Name: influenza a virus studies in a mouse model of infection
Uploaded: 2017-09-07T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection at JoVE.com

Research on influenza virus in LM-S laboratory is partially funded by The New York Influenza Center of Excellence (NYICE), a member of the NIAID Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS). We thank Wendy Bates for her support in the corrections of the manuscript.

All animal protocols described here were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and the Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC) at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, and comply with the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Research Council 22. The facilities and programs of the Vivarium and Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine of the School of Medicine and Dentistry are accredited by AAALAC International and compl...

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The mouse model of IAV is widely used for in vivo studies of IAV pathogenesis, immunogenicity and protection efficacy. The small size of mice makes them easy to manipulate and store as compared to other animal models such as ferrets or guinea pigs. Moreover, the ease in terms of animal cost, housing and reproduction allow their use in pre-clinical vaccination tests in which large numbers of animals are needed. Notably, since mice have been used in multiple research disciplines, several molecular and immunology m...

IAVs are enveloped viruses classified in the Orthomyxoviridae family3. They contain eight single-stranded RNA molecules with negative polarity3. In humans, IAVs cause seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics of important consequence when novel viruses are introduced in the human population4. Moreover, seasonal IAVs are highly and rapidly transmitted between humans producing an elevated economic loss worldwide every year2,5. IAV symptoms include cough, nasal congestion, fever, malaise, headache, anorexia and myalgia, but the virus can also produce a more severe disease in immunocompromised patients6. In fact, the World Health Organization (WHO) calculates that seasonal influenza viruses cause 300,000 - 500,000 deaths worldwide every year1. There are only two classes of drugs currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for influenza prophylaxis and treatment in humans: neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (e.g., oseltamivir) and blockers of the M2 ion channel (e.g., amantadine); however, the emergence of drug-resistant virus variants is an increasing concern. Vaccination, therefore, remains the best medical option to protect humans against IAVs infections. To date, three types of influenza vaccines licensed by the FDA for human use are available: recombinant viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein vaccines, inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV), and live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV)5,7. The three vaccines are designed to induce adaptive immune response against the viral HA protein, the major target of neutralizing antibodies against IAVs.
A validated mouse model to study IAV infection in vivo
Animal models have been used to study, among others, IAV pathogenesis8,9,10,11, viral factors that contribute to disease12 and/or viral transmission13,14, and to test the efficacy of new vaccines or antiviral drugs9,10,15. Mice (Mus musculus) are the most extensively used animal model for IAV research for several reasons: 1) the immune system is evolutionarily similar to that present in humans; 2) low cost, including animal purchase, housing and reproduction; 3) small size to easily manipulate and store; 4) minimal host variability to obtain homogeneous responses and results; 5) a large knowledge of mice biology, including genome sequence; 6) many available molecular biology and/or immunology reagents; 7) available knock out (KO) mice to study the contribution of a given host protein on viral infection; and, 8) multiple mouse strains that can be exploited to evaluate the genetic basis of infections.
There are several mouse strains currently available to study IAV in vivo. Age, immune status, sex, genetic background and mouse strain as well as routes of infection, dose and viral strains all influence the outcome of IAV infection in mice. The most common mouse strains used in IAV research are C57BL/6, BALB/C and, more recently, DBA.2 mice since they are more susceptible to IAV disease than the two former strains16,17,18,19,20. Importantly, the immune response also can be different depending on the mouse strain18,19,20. Thus, it is very important to recover all the available information about the mouse and IAV strain to choose the best option for the experiment to be conducted.
Although mouse is a good animal model of infection for in vivo studies with IAV, they have several limitations, which need to be considered in the experimental design. For instance, a major limitation of using mice for in vivo studies is that IAVs do not transmit among mice. Thus, for transmission studies, more accepted animal models (e.g., ferrets or guinea pigs) are used16,17,21. In addition, there are several differences between the manifestations of IAV in mice and humans. Unlike humans, mice do not develop fever upon IAV infection; conversely they present with hypothermia16,17. In mice, IAV replication is concentrated in the lower respiratory tract (lungs) rather than the upper airways. Thus, virulence of IAV in mice is not always correlated to that seen in humans. Altogether, because the advantages outweigh the limited disadvantages, mouse represents the first animal model used to evaluate influenza viral pathogenesis, immunogenicity and protective efficacy in vaccine and antiviral studies. Moreover, it would not be ethically acceptable to conduct studies with IAV using large animal models without previous evidence in a small animal model of IAV infection. In this manuscript, we describe how to infect mice intranasally (i.n.) with IAV, how to monitor the severity and progress of viral infection and how to carry out the experiments required to evaluate humoral immune responses and protection efficacy.

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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:295px;">Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">CCL-34</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:295px;">Six- to eight-week-old female C57BL/6 mice</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">National Cancer Institute (NCI)</td>
			<td>01XBE</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Turckey red blod cells</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Biolink Inc</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle&#8217;s medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Corning Cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">15-013-CV</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Seradigm</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">1500-050</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:295px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin/L-Glutamine (PSG) 100X</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">30-009-CI</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin (PS) 100X</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">30-00-CI</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Bovin Albumin solution (BA)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A7409</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Bovin Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A9647</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:295px;">Tosylsulfonyl phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone (TPCK)-treated trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">T8802</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Neutral Buffered Formalin 10%</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EMD</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">65346-85</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">J.T.Baker</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">X198-07</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:295px;">Monoclonal Antibody anti-NP Influenza A Virus HB-65</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ATTC</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">H16-L10-4R5</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:295px;">Polyclonal rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulins/FITC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Dako</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">F0261</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:295px;">ECL Anti-mouse IgG, Horseradish Peroxidase linked whole antibody</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">LNA931V/AG</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">TMB substrate set</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BioLegend</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">421101</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:295px;">Vmax Kinetic plate reader</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Dounce Tissue Grinders</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">7722-7</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Receptor destroying enzyme, RDE (II)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Denka Seiken Co.</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">370013</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Crystal Violet</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Fisher Scienctific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">C581-100</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Store at RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">96-well Cell Culture Plate</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Greiner Bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">655-180</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Cell Culture dishes 100mm</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Greiner Bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">664-160</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:295px;">Nunc MicroWell 96-Well Microplates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Thermo Fisher Scienctific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">269620</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:295px;">Nunc 96-Well Polystyrene Conical Bottom MicroWell Plates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Thermo Fisher Scienctific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">249570</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Puralub Vet Ointment</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Dechra</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">9N-76855</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:295px;">Fluorescent microscope</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Olympus</td>
			<td>Olympus IX81</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

influenza a virus studies in a mouse model of infection

Influenza viruses cause over 500,000 deaths worldwide1 and are associated with an annual cost of 12 - 14 billion USD in the United States alone considering direct medical and hospitalization expenses and work absenteeism2. Animal models are crucial in Influenza A virus (IAV) studies to evaluate viral pathogenesis, host-pathogen interactions, immune responses, and the efficacy of current and/or novel vaccine approaches as well as antivirals. Mice are an advantageous small animal model because their immune system is evolutionarily similar to that found in humans, they are available from commercial vendors as genetically identical subjects, there are multiple strains that can be exploited to evaluate the genetic basis of infections, and they are relatively inexpensive and easy to manipulate. To recapitulate IAV infection in humans via the airways, mice are first anesthetized prior to intranasal inoculation with infectious IAVs under proper biosafety containment. After infection, the pathogenesis of IAVs is determined by monitoring daily the morbidity (body weight loss) and mortality (survival) rate. In addition, viral pathogenesis can also be evaluated by assessing virus replication in the upper (nasal mucosa) or lower (lungs) respiratory tract of infected mice. Humoral responses upon IAV infection can be rapidly evaluated by non-invasive bleeding and secondary antibody detection assays aimed at detecting the presence of total or neutralizing antibodies. Here, we describe the common methods used to infect mice intranasally (i.n) with IAV and evaluate pathogenesis, humoral immune responses and protection efficacy.

Characterization of viral pathogenesis in mice
The pathogenesis of IAV is related to the morbidity and mortality caused by its infection. These two parameters can be evaluated in mice easily: IAV morbidity is associated with body weight loss in infected mice and the percentage of survival will indicate the mortality rate (Figure 1). The body weight and survival in IAV-infected mice are usually monitore...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection at JoVE.com

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are important human respiratory pathogens. To understand the pathogenicity of IAVs and to perform preclinical testing of novel vaccine approaches, animal models mimicking human physiology are required. Here, we describe techniques to evaluate IAV pathogenesis, humoral responses and vaccine efficacy using a mouse model of infection.

Influenza viruses cause over 500,000 deaths worldwide1 and are associated with an annual cost of 12 - 14 billion USD in the United States alone ...

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Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause human respiratory disease that is associated with significant health and economic consequences. As with other viruses, ...