This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation Grant 150271.

This experimental protocol has been approved by the Cantonal Veterinary Office, Fribourg and the Swiss Federal Veterinary Office, Switzerland (FR 2015/58).
NOTE: Male NZW rabbits weighing between 2.8 to 3.2 kg were used. The animals were housed under conventional conditions (12 h light and dark cycle, provided ad libitum water and food). Prior to balloon denudation, animals were acclimated for 1 week during which they were fed with normal chow diet. After 1 week of acclimatization, rabbits wer...

<ol>
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A., Mosse, P. R., Safstrom, J. A., Young, S. B., Campbell, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Balloon+catheter+injury+to+rabbit+carotid+artery.+I.+Changes+in+smooth+muscle+phenotype.">Balloon catheter injury to rabbit carotid artery. I. Changes in smooth muscle phenotype.</a> Arteriosclerosis. 9, 289-298 (1989).</li><li>Miyake, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevention+of+neointimal+formation+after+angioplasty+using+nuclear+factor-kappaB+decoy+oligodeoxynucleotide-coated+balloon+catheter+in+rabbit+model.">Prevention of neointimal formation after angioplasty using nuclear factor-kappaB decoy oligodeoxynucleotide-coated balloon catheter in rabbit model.</a> Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 7, 787-796 (2014).</li><li>Fulcher, J., Patel, S., Nicholls, S. 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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

The rabbit iliac artery atherosclerosis model is widely used in atherosclerosis research. With this protocol the rabbits rapidly developed more severe and advanced plaques as compared to spontaneous lesions developed with only cholesterol diet. Importantly, animals recover quickly from the surgery.
The main stimulus for atherogenesis is the mechanical damage caused by the balloon catheter that injures the endothelium and distends the vessel wall26. This procedure induce...

Rupture of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques is one of the leading causes of death in the industrialized nations1. Although research over the past decades has unfolded several molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in plaque progression, continued efforts are still needed not only to unravel the complex mechanism of disease progression but also to test new therapeutic approaches. Several animal models have been proposed to study the atherosclerosis. Genetic manipulation, cholesterol feeding or mechanical endothelium injury are the standard strategies shared by most animal models of atherosclerosis including mice, rabbits or minipigs. Among these, NZW rabbits are sensitive to cholesterol diet while normal rats and mice do not significantly absorb dietary cholesterol2,3,4. Rabbits spontaneously develop aortic lesions rich in macrophages with some fibrous component when fed with cholesterol rich diet5,6. However, the long preparatory time of 4-8 months to induce atherosclerotic plaquesby feeding cholesterol diet alone6,7 is a major drawback for most of the experimental settings. In pursuit for inducing lesions in relatively short time, a combination of high cholesterol diet and balloon injury has been developed by Baumgarter and Studer8. The overall goal of this technique is to induce atherosclerotic plaques composed of foam cells (similar to fatty streak in humans) in hypercholesterolemic rabbits within 2 weeks. The present technique describes the procedure of arterial wall injury based on Baumgarter&#39;s method using a balloon catheter advanced into the iliac artery of NZW hypercholesterolemic rabbits.
Together with a cholesterol rich diet, injury resulting from balloon induced de-endothelialization will lead to atherosclerosis. Balloon injury accelerates the formation of atherosclerotic lesions, and produces plaque of uniform size and distribution. Intimal thickening increases over a period of time and intimal cell infiltration starts within few days following injury. Fatty streaks with substantial macrophages start to appear after 7 - 10 days of balloon injury and are represented as Type II lesion according to the classification by American Heart Association. Balloon injury in rabbit is often performed in the aorta to study plaque composition. The neointimal endothelium expresses high levels of intercellular adhesion molecule. The plaques are associated with medial dissection and adventitial changes. Atherosclerotic lesions are composed of lipids, proliferating smooth muscle cells (SMCs), collagen fibers and inflammatory cells that accumulate under the regenerated endothelium and are mostly type II in nature. The topological distribution of rabbit plaques was similar to that reported in human aortas 9,10 In principle, the aorta is larger in size compared to iliac arteries and would produce plaque in larger length. However, the major advantage of using the iliac artery as the site of atherosclerosis in rabbits is its accessibility, its similarity in muscular content to human coronary artery11, uniform lesion development12, high tissue factor activity13 and consistent vessel dimension comparable to human coronary artery allowing the evaluation of commercially manufactured devices to morphometric and angiographic endpoints. Invasive and non-invasive methods have been investigated to analyze the plaques in rabbit iliac arteries in the live animal. Previous reports describe the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with the help of a 2.35-tesla MR system 14 Additionally, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) or optical coherence tomography (OCT) catheters can be suitably applied to image atherosclerotic plaques in rabbit iliac arteries. The iliac artery is accessible for ultrasound imaging when using a high-resolution echography and the aorta can also be explored with this technique.
In the past decade, this rabbit model of balloon injury has helped to further understand the mechanisms of plaque progression15and plaque regression16. In addition, the model has been used to study the influence of novel therapeutic agents such as statins, standard antiplatelet agents, antioxidant agents17,18 and drug-eluting stents such as everolimus or zotarolimus-eluting stent19,20 on neointimal thickening. This model has also been used to investigate intravascular imaging of near-infrared fluorescence imaging catheter21.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>New Zealand White rabbits</td>
			<td>Charles River laboratories,France</td>
			<td>Cre:KBL(NZW)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cholesterol rich diet</td>
			<td>Ssniff spezialdi&#228;ten</td>
			<td>Ssniff EF K High Fat and Cholesterol</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bead sterilizer-Germinator 500</td>
			<td>VWR, Leicestershire, UK</td>
			<td>101326-488</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fogarty balloon embolectomy catheters, 2 French</td>
			<td>Edwards Lifesciences, Switzerland</td>
			<td>120602F</td>
			<td>For single use only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock Syringe</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company, USA</td>
			<td>309628</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermopad Type 226</td>
			<td>Solis, Switzerland AG</td>
			<td>397387</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine- Temgesic</td>
			<td>Reckitt Benckiser AG, Switzerland</td>
			<td>7.68042E+12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Piramal Critical Care, Inc, Bethlehem, PA 18017</td>
			<td>2667-46-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anaesthesia machine-combi-vet Base Anesthesia System</td>
			<td>Rothacher Medical GmbH, Switzerland</td>
			<td>CV 30-301-A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cardell touch veterinary vital signs monitor</td>
			<td>Midmark, Ohio, USA</td>
			<td>8013-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophthalmic ointment-Humigel</td>
			<td>Virbac, France</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Animal hair clippers</td>
			<td>Aesculap AG, Germany</td>
			<td>GT420</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disinfectant-Betadine solution</td>
			<td>MundipharmaMedicalCompany, Switzerland</td>
			<td>14671-1203</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #7 Forceps</td>
			<td>FST Germany</td>
			<td>11274-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medium and small microscissors</td>
			<td>Medline International Switzerland S&#224;rl</td>
			<td>UC4337</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microvascular clamps</td>
			<td>FST, Germany</td>
			<td>18051-28</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Papaverine</td>
			<td>ESCA chemicals, Switzerland</td>
			<td>RE 356 803</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vein Pick</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus, Cambridge, UK</td>
			<td>72-4169</td>
			<td>For single use only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saline</td>
			<td>Laboratorium Dr. G. Bichsel AG, , Switzerland</td>
			<td>1330055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polysorb 5-0 suture</td>
			<td>Covidien AG, Switzerland</td>
			<td>UL 202</td>
			<td>Monofilament</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sulfadoxine and Trimethoprim-Trimethazol</td>
			<td>Werner Stricker AG, Switzerland</td>
			<td>Swissmedic Nr. 50&#39;361</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antiseptic- Octenisept</td>
			<td>Sch&#252;lke &#38; Mayr AG, Switzerland</td>
			<td>GTIN: 4032651214068</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>1058.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isobutanol-2-Methylbutane</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland</td>
			<td>M32631-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optimum Cutting Temperature compound-Tissue-Tek</td>
			<td>VWR Chemicals, Belgium</td>
			<td>25608-930</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostat</td>
			<td>Leica, Glattbrugg, Switzerland</td>
			<td>Leica CM1860 UV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass slide- Superfrost Plus</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>4951PLUS4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mayer&#39;s Haematoxylin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland</td>
			<td>MHS32-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin 0.5% aq.</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland</td>
			<td>HT110232-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oil Red O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland</td>
			<td>O0625-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#945;-smooth muscle actin antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam, UK.</td>
			<td>ab7817</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Macrophage Clone RAM11 antibody</td>
			<td>DAKO, Switzerland</td>
			<td>M063301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst</td>
			<td>Abcam, UK.</td>
			<td>ab145596</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat polyclonal Secondary Antibody (Chromeo 546)</td>
			<td>Abcam, UK.</td>
			<td>ab60316</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488/547</td>
			<td>Abcam, UK.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycergel Mounting Medium, Aqueous</td>
			<td>DAKO, Switzerland</td>
			<td>C056330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematoxylin for Movat pentachrome staining</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland</td>
			<td>H3136-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ferric chloride for Movat pentachrome staining</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland</td>
			<td>157740-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iodine for Movat staining</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland</td>
			<td>207772-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium iodide for Movat pentachrome staining</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland</td>
			<td>60400-100G-F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alcian blue for Movat staining</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland</td>
			<td>A5268-10G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Strong Ammonia for Movat pentachrome staining</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland</td>
			<td>320145-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brilliant crocein MOO for Movat pentachrome staining</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland</td>
			<td>210757-50G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acid Fuchsin for Movat pentachrome staining</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland</td>
			<td>F8129-50G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Thiosulfate for Movat pentachrome staining</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland</td>
			<td>72049-250G,</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphotungstic acid for Movat pentachrome staining</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland</td>
			<td>79690-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Crocin for Movat pentachrome staining</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland</td>
			<td>17304-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EUKITT for Movat pentachrome staining</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland</td>
			<td>03989-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the rabbit model of accelerated atherosclerosis: a methodological perspective of the iliac artery balloon injury

Acute coronary syndrome resulting from coronary occlusion following atherosclerotic plaque development and rupture is the leading cause of death in the industrialized world. New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits are widely used as an animal model for the study of atherosclerosis. They develop spontaneous lesions when fed with atherogenic diet; however, this requires long time of 4 - 8 months. To further enhance and accelerate atherogenesis, a combination of atherogenic diet and mechanical endothelial injury is often employed. The presented procedure for inducing atherosclerotic plaques in rabbits uses a balloon catheter to disrupt the endothelium in the left iliac artery of NZW rabbits fed with atherogenic diet. Such mechanical damage caused by the balloon catheter induces a chain of inflammatory reactions initiating neointimal lipid accumulation in a time dependent fashion. Atherosclerotic plaque following balloon injury show neointimal thickening with extensive lipid infiltration, high smooth muscle cell content and presence of macrophage derived foam cells. This technique is simple, reproducible and produces plaque of controlled length within the iliac artery. The whole procedure is completed within 20 - 30 min. The procedure is safe with low mortality and also offers high success in obtaining substantial intimal lesions. The procedure of balloon catheter induced arterial injury results in atherosclerosis within two weeks. This model can be used for investigating the disease pathology, diagnostic imaging and to evaluate new therapeutic strategies.

Balloon injury of the iliac artery was performed successfully without complication (Figure 1). The total operative time ranged from 20 to 30 min for injuries performed on only one iliac artery, and 35 to 45 min for injuries on both arteries. The rabbit recovered within 1 h after balloon injury. All animals appeared healthy without significant weight loss. No infection, oedema or arterial thrombosis was encountered. The wound area was normal besides some mild ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Rabbit Model of Accelerated Atherosclerosis: A Methodological Perspective of the Iliac Artery Balloon Injury at JoVE.com

The Rabbit Model of Accelerated Atherosclerosis: A Methodological Perspective of the Iliac Artery Balloon Injury

Animal models of atherosclerosis are essential to understand the mechanism and to investigate newer approaches to prevent plaque development or rupture, a leading cause of death in the industrialized world. This protocol uses a combination of balloon injury and cholesterol rich diet to induce atherosclerotic plaques in rabbit iliac artery.

Acute coronary syndrome resulting from coronary occlusion following atherosclerotic plaque development and rupture is the leading cause of death in the ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to induce the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in rabbits by surgically disrupting the endothelium of their left iliac arteries, and feeding them an atherogenic diet. By lone injury in rabbits is often performed in the aorta to study plaque composition. However, the iliac artery is very similar to the human coronary artery, making it an attractive place for modeling atherosclerotic plaques.The muscular content uniform lesions, eye tissue factor activity, and consistent vessel dimensions of the rabbit iliac artery are all comparable to the human coronary artery. Ultimately, this allows for the evaluation of commercially manufactured devices to morphometric and angiographic endpoints. Demonstrating the procedure will be Aurelien Frobert, a collaborator from my laboratory.Be certain to sterilize all the surgical tools using, for example, a glass bead sterilizer. Next, prepare and check the two balloon catheter assemblies. Onto each one, attach a one-milliliter Luer lock syringe filled with normal saline, and then check for trapped embliques using the balloon's inflation mechanism.Next, set the thermal pad at the surgical platform to 37 degree celsius. Then weigh the rabbit. Next, provide an injection of buprenorphine and anesthetize the rabbit using 5%isofluorane at five liters per minute for 10 to 15 minutes.Now, place the anesthetized rabbit on the heating pad on a surgical platform. Attach sensors to monitor the rabbit's temperature and respiration and to collect electrocardiograms. Next, attach a face mask to deliver 4%isofluorane at 2.5 liters per minute.Then confirm a proper level of anesthesia by testing for a lost of gag and petty reflexes. A universally relaxed muscle tone is also indicator of deep anesthesia. Next, apply abtonic ointment to both eyes.Next, remove the hair from the ventral area just below the knee joints using animal hair clippers. Then, remove the loose hair and clean the exposed skin with three alternating scrubs of 70%ethanol and betadine and drape the animal leaving only the lower limb exposed. To begin the surgery, locate the saphenous artery and make a 1.5 centimeter incision.Then using small curved forceps carefully expose a small portion of saphenous artery. Be careful to avoid damaging the femoral vein or femoral nerve. Cleaning the artery thoroughly is very important during this exposure.Next, place two loose ligature loops beneath the saphenous artery and tie one ligature loop near the distal end of the artery. Then place some micro vascular clamp along the artery above the ligature and close the clamp to stop the blood flow. Immediately apply a drop of papaverine to dilate the artery and prevent phase spasms.Next, using the ligature, lift the saphenous artery and to make a small arteriotomy incision using a 24 gauge needle. Then lift the incision flaps and slowly insert a vein pick or a guiding needle into the lumen of the artery. Now, carefully insert an arterial embolectomy catheter into the saphenous artery.Be gentle to avoid making ruptures. Then remove the vein pick and release the micro vascular clamp on the artery. To create the injury, first advance the balloon catheter to the third mark.This should put a roughly two to five centimeters above the iliac bifurcation. Next, inflate the balloon with 0.1 milliliters of normal saline. Now, clip the catheter and pull it back six centimeters while rotating it to damage the tissue.Once retreated, deflate the balloon. And to ensure complete endothelium dilatation, repeat the process twice more. Then remove the catheter and immediately tie off the ligature loop just above the arteriotomy site to stop the bleeding.Next, apply a suitable antiseptic around the perforate of the wound and swab away the blood clots. Lastly, close the skin incision and disinfect the surgery site with povidone-iodine solution. Then repeat the entire surgical procedure on the contralateral iliac artery using the second catheter.After the surgery, first clean the abtonic ointment from the rabbit's sides. Then administer sulfadoxine and trimethoprim. Then transfer the rabbit with the heading pad into a clean recovery cage and a monitoring patch and clips.Once the animal regains external recumbency and is ambulating, return it to its home cage. For pain management, provide buprenorphine. Now, start feeding the animal on an atherogenic diet for as long as needed.To harvest early thin flax, two or four weeks post surgery, first anesthetize the rabbit and then euthanize the rabbit with an intercardinal incision. Next, open the abdomen and expose the retroperitoneum. Then trace the aorta towards the iliac bifurcation and tie it above the bifurcation.Follow by carefully removing the surrounding tissues and isolating both iliac arteries. Now dissect out both arteries and immerse them in ice cold PBS. Therein remove the clots using forceps and divide each artery into 46 segments.Then immediately embed the segments in a mold containing OCT compound and snap freeze tissues in liquid nitrogen. Store the tissues at minus 80 degree Celsius and later stain five micron thick sections using standard methodology. Balloon injury of the iliac arteries was performed successfully without complication in under an hour.Rabbit's recovered within one hour and/or appeared healthy without significant weight loss. No post operative complications were encountered. And after four weeks of atherogenic diet, the rabbits all had hypercholesterolemia.The combination of a balloon injury and the cholesterol diet resulted in structural changes in the vessel wall leading to the development of atheroschlorotic plax in two weeks. Uninjured and balloon injured iliac arteries were isolated from the same animal and compared. Flax were characterized by lipid infiltration as well as smooth muscle sound migration and proliferation.The flax continue to grow in the injured vessels while the lumen size continue to shrink. The resulting changes were very pronounced by four weeks. After two and four weeks, morphometric quantification revealed an increased intima media thickness, an increased plaque area, a decreased lumen area, and finally an increased in lipid accumulation.Staining with alpha smooth muscle actin anti body reacts with muscle actin, thus identifying vascular smooth muscle cells. While staining with more 11 monochlonal antibody reveals the cytoplasm of macrophages. Together the stains reveal the extent to which both smooth muscle cells and macrophage proliferate into the atherosclerotic plaque in the injured vessels.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of auto safety and easily perform a violent injury on the rabbit's iliac arteries. This injury with atherogenic diet results in plaque's developing of the iliac arteries in homogenous on time fashion.

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11.9K visualizações.  University of Fribourg. The overall goal of this procedure is to induce the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in rabbits by surgically disrupting the endothelium of their left iliac arteries, and feeding them an atherogenic diet. By lone injury in rabbits is often performed in the aorta to study plaque composition. However, the iliac artery is very similar to the human coronary artery, making it an attractive place for modeling atherosclerotic plaques.The muscular content uniform lesions, eye tissue factor...