The authors gratefully acknowledge funding support from the Ministry of Science and Technology, MOST (project numbers: MOST 104-2218-E-002 -004, MOST 105-2218-E-002-019, MOST 105-2221-E-002 -107 -MY3, MOST 102-2221-E-002 -133 -MY3, and MOST 102-2221-E-002 -088 -MY3).

수정 된 표면의 제조 1 <ol><li> 수동 # 2000 에머리를 사용하여 15 분 동안 시험편 (중공 구리 실린더 40 mm의 길이 (l), 25 mm의 외경 (d 오)로하고, 18 mm의 내경 (d의 Ⅰ)) 연마 종이. DI 물 다음 아세톤으로 세척하여 광택 표면을 청소합니다. </li><li> 120 ℃의 일정 온도에서 2 시간 동안 오븐에서 연마 된 시험편을 놓는다. </li><li> 다음 단계를 사용하여 초 친수성의 SiO2 나노 입자 용액을 준비합니다. <ol><li> 테트라에 톡시 실란 및 DI 워터의 몰비 4 : 1을 혼합하여 용액 A를 준비한다. 37 %의 2 방울을 A 액에 염산을 농축하고, 2 시간 동안 교반 추가. </li><li> 에탄올 및 DI 물의 몰비 3 : 1 혼합하여 용액 B를 만든다. </li><li> 용액 B의 80 mL의 A 액 1 ㎖를 혼합하고 2 시간 동안 교반한다. </li><li> 준비된 SOLU에의 SiO2 나노 입자 (40 나노 미터 직경) 32 g을 넣고1 시간 동안 기 저어. </li></ol></li><li> 5mm / min의 속도로 딥 코팅 장치를 이용하여 제조 한 용액에 시편을 담근다. 1 시간 동안 120 ℃의 오븐에서 코팅 된 시편을 유지. </li><li> 다음 단계를 사용하여 (도 1 참조)의 축 방향을 따라 서로 다른 방향으로 2, 4, 8 환승 할 하이브리드 패턴을 준비한다. <ol><li> 중심과 초 친수성 영역에 도포되는 (영역) 상에 interlines을 조정 영역을 마스크 0 ° 방향에서의 2 인터 표면에 적절한 방향 (함께 interlines 필요한 수에 따른 절연 테이프를 사용하여 코팅되지하도록 상측. 한편, 90 ° 방향에 대해, 아래쪽 상단과 다른 하나 인터을 조정하고 180 ° 방향에 대해, 초 친수성 아래쪽 영역 및 중앙의 interlines을 조정한다. 유사하게, 조정 다른 출력과 4, 8 개면의 위치 환승 할rientation로서도 1에 도시). </li><li> 5mm / 분의 느린 속도에서 높은 핑 속도 및 상승에 침지 코팅 장치, 딥을 이용하여 제조 된 용액에 마스크 시험편을 담근다. 1 시간 동안 120 ℃의 오븐에서 코팅 된 시편을 유지. </li><li> 올바른 방향으로 interlines 필요한 수를 얻기 위해 마스킹 영역에서 절연 테이프를 분리. </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="그림 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55387/55387fig1.jpg" /> 도 1 다양 환승 할 표면의 선택. 다른 방향으로 다양한 환승 할 표면 (a) 회로도. 모든 조건에서 1 : 일반 구리 표면과 초 친수성 표면의 면적의 비는 1이다. (b) 방향 선택 기준. (c) 2 인터 0 ° 각도로 배향 된 표면의 투시도. 오리엔테이션 기준선과 코팅 사이의 각도로서 선택된다중앙 상부 측으로부터 제 친수성 패턴의 라인과는 시계 방향으로 측정된다. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55387/55387fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> 2. 실험 절차 <ol><li> 절연 테이프를 사용하여 피복 된 시험편의 각각의 원형베이스에 한 유리관을 고정한다. </li><li> interlines의 필요한 위치에 따른 실리콘 페이스트를 이용하여 (도 2에 도시 된 바와 같이) 가로 140- 140- X X 160 mm 챔버에이 어셈블리를 고정한다. </li><li> 550 W, 18 mm 직경, 및 시험편의 구멍에 둘레 영역 열 페이스트의 박막을 40 mm 길이의 카트리지 히터를 배치했다. </li><li> 직류 (DC) 전원 공급 장치에 카트리지 히터를 연결한다. </li><li> 도 5와 같이 mm, 7 mm의 깊이가 다른 8 개의 등 간격 1 mm 구멍에 배치 T 형 열전대3 데이터 로거에 연결합니다. </li><li> 상부 커버에 형성된 공간에 (RTD), 환류 ​​응축기 및 보조 히터를 삽입하고 저항 온도 검출기를 고정한다. 끓는 실 이상을 수정합니다. </li><li> 풀 비등 챔버로 DI 물 1,400 mL로 채 웁니다. </li><li> 5 ℃에서 유지되는 냉각 실에 환류 응축기를 연결한다. </li><li> 실험 전에 격렬하게 보조 히터를 사용하여 30 분 동안 풀 비등 챔버의 DI 물을 끓인다. </li><li> 상기 보조 히터를 사용하여 포화 비등 상태에서 DI 워터를 유지. 이어서, 전원을 켜고 0.1 A. 초기 전류를 제공 </li><li> 정상 상태에 도달하기 위해 2 분 기다립니다. 이어서, 0.3 A. 단위로 전류를 증가 </li><li> 데이터 로거를 사용하여 각각의 입력 전력에서의 온도를 기록한다. 4 (A)의 최대 전류에 도달 할 때까지 실험을 계속합니다. 한편, 기포의 강약을 기록<html> 또는 CCD 카메라를 이용하여 각각의 전원 입력 시험편에 집중 풀 비등 실의 전방에 배치. </li></ol><img alt="그림 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55387/55387fig2.jpg" /> 풀 비등 회의소 그림 2. 도식. 유리 튜브는 실리콘 페이스트 중공 구리 실린더의 양측에 접속된다. 이것은 실리콘 페이스트 풀 비등 실에 고정되어있다. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55387/55387fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> <img alt="그림 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55387/55387fig3.jpg" /> 3. 열전대 위치를 그림. 8 열전대의 직경이 20mm의 시험편 대신 원주 1 개 mm 직경의 구멍 안에 위치한다. 다른 직경 1mm의 구멍의 깊이가 각각 5mm 7mm로 고정된다./files/ftp_upload/55387/55387fig3large.jpg &quot;target =&quot;_ blank &quot;&gt; 검색이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오. 3. 데이터 감소 <ol><li> 다음 수학 식 19을 이용하여 입 열량 (Q)을 계산 Q = I V (1) 주 : I 및 V는 각각 A의 입력 전류 및 볼트 단위의 전압이다. </li><li> 식 (19)를 사용하여 양측면으로부터 열 손실 (Q 손실)를 추정 : <img alt="수학 식 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55387/55387eq2.jpg" /> (2) 주 : K 구리의 열전도율이고; T 및 T 7mm 5mm가 7mm 각각 5mm, 깊이에서의 온도의 평균 값이고; ΔX (2 mM)을 깊이 사이의 차이이고; 과 <img alt="수학 식 (b)" src="/files/ftp_upload/55387/55387eq2b.jpg" /> 테스트 (p)의 단면적은<html> IECE. </li><li> 하기 식 (19)을 사용하여 (Q &#39;를&#39;) 열유속를 결정 <img alt="식 (3)" src="/files/ftp_upload/55387/55387eq3.jpg" /> (삼) 주 : A = π (D)의 입출력 L은 시편의 원주 영역이다. </li><li> 다음 식 (19)를 사용하여 벽면 과열을 (계산 : <img alt="수학 식 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/55387/55387eq4.jpg" /> (4) 주 : T의 m은 T 7mm 및 T 5mm의 평균 인 상기의 시험편 (R)의 출력 (12.5 mm) 시험편의 외 반경 (R)의 m (10mm) 시험편의 반경의 길이는 도 4에 도시 된 바와 같이 구멍을 측정하고, T가 앉아서하는 DI 워터의 포화 온도이다. </li><li> 하기 식 (19)를 사용하여 HTC (α)을 계산한다 : PLOAD / 55,387 / 55387eq5.jpg &quot;/&gt; (5) </li></ol><img alt="그림 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/55387/55387fig4.jpg" /> 벽 온도 분석 그림 4. 회로도. 벽 온도는 측정 된 평균 온도 및 공지 원통형 열 저항을 사용하여 계산된다. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55387/55387fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

The main goal of this investigation was to develop a pool-boiling heat sink for high heat dissipation applications, such as nuclear reactors, boilers, and heat pipes, by introducing the hybrid wettable surface, as described in the protocol section. These surfaces can produce better pool-boiling performances than homogeneous wettable surfaces (hydrophilic and hydrophobic). The improvement in the boiling heat-transfer performance is due to an increase in active nucleation sites and the easy detachment of the formed bubbles...

10-10을 5 W의 범위 인 냉각 제공 고열 플럭스 시스템 유지 / cm 2 전자 방위, 항공 및 핵 발전의 새로운 분야에서 요구된다. 종래의 냉각 공기로 인해 자유 - 강제 대류 조건 모두 낮은 열 전달 계수 (HTC) 이러한 애플리케이션에 충분하다. 1000 W / cm 2 - 1과 같은 풀비 같은 상 변화 계 냉각 기술은 끓는 흐름 (10)의 순서로 높은 열유속 제거에 충분하다. 2 상 열전달 과정이 등온 때문에, 냉각 장치의 온도는, 그 표면 위에 거의 일정하다. 인해 표면을 따른 온도의 변화를 무시할 수있는 장치의 열충격이 제거 될 수있다. 그러나, 열전달 끓는 주요 파라미터는 제한 온도에서 2 이상 상승을 일으키는 임계 열유속 (CHF)은 인 </sup&gt;. 지난 수십 년간, 광범위한 연구가 표면 개질, 나노 유체, 및 표면 코팅 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11을 사용하여 CHF를 개선하기 위해 수행되었다. 여러 가지 방법 중에서, 표면 코팅으로 인해 표면적의 상당한 증가에 CHF을 개선하는 가장 좋은 방법으로 발견된다. 표면 코팅은 일반적으로 핀 작용 효과 다공성 및 표면 습윤성 (12)에 의한 열 전달을 증가시킨다. 표면의 젖음성은 열 전달 비등에 중요한 역할을한다. 이전의 연구는 낮은 열유속 조건에서, 소수성 표면으로 인해 초기 핵으로 더 HTC 표시되는지 보여준다. 그러나,에높은 열유속은, 형성된 기포의 분리로 인해 표면을 향해 물 낮은 친화력으로 느리다. 이 기포 합체 리드와 하부 CHF 3 초래한다. 한편, 친수성 표면으로 인해 형성된 기포의 고속 박리, 높은 CHF를 생성하지만 인해 기포 핵 (13)의 지연, 낮은 열 플럭스로 하부 HTC를 준다. 하이브리드 구조로 인해 소수성 및 친수성 (14), (15, 16)의 결합 효과에 대한 모든 열 플럭스 열전달 비등 현저한 향상을 보여준다. 슈는 등. 초 친수성 실리콘 코팅하여 제조 된 이종 습윤 표면을 마스크 표면에 구리 나노 입자. 그들은 코팅 시간을 변경하여 다른 젖음성 비율을 달성했다. 비등 개시는 H에 비해 불균일 표면에 발생 이전실질적으로 감소 omogeneous 벽 표면 (17)을 과열. 조 등. 친수성, 소수성, 이종 습윤면에 핵 비등 열전달 연구를 수행 하였다. 균질 습윤 표면은 친수성 표면 소수성 도트 패턴으로 구성 하였다. 그들은 높은 HTCs 및 친수성 표면에 비해 이종의 표면 같은 CHF를 얻었다. 열전달 비등 향상 직접 표면 및 끓는 조건에 따라 18 점의 개수에 의존한다. 본 연구에서는 축 하이브리드 습윤성 패턴은 딥 코팅 기술을 이용하여 원통형의 구리 표면 상에 제작 하였다. 풀 비등 열전달 연구 interlines 수의 하이브리드 습윤성 패턴의 배향의 영향을 결정하기 위해 수행되었다. 끓는 열유속, HTC, 거품 역학은 모두 코팅 기판 우리 분석 하였다구리 기판과 비교 재.

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pool-boiling heat-transfer enhancement on cylindrical surfaces with hybrid wettable patterns

In this study, pool-boiling heat-transfer experiments were performed to investigate the effect of the number of interlines and the orientation of the hybrid wettable pattern. Hybrid wettable patterns were produced by coating superhydrophilic SiO2 on a masked, hydrophobic, cylindrical copper surface. Using de-ionized (DI) water as the working fluid, pool-boiling heat-transfer studies were conducted on the different surface-treated copper cylinders of a 25-mm diameter and a 40-mm length. The experimental results showed that the number of interlines and the orientation of the hybrid wettable pattern influenced the wall superheat and the HTC. By increasing the number of interlines, the HTC was enhanced when compared to the plain surface. Images obtained from the charge-coupled device (CCD) camera indicated that more bubbles formed on the interlines as compared to other parts. The hybrid wettable pattern with the lowermost section being hydrophobic gave the best heat-transfer coefficient (HTC). The experimental results indicated that the bubble dynamics of the surface is an important factor that determines the nucleate boiling.

풀 비등 열전달 실험 개략도,도 5에 도시 된 실험 구성을 사용하여 하이브리드 습윤성 원통면에서 수행 하였다. interlines의 수와 풀 비등 성능 하이브리드 습윤성 패턴의 배향의 영향을 조사하면서 풀 비등 실험 절차는 프로토콜 부분의 2 단계에서 설명을 성공적으로 수행 하였다. 벽 과열 대 열유속 열유속 대 HTC : 다른 처리 표면의 풀 비등 공연 그래프의 관점...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pool-Boiling Heat-Transfer Enhancement on Cylindrical Surfaces with Hybrid Wettable Patterns at JoVE.com

Pool-Boiling Heat-Transfer Enhancement on Cylindrical Surfaces with Hybrid Wettable Patterns

풀 비등 열전달 실험 열 전달 계수 (HTC)의 혼합 수화제 패턴의 영향을 관찰하기 위해 수행되었다. 조사의 매개 변수는 interlines 수 및 습윤 표면 개질의 패턴 방향이다.

하이브리드 수화제 패턴과 원통 표면에 풀 비등 열전달 향상

In this study, pool-boiling heat-transfer experiments were performed to investigate the effect of the number of interlines and the orientation of the ...

pool-boiling-heat-transfer-enhancement-on-cylindrical-surfaces-with

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

8.9K 조회수.  National Taiwan University.  풀 비등 열전달 실험 열 전달 계수 (HTC)의 혼합 수화제 패턴의 영향을 관찰하기 위해 수행되었다. 조사의 매개 변수는 interlines 수 및 습윤 표면 개질의 패턴 방향이다. 

비디오: Pool-Boiling Heat-Transfer Enhancement on Cylindrical Surfaces with Hybrid Wettable Patterns

Micropunching Lithography for Generating Micro- and Submicron-patterns on Polymer Substrates

Conducting polymers have attracted great attention since the discovery of high conductivity in doped polyacetylene in 19771. They offer the advantages of low weight, easy tailoring of properties and a wide spectrum of applications2,3. Due to sensitivity of conducting polymers to environmental conditions (e.g., air, oxygen, moisture, high temperature and chemical solutions), lithographic techniques present significant technical challenges when working with these materials4. For example, current photolithographic methods, such as ultra-violet (UV), are unsuitable for patterning the conducting polymers due to the involvement of wet and/or dry etching processes in these methods. In addition, current micro/nanosystems mainly have a planar form5,6. One layer of structures is built on the top surfaces of another layer of fabricated features. Multiple layers of these structures are stacked together to form numerous devices on a common substrate. The sidewall surfaces of the microstructures have not been used in constructing devices. On the other hand, sidewall patterns could be used, for example, to build 3-D circuits, modify fluidic channels and direct horizontal growth of nanowires and nanotubes.
A macropunching method has been applied in the manufacturing industry to create macropatterns in a sheet metal for over a hundred years. Motivated by this approach, we have developed a micropunching lithography method (MPL) to overcome the obstacles of patterning conducting polymers and generating sidewall patterns. Like the macropunching method, the MPL also includes two operations (Fig. 1): (i) cutting; and (ii) drawing. The "cutting" operation was applied to pattern three conducting polymers4, polypyrrole (PPy), Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophen)-poly(4-styrenesulphonate) (PEDOT) and polyaniline (PANI). It was also employed to create Al microstructures7. The fabricated microstructures of conducting polymers have been used as humidity8, chemical8, and glucose sensors9. Combined microstructures of Al and conducting polymers have been employed to fabricate capacitors and various heterojunctions9,10,11. The "cutting" operation was also applied to generate submicron-patterns, such as 100- and 500-nm-wide PPy lines as well as 100-nm-wide Au wires. The "drawing" operation was employed for two applications: (i) produce Au sidewall patterns on high density polyethylene (HDPE) channels which could be used for building 3D microsystems12,13,14, and (ii) fabricate polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micropillars on HDPE substrates to increase the contact angle of the channel15.

A micropunching lithography approach is developed to generate micro- and submicron-patterns on top, sidewall and bottom surfaces of polymer substrates. It overcomes the obstacles of patterning conducting polymers and generating sidewall patterns. This method allows rapid fabrication of multiple features and is free of aggressive chemistry.

마이크로 및 Submicron 패턴 폴리머 기판을 생성하기위한 리소그래피를 Micropunching

Conducting polymers have attracted great attention since the discovery of high conductivity in doped polyacetylene in 19771. They offer the advantages of ...

연구

공학

Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen 1-7. The performance of SOFCs and the rates of many chemical and energy transformation processes in energy storage and conversion devices in general are limited primarily by charge and mass transfer along electrode surfaces and across interfaces. Unfortunately, the mechanistic understanding of these processes is still lacking, due largely to the difficulty of characterizing these processes under in situ conditions. This knowledge gap is a chief obstacle to SOFC commercialization. The development of tools for probing and mapping surface chemistries relevant to electrode reactions is vital to unraveling the mechanisms of surface processes and to achieving rational design of new electrode materials for more efficient energy storage and conversion2. Among the relatively few in situ surface analysis methods, Raman spectroscopy can be performed even with high temperatures and harsh atmospheres, making it ideal for characterizing chemical processes relevant to SOFC anode performance and degradation8-12. It can also be used alongside electrochemical measurements, potentially allowing direct correlation of electrochemistry to surface chemistry in an operating cell. Proper in situ Raman mapping measurements would be useful for pin-pointing important anode reaction mechanisms because of its sensitivity to the relevant species, including anode performance degradation through carbon deposition8, 10, 13, 14 ("coking") and sulfur poisoning11, 15 and the manner in which surface modifications stave off this degradation16. The current work demonstrates significant progress towards this capability. In addition, the family of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques provides a special approach to interrogate the electrode surface with nanoscale resolution. Besides the surface topography that is routinely collected by AFM and STM, other properties such as local electronic states, ion diffusion coefficient and surface potential can also be investigated17-22. In this work, electrochemical measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and SPM were used in conjunction with a novel test electrode platform that consists of a Ni mesh electrode embedded in an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte. Cell performance testing and impedance spectroscopy under fuel containing H2S was characterized, and Raman mapping was used to further elucidate the nature of sulfur poisoning. In situ Raman monitoring was used to investigate coking behavior. Finally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) were used to further visualize carbon deposition on the nanoscale. From this research, we desire to produce a more complete picture of the SOFC anode.

We present a unique platform for characterizing electrode surfaces in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that allows simultaneous performance of multiple characterization techniques (e.g. in situ Raman spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy alongside electrochemical measurements). Complementary information from these analyses may help to advance toward a more profound understanding of electrode reaction and degradation mechanisms, providing insights into rational design of better materials for SOFCs.

고체 산화물 연료 전지의 전극 표면을 탐색 및 매핑

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen ...

Fabrication of Nano-engineered Transparent Conducting Oxides by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, density and stoichiometry by a proper control of the plasma plume expansion dynamics. Such versatility can be exploited to produce nanostructured films from compact and dense to nanoporous characterized by a hierarchical assembly of nano-sized clusters. In particular we describe the detailed methodology to fabricate two types of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films as transparent electrodes in photovoltaic devices: 1) at low O2 pressure, compact films with electrical conductivity and optical transparency close to the state of the art transparent conducting oxides (TCO) can be deposited at room temperature, to be compatible with thermally sensitive materials such as polymers used in organic photovoltaics (OPVs); 2) highly light scattering hierarchical structures resembling a forest of nano-trees are produced at higher pressures. Such structures show high Haze factor (&gt;80%) and may be exploited to enhance the light trapping capability. The method here described for AZO films can be applied to other metal oxides relevant for technological applications such as TiO2, Al2O3, WO3 and Ag4O4.

We describe the experimental method to deposit nanostructured oxide thin films by nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas. By using this method Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films, from compact to hierarchically structured as nano-tree forests, can be deposited.

의 제작 펄스 레이저 증착에 의해 투명 실시 산화물 나노 설계

Nanosecond Pulsed  Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition  of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, ...

High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry Near Surfaces

Multi-dimensional and transient flows play a key role in many areas of science, engineering, and health sciences but are often not well understood. The complex nature of these flows may be studied using particle image velocimetry (PIV), a laser-based imaging technique for optically accessible flows. Though many forms of PIV exist that extend the technique beyond the original planar two-component velocity measurement capabilities, the basic PIV system consists of a light source (laser), a camera, tracer particles, and analysis algorithms. The imaging and recording parameters, the light source, and the algorithms are adjusted to optimize the recording for the flow of interest and obtain valid velocity data. 
Common PIV investigations measure two-component velocities in a plane at a few frames per second. However, recent developments in instrumentation have facilitated high-frame rate (&gt; 1 kHz) measurements capable of resolving transient flows with high temporal resolution. Therefore, high-frame rate measurements have enabled investigations on the evolution of the structure and dynamics of highly transient flows. These investigations play a critical role in understanding the fundamental physics of complex flows.
A detailed description for performing high-resolution, high-speed planar PIV to study a transient flow near the surface of a flat plate is presented here. Details for adjusting the parameter constraints such as image and recording properties, the laser sheet properties, and processing algorithms to adapt PIV for any flow of interest are included.

A procedure for studying transient flows near boundaries using high-resolution, high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) is described here. PIV is a non-intrusive measurement technique applicable to any optically accessible flow by optimizing several parameter constraints such as the image and recording properties, the laser sheet properties, and analysis algorithms.

표면 근처 고속 입자 이미지 유속계

Multi-dimensional and transient flows play a key role in many areas of science, engineering, and health sciences but are often not well understood. The ...

Monolayer Contact Doping of Silicon Surfaces and Nanowires Using Organophosphorus Compounds

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra shallow and sharp doping profiles at the nanometer scale. In MLCD process the dopant source is a monolayer containing dopant atoms.
In this article a detailed procedure for surface doping of silicon substrate as well as silicon nanowires is demonstrated. Phosphorus dopant source was formed using tetraethyl methylenediphosphonate monolayer on a silicon substrate. This monolayer containing substrate was brought to contact with a pristine intrinsic silicon target substrate and annealed while in contact. Sheet resistance of the target substrate was measured using 4 point probe. Intrinsic silicon nanowires were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process using a vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism; gold nanoparticles were used as catalyst for nanowire growth. The nanowires were suspended in ethanol by mild sonication. This suspension was used to dropcast the nanowires on silicon substrate with a silicon nitride dielectric top layer. These nanowires were doped with phosphorus in similar manner as used for the intrinsic silicon wafer. Standard photolithography process was used to fabricate metal electrodes for the formation of nanowire based field effect transistor (NW-FET). The electrical properties of a representative nanowire device were measured by a semiconductor device analyzer and a probe station.

A detailed procedure for surface doping of Silicon interfaces is provided. The ultra-shallow surface doping is demonstrated by using phosphorus containing monolayers and rapid annealing process. The method can be used for doping of macroscopic area surfaces as well as nanostructures.

유기 화합물을 사용하여 실리콘 표면과 나노 와이어의 단층 연락 도핑

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra ...

Evanescent Field Based Photoacoustics: Optical Property Evaluation at Surfaces

Here, we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. Optical property evaluation of thin films and the surfaces of bulk materials is an important step in understanding new optical material systems and their applications. The method presented can estimate thickness, refractive index, and use absorptive properties of materials for detection. This metrology system uses evanescent field-based photoacoustics (EFPA), a field of research based upon the interaction of an evanescent field with the photoacoustic effect. This interaction and its resulting family of techniques allow the technique to probe optical properties within a few hundred nanometers of the sample surface. This optical near field allows for the highly accurate estimation of material properties on the same scale as the field itself such as refractive index and film thickness. With the use of EFPA and its sub techniques such as total internal reflection photoacoustic spectroscopy (TIRPAS) and optical tunneling photoacoustic spectroscopy (OTPAS), it is possible to evaluate a material at the nanoscale in a consolidated instrument without the need for many instruments and experiments that may be cost prohibitive.

Here we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. This technique evanescent field-based photoacoustics can be used to create a photoacoustic metrology system to estimate materials&#39; thicknesses, bulk and thin film refractive indices, and explore their optical properties.

사라져가는 필드를 기반 Photoacoustics : 광학 특성 평가 표면에

Here, we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. ...

The Evolution of Silica Nanoparticle-polyester Coatings on Surfaces Exposed to Sunlight

Corrosion of metallic surfaces is prevalent in the environment and is of great concern in many areas, including the military, transport, aviation, building and food industries, amongst others. Polyester and coatings containing both polyester and silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) have been widely used to protect steel substrata from corrosion. In this study, we utilized X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection infrared micro-spectroscopy, water contact angle measurements, optical profiling and atomic force microscopy to provide an insight into how exposure to sunlight can cause changes in the micro- and nanoscale integrity of the coatings. No significant change in surface micro-topography was detected using optical profilometry, however, statistically significant nanoscale changes to the surface were detected using atomic force microscopy. Analysis of the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and attenuated total reflection infrared micro-spectroscopy data revealed that degradation of the ester groups had occurred through exposure to ultraviolet light to form COO&#903;, -H2C&#903;, -O&#903;, -CO&#903; radicals. During the degradation process, CO and CO2 were also produced.

Two types of surfaces, polyester-coated steel and polyester coated with a layer of silica nanoparticles, were studied. Both surfaces were exposed to sunlight, which was found to cause substantial changes in the chemistry and nanoscale topography of the surface.

햇빛에 노출 된 표면에 실리카 나노 입자 - 폴리 에스테르 코팅의 진화

Corrosion of metallic surfaces is prevalent in the environment and is of great concern in many areas, including the military, transport, aviation, ...

Measurements of Local Instantaneous Convective Heat Transfer in a Pipe - Single and Two-phase Flow

This manuscript provides step by step description of the manufacturing process of a test section designed to measure the local instantaneous heat transfer coefficient as a function of the liquid flow rate in a transparent pipe. With certain amendments, the approach is extended to gas-liquid flows, with a particular emphasis on the effect of a single elongated (Taylor) air bubble on heat transfer enhancement. A non-invasive thermography technique is applied to measure the instantaneous temperature of a thin metal foil heated electrically. The foil is glued to cover a narrow slot cut in the pipe. The thermal inertia of the foil is small enough to detect the variation in the instantaneous foil temperature. The test section can be moved along the pipe and is long enough to cover a considerable part of the growing thermal boundary layer.
At the beginning of each experimental run, a steady state with a constant water flow rate and heat flux to the foil is attained and serves as the reference. The Taylor bubble is then injected into the pipe. The heat transfer coefficient variations due to the passage of a Taylor bubble propagating in a vertical pipe is measured as function of the distance of the measuring point from the bottom of the moving Taylor bubble. Thus, the results represent the local heat transfer coefficients. Multiple independent runs preformed under identical conditions allow accumulating sufficient data to calculate reliable ensemble-averaged results on the transient convective heat transfer. In order to perform this in a frame of reference moving with the bubble, the location of the bubble along the pipe has to be known at all times. Detailed description of measurements of the length and of the translational velocity of the Taylor bubbles by optical probes is presented.

This manuscript describes methods aimed at measuring the local instantaneous convective heat transfer coefficients in a single or two-phase pipe flow. A simple optical method to determine the length and the propagation velocity of an elongated (Taylor) air bubble moving at a constant velocity is also presented.

파이프-단일 및 2 단계 흐름에에서 로컬 순간 대류 열 전달의 측정

This manuscript provides step by step description of the manufacturing process of a test section designed to measure the local instantaneous heat transfer ...

Fabricating Reactive Surfaces with Brush-like and Crosslinked Films of Azlactone-Functionalized Block Co-Polymers

In this paper, fabrication methods that generate novel surfaces using the azlactone-based block co-polymer, poly (glycidyl methacrylate)-block-poly (vinyl dimethyl azlactone) (PGMA-b-PVDMA), are presented. Due to the high reactivity of azlactone groups towards amine, thiol, and hydroxyl groups, PGMA-b-PVDMA surfaces can be modified with secondary molecules to create chemically or biologically functionalized interfaces for a variety of applications. Previous reports of patterned PGMA-b-PVDMA interfaces have used traditional top-down patterning techniques that generate non-uniform films and poorly controlled background chemistries. Here, we describe customized patterning techniques that enable precise deposition of highly uniform PGMA-b-PVDMA films in backgrounds that are chemically inert or that have biomolecule-repellent properties. Importantly, these methods are designed to deposit PGMA-b-PVDMA films in a manner that completely preserves azlactone functionality through each processing step. Patterned films show well-controlled thicknesses that correspond to polymer brushes (~90 nm) or to highly crosslinked structures (~1-10 &#956;m). Brush patterns are generated using either the parylene lift-off or interface directed assembly methods described and are useful for precise modulation of overall chemical surface reactivity by adjusting either the PGMA-b-PVDMA pattern density or the length of the VDMA block. In contrast, the thick, crosslinked PGMA-b-PVDMA patterns are obtained using a customized micro-contact printing technique and offer the benefit of higher loading or capture of secondary material due to higher surface area to volume ratios. Detailed experimental steps, critical film characterizations, and trouble-shooting guides for each fabrication method are discussed.

Surface fabrication methods for patterned deposition of nanometer thick brushes or micron thick, crosslinked films of an azlactone block co-polymer are reported. Critical experimental steps, representative results, and limitations of each method are discussed. These methods are useful for creating functional interfaces with tailored physical features and tunable surface reactivity.

브러쉬 모양의 반응 표면 날조 및 Azlactone 기능성된 블록 공동 고분자의 가교 된 영화

In this paper, fabrication methods that generate novel surfaces using the azlactone-based block co-polymer, poly (glycidyl methacrylate)-block-poly (vinyl ...

Uncoupling Coriolis Force and Rotating Buoyancy Effects on Full-Field Heat Transfer Properties of a Rotating Channel

An experimental method for exploring the heat transfer characteristics of an axially rotating channel is proposed. The governing flow parameters that characterize the transport phenomena in a rotating channel are identified via the parametric analysis of the momentum and energy equations referring to a rotating frame of reference. Based on these dimensionless flow equations, an experimental strategy that links the design of the test module, the experimental program and the data analysis is formulated with the attempt to reveal the isolated Coriolis-force and buoyancy effects on heat transfer performances. The effects of Coriolis force and rotating buoyancy are illustrated using the selective results measured from rotating channels with various geometries. While the Coriolis-force and rotating-buoyancy impacts share several common features among the various rotating channels, the unique heat transfer signatures are found in association with the flow direction, the channel shape and the arrangement of heat transfer enhancement devices. Regardless of the flow configurations of the rotating channels, the presented experimental method enables the development of physically consistent heat transfer correlations that permit the evaluation of isolated and interdependent Coriolis-force and rotating-buoyancy effects on the heat transfer properties of rotating channels.

Here, we present an experimental method for decoupling the interdependent Coriolis-force and rotating-buoyancy effects on full-field heat transfer distributions of a rotating channel.

An experimental method for exploring the heat transfer characteristics of an axially rotating channel is proposed. The governing flow parameters that ...