIRK in neocortical neurons. Genetically encoding Uaa imposes no restrictions on target protein type or cellular location, and a family of photoreactive Uaas is available for modulating different natural amino acid residues. This technique thus has the potential to be generally applied to many neuronal proteins to achieve optical regulation of different processes in brains. The current protocol presents an accessible procedure for intricate Uaa incorporation in neurons in vitro and in vivo to achieve photo control of neuronal protein activity on the molecular level.

Here, a procedure to selectively activate a neuronal protein with a short pulse of light by genetically encoding a photo-reactive unnatural amino acid into a target neuronal protein expressed in neurons in culture or in vivo is presented.

Controlo óptico de uma proteína neuronal utilizando um ácido Unnatural Amino geneticamente codificados em neurónios

Photostimulation is a noninvasive way to control biological events with excellent spatial and temporal resolution. New methods are desired to ...

Neuropharmacological Manipulation of Restrained and Free-flying Honey Bees, Apis mellifera

Honey bees demonstrate astonishing learning abilities and advanced social behavior and communication. In addition, their brain is small, easy to visualize and to study. Therefore, bees have long been a favored model amongst neurobiologists and neuroethologists for studying the neural basis of social and natural behavior. It is important, however, that the experimental techniques used to study bees do not interfere with the behaviors being studied. Because of this, it has been necessary to develop a range of techniques for pharmacological manipulation of honey bees. In this paper we demonstrate methods for treating restrained or free-flying honey bees with a wide range of pharmacological agents. These include both noninvasive methods such as oral and topical treatments, as well as more invasive methods that allow for precise drug delivery in either systemic or localized fashion. Finally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method and&#160;describe common hurdles and how to best overcome them. We conclude with a discussion on the importance of adapting the experimental method to the biological questions rather than the other way around.

Neuropharmacological Manipulation of Restrained and Free-flying Honey Bees, Apis mellifera

This manuscript describes several protocols for administering pharmacological agents to honey bees, including simple noninvasive methods for free-flying bees, as well as more invasive variants that allow precise localized treatment of restrained bees.

Manipulação neurofarmacologia de contido e vôo livre abelhas do mel,<em&gt; Apis mellifera</em

Honey bees demonstrate astonishing learning abilities and advanced social behavior and communication. In addition, their brain is small, easy to visualize ...

Recording EEG in Freely Moving Neonatal Rats Using a Novel Method

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such as epilepsy and neurodegenerative disorders. However, it is technically difficult to obtain EEG recordings in neonates as it requires specialized handling and great care. Here, we present a novel method to record EEG in neonatal rat pups (P8-P15). We designed a simple and reliable electrode using computer pin loci; it can be easily implanted into the skull of a rat pup to record high-quality EEG signals in the normal and epileptic brain. Pups were given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the neurotoxin kainic acid (KA) to induce epileptic seizures. The surgical implantation performed in this procedure is less expensive than other EEG procedures for neonates. This method allows one to record high-quality and stable EEG signals for more than 1 week. Furthermore, this procedure can also be applied to adult rats and mice to study epilepsy or other neurological disorders.

Here, we introduce a novel technique designed to record electroencephalography (EEG) in freely moving neonatal epileptic pups and describe its procedures, features, and applications. This method allows one to record EEG for more than 1 week.

Gravação de EEG em Ratos Neonatais de Movimentação Livre Usando um Novo Método

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such ...

Noninvasive EEG Recordings from Freely Moving Piglets

The method allows the recording of high-quality electroencephalograms (EEGs) from freely moving piglets directly in the pigpen. We use a one-channel telemetric electroencephalography system in combination with standard self-adhesive hydrogel electrodes. The piglets are calmed down without the use of sedatives. After their release into the pigpen, the piglets behave normally&#8212;they drink and sleep in the same cycle as their siblings. Their sleep phases are used for the EEG recordings.

Here, we present a protocol to record telemetric electroencephalograms (EEGs) from freely moving piglets directly in the pigpen without the use of a sedative, making it possible to record typical EEG patterns during non-REM sleep, like spindle bursts.

Gravações de EEG não invasiva de leitões movimentando-se livremente

The method allows the recording of high-quality electroencephalograms (EEGs) from freely moving piglets directly in the pigpen. We use a one-channel ...

Long-term Sensory Conflict in Freely Behaving Mice

Long-term sensory conflict protocols are a valuable means of studying motor learning. The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for experiments aimed at studying long-term learning in mice. By permanently wearing a device fixed on their heads, mice are continuously exposed to a sensory mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs while freely moving in home cages. Therefore, this protocol readily enables the study of the visual system and multisensory interactions over an extended timeframe that would not be accessible otherwise. In addition to lowering the experimental costs of long-term sensory learning in naturally behaving mice, this approach accommodates the combination of in vivo and in vitro experiments. In the reported example, video-oculography is performed to quantify the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and optokinetic reflex (OKR) before and after learning. Mice exposed to this long-term sensory conflict between visual and vestibular inputs presented a strong VOR gain decrease but exhibited few OKR changes. Detailed steps of device assembly, animal care, and reflex measurements are hereby reported.

The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for experiments aimed at studying long-term learning. By permanently wearing a fixed device on their heads, mice are continuously exposed to a sensory mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs while freely moving in home cages.

A longo prazo conflito sensorial em livremente, comportando-se ratos

Long-term sensory conflict protocols are a valuable means of studying motor learning. The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for ...

Hybrid Microdrive System with Recoverable Opto-Silicon Probe and Tetrode for Dual-Site High Density Recording in Freely Moving Mice

Multi-regional neural recordings can provide crucial information to understanding fine-timescale interactions between multiple brain regions. However, conventional microdrive designs often only allow use of one type of electrode to record from single or multiple regions, limiting the yield of single-unit or depth profile recordings. It also often limits the ability to combine electrode recordings with optogenetic tools to target pathway and/or cell type specific activity. Presented here is a hybrid microdrive array for freely moving mice to optimize yield and a description of its fabrication and reuse of the microdrive array. The current design employs nine tetrodes and one opto-silicon probe implanted in two different brain areas simultaneously in freely moving mice. The tetrodes and the opto-silicon probe are independently adjustable along the dorsoventral axis in the brain to maximize the yield of unit and oscillatory activities. This microdrive array also incorporates a set-up for light, mediating optogenetic manipulation to investigate the regional- or cell type-specific responses and functions of long-range neural circuits. In addition, the opto-silicon probe can be safely recovered and reused after each experiment. Because the microdrive array consists of 3D-printed parts, the design of microdrives can be easily modified to accommodate various settings. First described is the design of the microdrive array and how to attach the optical fiber to a silicon probe for optogenetics experiments, followed by fabrication of the tetrode bundle and implantation of the array into a mouse brain. The recording of local field potentials and unit spiking combined with optogenetic stimulation also demonstrate feasibility of the microdrive array system in freely moving mice.

This protocol describes the construction of a hybrid microdrive array that allows implantation of nine independently adjustable tetrodes and one adjustable opto-silicon probe in two brain regions in freely moving mice. Also demonstrated is a method for safely recovering and reusing the opto-silicon probe for multiple purposes.

Sistema híbrido do Microdrive com a ponta de prova recuperável do opto-silicone e tetrode para a gravação high-density do duplo-local em ratos livremente moventes

Multi-regional neural recordings can provide crucial information to understanding fine-timescale interactions between multiple brain regions. However, ...

Wireless Electrophysiological Recording of Neurons by Movable Tetrodes in Freely Swimming Fish

The neural mechanisms governing fish behavior remain mostly unknown, although fish constitute the majority of all vertebrates. The ability to record brain activity from freely moving fish would advance research on the neural basis of fish behavior considerably. Moreover, precise control of the recording location in the brain is critical to studying coordinated neural activity across regions in fish brain. Here, we present a technique that records wirelessly from the brain of freely swimming fish while controlling for the depth of the recording location. The system is based on a neural logger associated with a novel water-compatible implant that can adjust the recording location by microdrive-controlled tetrodes. The capabilities of the system are illustrated through recordings from the telencephalon of goldfish.

A novel wireless technique for recording extracellular neural signals from the brain of freely swimming goldfish is presented. The recording device is composed of two tetrodes, a microdrive, a neural data logger, and a waterproof case. All parts are custom-made except for the data logger and its connector.

Gravação eletrofisiológica sem fio dos neurônios por tetrodes móveis em peixes livremente da natação

The neural mechanisms governing fish behavior remain mostly unknown, although fish constitute the majority of all vertebrates. The ability to record brain ...