The authors gratefully acknowledge funding support from the Ministry of Science and Technology, MOST (project numbers: MOST 104-2218-E-002 -004, MOST 105-2218-E-002-019, MOST 105-2221-E-002 -107 -MY3, MOST 102-2221-E-002 -133 -MY3, and MOST 102-2221-E-002 -088 -MY3).

1. Preparação das superfícies modificadas <ol><li> Polir manualmente a peça de teste (cilindro oco de cobre com um comprimento de 40 mm (l), um diâmetro exterior de 25 mm (d o), e um diâmetro interno de 18 mm (d i)) durante 15 min, utilizando um # 2000 esmeril papel. Limpar a superfície polida, enxaguando-se com acetona seguida de água DI. </li><li> Colocar a peça de teste polido numa estufa durante 2 h a uma temperatura constante de 120 ° C. </li><li> Prepara-se uma solução super-hidróf ila nanopartícula SiO2 usando os seguintes passos. <ol><li> Preparar a solução A por mistura de 1: 4 proporções molares de tetraetoxisilano e ua DI. Adicionar 2 gotas de HCl concentrado 37% à solução A e agitou-se durante 2 h. </li><li> Adicione a soluo B por mistura de uma razão de 1: 3 molar de etanol e de água Dl. </li><li> Misturar 1 ml de solução A a 80 ml de solução B e agita-se durante 2 h. </li><li> Adicionar 32 g de SiO 2 nanopartículas (diâmetro de 40 nm) para a solu preparadoção e mexa por 1 h. </li></ol></li><li> Mergulha-se o pedaço de teste na solução preparada por meio do aparelho de revestimento por imersão com uma velocidade de 5 mm / min. Manter a peça de teste revestidos num forno a 120 ° C durante 1 h. </li><li> Preparar 2, 4, 8 e padrões dos híbridos interlined com diferentes orientações ao longo da direcção axial (como mostrado na Figura 1), utilizando os seguintes passos. <ol><li> Mascarar a área a não ser revestidos usando a fita de isolamento de acordo com o número requerido de entrelinhas com a orientação correcta (para a superfície 2-interlinha em uma orientação de 0 °, ajustar Interlines no centro e a área de super-hidróf ila (área a ser revestida) sobre o lado de cima. por outro lado, para a orientação de 90 °, ajustar uma entrelinha na parte superior e outra na parte inferior e para a orientação de 180 °, ajustar a área de super-hidróf ila, na parte inferior e as entrelinhas no centro. do mesmo modo, ajustar o posição dos 4, 8 superfícies interlined com o diferente órientation como mostrado na Figura 1). </li><li> Mergulha-se o provete mascarado na solução preparada por meio de um aparelho de revestimento por imersão, mergulho a uma velocidade de imersão e de alta origem a uma velocidade lenta de 5 mm / min. Manter a peça de teste revestidos num forno a 120 ° C durante 1 h. </li><li> Remover a fita de isolamento a partir da área mascarada para se obter o número necessário de entrelinhas com a orientação correcta. </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55387/55387fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. Selecção de várias superfícies interlined. (a) Esquema das várias superfícies interlined com orientações diferentes. A relação de uma superfície de cobre liso e uma superfície super-hidróf ila área é de 1: 1 em todas as condições. critérios de selecção (b) a orientação. (c) vista isométrica de dois interlinha superfície orientada a 0 ° ângulo. Orientação é seleccionado como o ângulo entre a linha de base e de revestimentoA linha central do primeiro padrão hidrófilo do lado de cima e que é medida numa direcção dos ponteiros do relógio. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55387/55387fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Por favor clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a> 2. Procedimento Experimental <ol><li> Usando a fita isolante, fixar um tubo de vidro, em cada base circular da peça de ensaio revestido. </li><li> Horizontalmente fixar este conjunto para a câmara 140- 140- x x 160 mm (como se mostra na Figura 2) usando pasta de silicone de acordo com a posição requerida de entrelinhas. </li><li> Coloque um 550-W, 18 mm de diâmetro, e aquecedor de cartucho 40 mm de comprimento com uma película fina de pasta térmica na área circunferencial no orifício da peça de teste. </li><li> Ligar o aquecedor de cartucho para uma unidade de fonte de alimentação de corrente contínua (DC). </li><li> Lugar do tipo T termopares para os 8 furos de 1 mm igualmente espaçados, com profundidades alternados de 5 milímetros e 7 mm, como mostrado na figura3 Ligue-los para o registrador de dados. </li><li> Inserir e fixar detectores de temperatura de resistência (RTD), um condensador de refluxo, e um aquecedor auxiliar nos espaços proporcionados na tampa superior. Corrigi-los sobre a câmara de ebulição. </li><li> Encha 1400 mL de água Dl para dentro da câmara de ponto de ebulição piscina. </li><li> Ligar o condensador de refluxo a uma câmara de arrefecimento que é mantido a 5 ° C. </li><li> Antes do experimento, ferver vigorosamente a água desionizada na câmara de ponto de ebulição piscina durante 30 min utilizando o aquecedor auxiliar. </li><li> Manter a água Dl no estado de ebulição saturada usando o aquecedor auxiliar. Subsequentemente, ligar a fonte de alimentação e dar uma corrente inicial de 0,1 A. </li><li> Esperar durante 2 minutos, a fim de atingir um estado de equilíbrio. Em seguida, aumentar a corrente elétrica com incrementos de 0,3 A. </li><li> Registar a temperatura em cada entrada de energia usando o registador de dados. Continue a experiência até que uma corrente máxima de 4 A seja alcançado. Enquanto isso, registrar a bolha dinâmica f<html> ou cada entrada de energia utilizando uma câmara CCD colocado em frente da câmara de ebulição de piscina, que é focado sobre a peça de teste. </li></ol><img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55387/55387fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2. Esquema da Câmara Pool-fervente. tubos de vidro são ligadas a ambos os lados do cilindro oco de cobre com pasta de silicone. Este é fixo na câmara de ponto de ebulição piscina com pasta de silicone. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55387/55387fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Por favor clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a> <img alt="Figura 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55387/55387fig3.jpg" /> Figura 3. Termopar Posicionamento. 8 termopares são colocados no interior dos furos de 1 mm de diâmetro de modo circunferencial no lugar peça de ensaio com um diâmetro de 20 mm. As profundidades dos furos de 1 mm de diâmetro alternados são fixas a 5 mm e 7 mm, respectivamente./files/ftp_upload/55387/55387fig3large.jpg&quot; target = &#39;_ blank&#39;&gt; Clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura. 3. Redução de Dados <ol><li> Calcular a entrada de calor (Q) usando a seguinte equação 19 Q = I V (1) NOTA: I e V são a corrente de entrada em amperes e a voltagem em volts, respectivamente. </li><li> Estimar a perda de calor (perda Q) a partir das duas superfícies laterais, usando a fórmula 19: <img alt="equação 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55387/55387eq2.jpg" /> (2) NOTA: K é a condutividade térmica do cobre; T 7 mm e T 5 milímetros são os valores médios da temperatura a uma profundidade de 7 mm e 5 mm, respectivamente; ? X (2 mm) é a diferença entre as profundidades; e <img alt="equação 2B" src="/files/ftp_upload/55387/55387eq2b.jpg" /> é a área da secção transversal do teste p<html> IECE. </li><li> Determinar o fluxo de calor (q &#39;&#39;), usando a seguinte fórmula 19: <img alt="equação 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55387/55387eq3.jpg" /> (3) NOTA: A = π d o L representa a área periférica da peça de teste. </li><li> Calcular o sobreaquecimento parede (usando a seguinte equação 19: <img alt="equação 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/55387/55387eq4.jpg" /> (4) NOTA: Tm representa a média de T 7 mm e t 5 mm, o comprimento da peça de ensaio, r o (12,5 mm), o raio externo do corpo de prova, r m (10 mm), o raio do provete no medição de furos, e T é sentou a temperatura de saturação de água DI, como mostrado na Figura 4. </li><li> Calcular o HTC (α) com a seguinte fórmula 19: pload / 55387 / 55387eq5.jpg&quot;/&gt; (5) </li></ol><img alt="Figura 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/55387/55387fig4.jpg" /> Figura 4. Esquema da Análise da temperatura da parede. temperatura da parede é calculada usando a temperatura média medida e conhecida resistência térmica cilíndrica. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55387/55387fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">Por favor clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

The main goal of this investigation was to develop a pool-boiling heat sink for high heat dissipation applications, such as nuclear reactors, boilers, and heat pipes, by introducing the hybrid wettable surface, as described in the protocol section. These surfaces can produce better pool-boiling performances than homogeneous wettable surfaces (hydrophilic and hydrophobic). The improvement in the boiling heat-transfer performance is due to an increase in active nucleation sites and the easy detachment of the formed bubbles...

Um sistema de alta calor de fluxo-sustentada proporcionando arrefecimento na gama de 10-10 maio W / cm2 é necessária nos campos emergentes da electrónica, defesa, aviónica, e desenvolvimento de dispositivo nuclear. de arrefecimento convencional com ar é insuficiente para estas aplicações, devido ao coeficiente de transferência de calor baixo (HTC) para ambas as condições Free- e de convecção forçada. As técnicas de arrefecimento à base de mudança de fase, tais como piscina de ebulição e fluxo de ebulição, são suficientemente boas para remover fluxos de calor elevadas da ordem de 10 - 1000 W / cm 2 1. Uma vez que o processo de transferência de calor de duas fases é isotérmica, a temperatura do dispositivo arrefecida é quase constante ao longo da sua superfície. Devido à variação insignificante da temperatura ao longo da superfície, o choque térmico do dispositivo pode ser eliminado. No entanto, a principal limitação em ebulição parâmetro de transferência de calor é o fluxo crítico de calor (ICC), o que provoca um aumento anormal da temperatura dois </sup&gt;. Nas últimas décadas, uma extensa pesquisa foi realizada para melhorar a CHF usando modificação da superfície, nanofluidos, e revestimentos de superfície 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Entre os vários métodos, revestimentos de superfície são encontrados para ser o melhor método para melhorar a CHF devido ao aumento substancial na área de superfície. Os revestimentos superficiais geralmente aumentar a transferência de calor por acção da aleta, efeitos de porosidade, e molhabilidade da superfície 12. molhabilidade da superfície desempenha um papel significativo na fervura de transferência de calor. Estudos anteriores mostram que, em condições de calor de fluxo mais baixas, a superfície hidrofóbica mostra melhor HTC devido ao início de nucleação. No entanto, amaior fluxo de calor, o desprendimento das bolhas formadas é lento devido à baixa afinidade de água em direcção à superfície. Isto leva a bolha coalescência e resulta numa menor 3 CHF. Por outro lado, uma superfície hidrofílica produz um CHF mais elevado, por causa do rápido desprendimento das bolhas formadas, mas dá uma HTC inferior a fluxos de calor de baixo, devido ao atraso na bolha 13 de nucleação. As estruturas híbridas mostram uma melhoria notável em ebulição de transferência de calor para todos os fluxos de calor devido ao efeito combinado de hidrofobicidade e hidrofilicidade 14, 15, 16. Hsu et al. produzido superfície molhável heterogénea por revestimento super-hidróf ila Si nanopartículas sobre uma superfície de cobre mascarado. Conseguiram diferentes rácios de molhabilidade, variando o tempo de revestimento. O início da ebulição ocorreu mais cedo nas superfícies heterogéneos em comparação com o homogeneous superfície, o que reduziu substancialmente a parede 17 sobreaquecer. Jo et al. realizados estudos de transferência de calor de ebulição nucleada em superfícies de molhagem hidrofílicas, hidrofóbicas, e heterogéneas. A superfície molhante heterogénea foi composta por pontos estampados hidrofóbicas na superfície hidrofílica. Eles tem HTCs mais elevados e ao mesmo CHF para a superfície heterogénea, em comparação com a superfície hidrofílica. Uma melhoria na fervura de transferência de calor depende diretamente do número de pontos na superfície e sobre as condições de ebulição 18. Neste estudo, os padrões molháveis ​​híbridos axiais foram produzidas sobre uma superfície de cobre cilíndrica utilizando a técnica de revestimento por imersão. -Pool ebulição estudos de transferência de calor foram conduzidos para determinar os efeitos do número de entrelinhas e da orientação do padrão molhável híbrido. Ebulição do fluxo de calor, HTC, e dinâmicas de bolha foram analisadas para todos os substratos revestidos e nósre em comparação com o substrato de cobre.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Deionized water</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silica nanopowder,40 nm</td><td>UniRegion Bio-Tech</td><td>60676860</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>ECHO Chemical co. Ltd</td><td>64175</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric acid</td><td>SHOWA Chemical co. Ltd.</td><td>7647010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tetraethoxysilane</td><td>SHOWA Chemical co. Ltd.</td><td>78104</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetone</td><td>UNI-ONWARD CORP.</td><td>67641</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cartridge Heater</td><td>Chung Shun Heater &amp;amp; Instrument Co, Ltd.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pyrex glass&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Automotive Glass service , Taiwan</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ordinary toughened glass</td><td>Automotive Glass service , Taiwan</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thermal paste</td><td>Electrolube</td><td>EG-30&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Insulation Tape</td><td>Chuan Chi Trading Co. Ltd</td><td>Kapton Tape</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sandpaper</td><td>Chuan Chi Trading Co. Ltd</td><td>#2000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heating furnace</td><td>Chung Chuan</td><td>Hong Sen HS-101</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electronic scales</td><td>A&amp;amp;D co. Ltd</td><td>GX400</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasonic cleaner</td><td>Bransonic</td><td>Bransonic 3510</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnet stirrer</td><td>Yellow line</td><td>MST D S1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Data logger&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Yokogawa</td><td>MX-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CCD camera</td><td>JVC</td><td>LY35862-001A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silicon paste</td><td>Permatex</td><td>599BR</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Power supply</td><td>Gwinstek</td><td>GPR-20H50D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Teflon tape&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Chuan Chi Trading Co. Ltd</td><td>CS170000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Contact Angle Goniometer</td><td>Sindatek</td><td>Model 100SB</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Auxiliary Heater</td><td>Chuan Chi Trading Co. Ltd</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T- type thermocouples</td><td>Chuan Chi Trading Co. Ltd</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Reflux Condenser&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Chuan Chi Trading Co. Ltd</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiber glass</td><td>Professional Plastics, Taiwan</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

pool-boiling heat-transfer enhancement on cylindrical surfaces with hybrid wettable patterns

In this study, pool-boiling heat-transfer experiments were performed to investigate the effect of the number of interlines and the orientation of the hybrid wettable pattern. Hybrid wettable patterns were produced by coating superhydrophilic SiO2 on a masked, hydrophobic, cylindrical copper surface. Using de-ionized (DI) water as the working fluid, pool-boiling heat-transfer studies were conducted on the different surface-treated copper cylinders of a 25-mm diameter and a 40-mm length. The experimental results showed that the number of interlines and the orientation of the hybrid wettable pattern influenced the wall superheat and the HTC. By increasing the number of interlines, the HTC was enhanced when compared to the plain surface. Images obtained from the charge-coupled device (CCD) camera indicated that more bubbles formed on the interlines as compared to other parts. The hybrid wettable pattern with the lowermost section being hydrophobic gave the best heat-transfer coefficient (HTC). The experimental results indicated that the bubble dynamics of the surface is an important factor that determines the nucleate boiling.

Experiências de transferência de calor de ponto de ebulição de piscina foram realizados sobre uma superfície cilíndrica molhável híbrido utilizando a disposição experimental cujo esquema está ilustrado na Figura 5. O procedimento experimental de ponto de ebulição piscina explicado no passo 2 da secção protocolo foi realizado com sucesso, para investigar o efeito do número de entrelinhas e da orientação do padrão molhável híbrido no desempenho de pont...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pool-Boiling Heat-Transfer Enhancement on Cylindrical Surfaces with Hybrid Wettable Patterns at JoVE.com

Pool-Boiling Heat-Transfer Enhancement on Cylindrical Surfaces with Hybrid Wettable Patterns

experiências de transferência de calor em ebulição piscina foram realizados para observar os efeitos de padrões molháveis ​​híbridos sobre o coeficiente de transferência de calor (HTC). Os parâmetros de investigação são o número de entrelinhas e a orientação do padrão de superfície molhável modificado.

Enhancement Pool-ebulição de transferência de calor em cilíndricos Superfícies com padrões molháveis ​​híbridos

In this study, pool-boiling heat-transfer experiments were performed to investigate the effect of the number of interlines and the orientation of the ...

pool-boiling-heat-transfer-enhancement-on-cylindrical-surfaces-with

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

9.0K visualizações.  National Taiwan University.  experiências de transferência de calor em ebulição piscina foram realizados para observar os efeitos de padrões molháveis ​​híbridos sobre o coeficiente de transferência de calor (HTC). Os parâmetros de investigação são o número de entrelinhas e a orientação do padrão de superfície molhável modificado. 

Vídeo: Pool-Boiling Heat-Transfer Enhancement on Cylindrical Surfaces with Hybrid Wettable Patterns

Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface

Two apparatuses for examining liquid jet impingement on a high-speed moving surface are described: an air cannon device (for examining surface speeds between 0 and 25 m/sec) and a spinning disk device (for examining surface speeds between 15 and 100 m/sec). The air cannon linear traverse is a pneumatic energy-powered system that is designed to accelerate a metal rail surface mounted on top of a wooden projectile. A pressurized cylinder fitted with a solenoid valve rapidly releases pressurized air into the barrel, forcing the projectile down the cannon barrel. The projectile travels beneath a spray nozzle, which impinges a liquid jet onto its metal upper surface, and the projectile then hits a stopping mechanism. A camera records the jet impingement, and a pressure transducer records the spray nozzle backpressure. The spinning disk set-up consists of a steel disk that reaches speeds of 500 to 3,000 rpm via a variable frequency drive (VFD) motor. A spray system similar to that of the air cannon generates a liquid jet that impinges onto the spinning disc, and cameras placed at several optical access points record the jet impingement. Video recordings of jet impingement processes are recorded and examined to determine whether the outcome of impingement is splash, splatter, or deposition. The apparatuses are the first that involve the high speed impingement of low-Reynolds-number liquid jets on high speed moving surfaces. In addition to its rail industry applications, the described technique may be used for technical and industrial purposes such as steelmaking and may be relevant to high-speed 3D printing.

Two experimental devices for examining liquid jet impingement on a high-speed moving surface are described: an air cannon device and a spinning disk device. The apparatuses are used to determine optimal approaches to the application of liquid friction modifier (LFM) onto rail tracks for top-of-rail friction control.

Visualização de alta velocidade líquido Jet impactação sobre uma superfície móvel

Two apparatuses for examining liquid jet impingement on a high-speed moving surface are described: an air cannon device (for examining surface speeds ...

Engenharia

Measurements of Local Instantaneous Convective Heat Transfer in a Pipe - Single and Two-phase Flow

This manuscript provides step by step description of the manufacturing process of a test section designed to measure the local instantaneous heat transfer coefficient as a function of the liquid flow rate in a transparent pipe. With certain amendments, the approach is extended to gas-liquid flows, with a particular emphasis on the effect of a single elongated (Taylor) air bubble on heat transfer enhancement. A non-invasive thermography technique is applied to measure the instantaneous temperature of a thin metal foil heated electrically. The foil is glued to cover a narrow slot cut in the pipe. The thermal inertia of the foil is small enough to detect the variation in the instantaneous foil temperature. The test section can be moved along the pipe and is long enough to cover a considerable part of the growing thermal boundary layer.
At the beginning of each experimental run, a steady state with a constant water flow rate and heat flux to the foil is attained and serves as the reference. The Taylor bubble is then injected into the pipe. The heat transfer coefficient variations due to the passage of a Taylor bubble propagating in a vertical pipe is measured as function of the distance of the measuring point from the bottom of the moving Taylor bubble. Thus, the results represent the local heat transfer coefficients. Multiple independent runs preformed under identical conditions allow accumulating sufficient data to calculate reliable ensemble-averaged results on the transient convective heat transfer. In order to perform this in a frame of reference moving with the bubble, the location of the bubble along the pipe has to be known at all times. Detailed description of measurements of the length and of the translational velocity of the Taylor bubbles by optical probes is presented.

This manuscript describes methods aimed at measuring the local instantaneous convective heat transfer coefficients in a single or two-phase pipe flow. A simple optical method to determine the length and the propagation velocity of an elongated (Taylor) air bubble moving at a constant velocity is also presented.

Medições de transferência de calor convectiva instantânea Local em uma tubulação - fluxo único e duas fases

This manuscript provides step by step description of the manufacturing process of a test section designed to measure the local instantaneous heat transfer ...

Uncoupling Coriolis Force and Rotating Buoyancy Effects on Full-Field Heat Transfer Properties of a Rotating Channel

An experimental method for exploring the heat transfer characteristics of an axially rotating channel is proposed. The governing flow parameters that characterize the transport phenomena in a rotating channel are identified via the parametric analysis of the momentum and energy equations referring to a rotating frame of reference. Based on these dimensionless flow equations, an experimental strategy that links the design of the test module, the experimental program and the data analysis is formulated with the attempt to reveal the isolated Coriolis-force and buoyancy effects on heat transfer performances. The effects of Coriolis force and rotating buoyancy are illustrated using the selective results measured from rotating channels with various geometries. While the Coriolis-force and rotating-buoyancy impacts share several common features among the various rotating channels, the unique heat transfer signatures are found in association with the flow direction, the channel shape and the arrangement of heat transfer enhancement devices. Regardless of the flow configurations of the rotating channels, the presented experimental method enables the development of physically consistent heat transfer correlations that permit the evaluation of isolated and interdependent Coriolis-force and rotating-buoyancy effects on the heat transfer properties of rotating channels.

Here, we present an experimental method for decoupling the interdependent Coriolis-force and rotating-buoyancy effects on full-field heat transfer distributions of a rotating channel.

Força de Coriolis desacopladas e efeitos de flutuabilidade rotativa em campo-total de calor transferir Propriedades de um canal de rotação

An experimental method for exploring the heat transfer characteristics of an axially rotating channel is proposed. The governing flow parameters that ...

Analyzing Mixing Inhomogeneity in a Microfluidic Device by Microscale Schlieren Technique

In this paper, we introduce the use of microscale schlieren technique to measure mixing inhomogeneity in a microfluidic device. The microscale schlieren system is constructed from a Hoffman modulation contrast microscope, which provides easy access to the rear focal plane of the objective lens, by removing the slit plate and replacing the modulator with a knife-edge. The working principle of microscale schlieren technique relies on detecting light deflection caused by variation of refractive index1-3. The deflected light either escapes or is obstructed by the knife-edge to produce a bright or a dark band, respectively. If the refractive index of the mixture varies linearly with its composition, the local change in light intensity in the image plane is proportional to the concentration gradient normal to the optical axis. The micro-schlieren image gives a two-dimensional projection of the disturbed light produced by three-dimensional inhomogeneity.
To accomplish quantitative analysis, we describe a calibration procedure that mixes two fluids in a T-microchannel. We carry out a numerical simulation to obtain the concentration gradient in the T-microchannel that correlates closely with the corresponding micro-schlieren image. By comparison, a relationship between the grayscale readouts of the micro-schlieren image and the concentration gradients presented in a microfluidic device is established. Using this relationship, we are able to analyze the mixing inhomogeneity from associate micro-schlieren image and demonstrate the capability of microscale schlieren technique with measurements in a microfluidic oscillator4. For optically transparent fluids, microscale schlieren technique is an attractive diagnostic tool to provide instantaneous full-field information that retains the three-dimensional features of the mixing process.

Herein, we describe a procedure that employs microscale schlieren technique to measure mixing inhomogeneity in a microfluidic device. Through calibration, distribution of concentration gradient can be derived from the micro-schlieren image.

Analisando falta de homogeneidade de mistura em um dispositivo micro, pela técnica Microscale Schlieren

In this paper, we introduce the use of microscale schlieren technique to measure mixing inhomogeneity in a microfluidic device. The microscale schlieren ...

Bioengenharia

Scalable Stamp Printing and Fabrication of Hemiwicking Surfaces

Hemiwicking is a process where a fluid wets a patterned surface beyond its normal wetting length due to a combination of capillary action and imbibition. This wetting phenomenon is important in many technical fields ranging from physiology to aerospace engineering. Currently, several different techniques exist for fabricating hemiwicking structures. These conventional methods, however, are often time consuming and are difficult to scale-up for large areas or are difficult to customize for specific, nonhomogeneous patterning geometries. The presented protocol provides researchers with a simple, scalable, and cost-effective method for fabricating micro-patterned hemiwicking surfaces. The method fabricates wicking structures through the use of stamp printing, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molding, and thin-film surface coatings. The protocol is demonstrated for hemiwicking with ethanol on PDMS micropillar arrays coated with a 70 nm thick aluminum thin-film.

A simple protocol is provided for the fabrication of hemiwicking structures of varying sizes, shapes, and materials. The protocol uses a combination of physical stamping, PDMS molding, and thin-film surface modifications via common materials deposition techniques.

Impressão do selo escalável e fabricação de superfícies de Hemiwicking

Hemiwicking is a process where a fluid wets a patterned surface beyond its normal wetting length due to a combination of capillary action and imbibition. ...

Rendering SiO2/Si Surfaces Omniphobic by Carving Gas-Entrapping Microtextures Comprising Reentrant and Doubly Reentrant Cavities or Pillars

We present microfabrication protocols for rendering intrinsically wetting materials repellent to liquids (omniphobic) by creating gas-entrapping microtextures (GEMs) on them comprising cavities and pillars with reentrant and doubly reentrant features. Specifically, we use SiO2/Si as the model system and share protocols for two-dimensional (2D) designing, photolithography, isotropic/anisotropic etching techniques, thermal oxide growth, piranha cleaning, and storage towards achieving those microtextures. Even though the conventional wisdom indicates that roughening intrinsically wetting surfaces (&#952;o &#60; 90&#176;) renders them even more wetting (&#952;r &#60; &#952;o &#60; 90&#176;), GEMs demonstrate liquid repellence despite the intrinsic wettability of the substrate. For instance, despite the intrinsic wettability of silica &#952;o &#8776; 40&#176; for the water/air system, and &#952;o &#8776; 20&#176; for the hexadecane/air system, GEMs comprising cavities entrap air robustly on immersion in those liquids, and the apparent contact angles for the droplets are &#952;r &#62; 90&#176;. The reentrant and doubly reentrant features in the GEMs stabilize the intruding liquid meniscus thereby trapping the liquid-solid-vapor system in metastable air-filled states (Cassie states) and delaying wetting transitions to the thermodynamically-stable fully-filled state (Wenzel state) by, for instance, hours to months. Similarly, SiO2/Si surfaces with arrays of reentrant and doubly reentrant micropillars demonstrate extremely high contact angles (&#952;r &#8776; 150&#176;&#8211;160&#176;) and low contact angle hysteresis for the probe liquids, thus characterized as superomniphobic. However, on immersion in the same liquids, those surfaces dramatically lose their superomniphobicity and get fully-filled within &#60;1 s. To address this challenge, we present protocols for hybrid designs that comprise arrays of doubly reentrant pillars surrounded by walls with doubly reentrant profiles. Indeed, hybrid microtextures entrap air on immersion in the probe liquids. To summarize, the protocols described here should enable the investigation of GEMs in the context of achieving omniphobicity without chemical coatings, such as perfluorocarbons, which might unlock the scope of inexpensive common materials for applications as omniphobic materials. Silica microtextures could also serve as templates for soft materials.

Rendering SiO2/Si Surfaces Omniphobic by Carving Gas-Entrapping Microtextures Comprising Reentrant and Doubly Reentrant Cavities or Pillars

This work presents microfabrication protocols for achieving cavities and pillars with reentrant and doubly reentrant profiles on SiO2/Si wafers using photolithography and dry etching. Resulting microtextured surfaces demonstrate remarkable liquid repellence, characterized by robust long-term entrapment of air under wetting liquids, despite the intrinsic wettability of silica.

Renderização SiO2/Si Surfaces Omniphobic esculpindo microtexturas de armadilha de gás compreendendo reentrant e duplamente reentrant cavidades ou pilares

We present microfabrication protocols for rendering intrinsically wetting materials repellent to liquids (omniphobic) by creating gas-entrapping ...

Proof-of-Concept for Gas-Entrapping Membranes Derived from Water-Loving SiO2/Si/SiO2 Wafers for Green Desalination

Desalination through direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) exploits water-repellent membranes to robustly separate counterflowing streams of hot and salty seawater from cold and pure water, thus allowing only pure water vapor to pass through. To achieve this feat, commercial DCMD membranes are derived from or coated with water-repellent perfluorocarbons such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF). However, the use of perfluorocarbons is limiting due to their high cost, non-biodegradability, and vulnerability to harsh operational conditions. Unveiled here is a new class of membranes referred to as gas-entrapping membranes (GEMs) that can robustly entrap air upon immersion in water. GEMs achieve this function by their microstructure rather than their chemical make-up. This work demonstrates a proof-of-concept for GEMs using intrinsically wetting SiO2/Si/SiO2 wafers as the model system; the contact angle of water on SiO2 is &#952;o &#8776; 40&#176;. Silica-GEMs had 300 &#956;m-long cylindrical pores whose diameters at the (2 &#956;m-long) inlet and outlet regions were significantly smaller; this geometrically discontinuous structure, with 90&#176; turns at the inlets and outlets, is known as the &#34;reentrant microtexture&#34;. The microfabrication protocol for silica-GEMs entails designing, photolithography, chrome sputtering, and isotropic and anisotropic etching. Despite the water loving nature of silica, water does not intrude silica-GEMs on submersion. In fact, they robustly entrap air underwater and keep it intact even after six weeks (&#62;106 seconds). On the other hand, silica membranes with simple cylindrical pores spontaneously imbibe water (&#60; 1 s). These findings highlight the potential of the GEMs architecture for separation processes. While the choice of SiO2/Si/SiO2 wafers for GEMs is limited to demonstrating the proof-of-concept, it is expected that the protocols and concepts presented here will advance the rational design of scalable GEMs using inexpensive common materials for desalination and beyond.

Proof-of-Concept for Gas-Entrapping Membranes Derived from Water-Loving SiO2/Si/SiO2 Wafers for Green Desalination

Presented here is a stepwise protocol for realizing gas-entrapping membranes (GEMs) from SiO2/Si wafers using integrated circuit microfabrication technology. When silica-GEMs are immersed in water, the intrusion of water is prevented, despite the water-loving composition of silica.

Prova de conceito para membranas de enprisionamento de gás derivadas do SiO amante da água2/Si/SiO2 Wafers para dessalinização verde

Desalination through direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) exploits water-repellent membranes to robustly separate counterflowing streams of hot and ...

Preparation of Free-Surface Hyperbolic Water Vortices

Free surface vortices are present in industry in flow regulation, energy dissipation, and energy generation. Although investigated extensively, detailed experimental data regarding free surface vortices are lacking, particularly regarding the turbulence at the interface. The present paper reports on a special type of free surface vortex first proposed by Walter Schauberger in the 1960s that has an oxygen volumetric mass transfer coefficient exceeding the value of similar systems. This special type of vortex forms in a hyperbolic funnel. Different stable regimes can be stabilized with different hydraulic characteristics. Other advantages of this technology are its energy efficiency, simple design, and scalability. The flow in this hyperbolic funnel is characterized by strong turbulence and an increased surface area of the air-water interface. The local pressure strongly varies along the surface, resulting in a pronounced wavey air-water boundary layer. Due to the helical flow, these perturbations move inward, pulling the boundary layer with them. The resultant pressure gradient draws a certain air volume into the water vortex. The construction of the basic hyperbolic funnel setup and operational examples, including high-speed visualization for three different stable regimes, are presented in this work.

This paper describes how three different water vortex regimes in a hyperbolic Schauberger funnel can be created, their most important characteristics, and how associated parameters such as the oxygen transfer rates can be calculated.

Preparação de Vórtices de Água Hiperbólica de Superfície Livre

Free surface vortices are present in industry in flow regulation, energy dissipation, and energy generation. Although investigated extensively, detailed ...

Testing the Heat Transfer Efficiency of a Finned-tube Heat Exchanger

Source: Michael G. Benton and Kerry M. Dooley, Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
Heat exchangers transfer heat from one fluid to another fluid. Multiple classes of heat exchangers exist to fill different needs. Some of the most common types are shell and tube exchangers and plate exchangers1. Shell and tube heat exchangers use a system of tubes through which fluid flows1. One set of tubes contains the liquid to be cooled or heated, while the second set contains the liquid that will either absorb heat or transmit it1. Plate heat exchangers use a similar concept, in which plates are closely joined together with a small gap between each for liquid to flow1. The fluid flowing between the plates alternates between hot and cold so that heat will move into or out of the necessary streams1. These exchangers have large surface areas, so they are usually more efficient1.
The goal for this experiment is to test the heat transfer efficiency of a finned-tube heat exchanger (Figure 1) and compare it to the theoretical efficiency of a heat exchanger without fins. The experimental data will be measured for three different flow rates of monoethylene glycol (MEG). Two different water flow rates for each MEG flow rate will be used. Using the Wilson plot method the heat transfer coefficients will be determined from the experimental data. Additionally, the Reynold&#39;s number and the amount of heat transferred will be compared for flow with and without the fins to evaluate heat transfer efficiency.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/10437/10437fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Finned-tube Heat Exchanger. 1) MEG outlet temperature 2) water inlet temperature 3) MEG inlet temperature 4) water outlet temperature 5) water meter 6) MEG accumulation sight glass/cylinder.

Heat Transfer Efficiency Test of a Finned-tube Heat Exchanger

Teste de eficiência da transferência de calor de um trocador de calor de tubos aletados

Source: Michael G. Benton and Kerry M. Dooley, Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
Heat exchangers transfer ...

Education

JoVE Science Education

Engenharia Química

Quenching and Boiling

Source: Alexander S Rattner, Sanjay Adhikari, and Mahdi Nabil; Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Controlled heating followed by rapid cooling is an important element of many materials processing applications. This heat-treating procedure can increase material hardness, which is important for cutting tools or surfaces in high wear environments. The rapid cooling stage is called quenching, and is often performed by immersing materials in a fluid bath (often water or oil). Quenching heat transfer can occur due to forced convection - when the action of rapidly moving material through coolant drives the heat transfer process, and due to free convection - when the reduced density of hot fluid near the material surface causes buoyancy-driven circulation and heat transfer. At high material temperatures, the coolant can boil, leading to increased heat transfer effectiveness. However, when extremely hot materials are quenched, they can be blanketed in relatively low thermal conductivity coolant vapor, leading to poor heat transfer.
In this experiment, quenching heat transfer will be measured for a heated copper cylinder, which is representative of small heat-treated parts. The transient sample temperature profile will be measured during quenching and compared with theoretical results for free convection heat transfer. Boiling phenomena will also be investigated qualitatively.

Quenching, Boiling, Convection and Nusselt Number

Resfriamento e Ebulição

Source: Alexander S Rattner, Sanjay Adhikari, and Mahdi Nabil; Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, ...

Enhancement Pool-ebulição de transferência de calor em cilíndricos Superfícies com padrões molháveis híbridos

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