Name: in vitro characterization of the electrophysiological properties of colonic afferent fibers in rats
Uploaded: 2017-09-27T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 19 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro Characterization of the Electrophysiological Properties of Colonic Afferent Fibers in Rats at JoVE.com

Este protocolo foi apoiado por bolsas de investigação do Nacional Natural Science Foundation da China (#31171066, #81270464) e do centro de ciência de Sino-alemão (GZ919).

o protocolo experimental relatado aqui foi aprovado pelo Animal ético Comité de Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine (# SYXK2013-0050). A dissecção do colorectum com gânglio intacto e nervo porta-malas leva no mínimo 15 minutos para uma pessoa muito experiente nesta técnica. É, portanto, necessário manter o animal vivo, mas sob anestesia profunda enquanto executando as dissecções, para garantir a viabilidade do tecido para posterior gravação eletrofisiológica.
 1. preparação da solução de perfusão e compostos de teste <ol><li>preparar 5 L da solução de Krebs: 113 mM NaCl, 5,9 mM KCl, 1,2 mM NaH 2 PO 4, 1,2 mM de MgSO 4, 25mm NaHCO 3, 1,2 mM CaCl 2 e 11,5 mM glicose. Sature a solução com um 95% O 2 + 5% CO 2 mistura de gases. Pre-cool ~ 500 mL de Krebs oxigenado na geladeira.</li>
	<li>Preparar alíquotas de estoque testar compostos (capsaicina 1 mM em etanol e 10 mM 5-hidroxitriptamina (5-HT) em solução salina) conforme necessário. Diluir o estoque em Krebs (para aplicação de banho) e em solução salina (para administração intraluminal) para a concentração final antes do uso.</li>
</ol> 2. Preparação do eletrodo gravação <ol><li>puxar o eletrodo gravação de vidro padrão tubos sem filamentos internos (1,5 mm de diâmetro externo) usando um extrator de eletrodo convencional. Ajustar as configurações de extrator de calor e puxar para que a haste dos eléctrodos puxados é entre 20 e 25 mm.</li>
</ol> 3. Coleção de tecido <ol><li>Anaesthetize o rato usando profundamente pentobarbital de sódio (80 mg/kg, i.p.). </li> <li>Assegurando esterilidade, expor na cavidade abdominal através da realização de uma incisão na parede abdominal, usando um bisturi. Puxe o mesentério e outros tecidos lado para expor o colorectum.</li>
	<li>Colocar o animal sob o microscópio de dissecação. Através de dissecção cuidadosa, localizar o PG esquerdo e identificar o PN e o LSN se unir a eles. Cortar estes nervos alguns milímetros longe o PG. 
	Nota: O PG situa-se perto da junção do colo-rectal. Normalmente, de 3-4 PN da medula espinal lombossacral e um projeto do LSN para o PG ( Figura 1).</li>
	<li>Cortar o osso da sínfise púbica para expor o reto. Remover os tecidos (ou seja, bexiga urinária, etc.) acima da colorectum; Tome cuidado para deixar intacta a PG.</li>
	<li>Sacrificar o rato pela injeção intravenosa de uma dose letal de pentobarbital. Transecto cólon cerca de 3 cm acima do PG e remover o colorectum do animal usando fórceps.</li>
	<li>Transferir o colorectum para uma placa de Petri preenchida com solução de Krebs pre-cooled. Remova as fezes suavemente, nivelando o cólon. Remover a bexiga urinária remanescente e outros tecidos cuidadosamente, sem comprometer a pág.</li>
</ol> 4. Dissecação do nervo aferente do cólon <ol><li>Coloque os dois pontos em uma câmara de gravação (20 mL) e perfundir o tecido continuamente com carbogenated solução de Krebs. Definir a taxa de perfusão em 15 mL/min.</li>
	<li>Canule o colorectum em ambas as extremidades, orais e anais. Começar a infusão intraluminal do cólon com soro fisiológico na proporção de 10 mL/h em direção anal oral.</li>
	<li>Localizar o PG principal sob o microscópio de dissecação. Use pinos de insetos para expor o gânglio. Com dissecção cuidadosa, encontre um ramo fino do nervo emanando do gânglio e correndo em direção ao cólon ( Figura 1). Cortou o nervo perto do gânglio. 
	Nota: A Figura 1 ilustra uma gravação de um ramo do nervo distal para o PG. O nervo presumivelmente contém uma mistura de lombares e pélvicas esplâncnico fibras aferentes. Alternativamente, uma gravação pode ser feita de PN e/ou o LSN proximal para o PG.</li>
	<li>Ligue o banho de aquecimento e aquecer a solução de Krebs para manter a temperatura da câmara 34 ± 0,5 ° C.</li>
</ol> 5. Preparação do eletrodo sucção <ol><li>tomar uma pipeta de vidro pré-puxada (passo 2) e inspecioná-lo sob o microscópio de dissecação. Quebrar a ponta do eletrodo com um par de pinças para que ele seja de um tamanho compatível com o diâmetro do nervo a ser gravado.</li>
	<li>a ponta em bisel, colocando-o perto de uma chama de isqueiro.</li>
</ol> 6. Gravação eletrofisiológica <ol><li>conectar o eletrodo chanfrado para o eléctrodo. Conecte uma seringa de 10 mL à porta lateral no suporte para aplicar pressão positiva ou negativa para o eletrodo.</li>
	<li>Conectar o titular para o headstage do bioamplifier e montar o headstage para um manipulador.</li>
	<li>Mover o eletrodo para o banho de tecido e encha o eletrodo com a solução de Krebs aplicando sucção suave até que ele entra em contato com o fio de prata do titular. Coloque a ponta do eletrodo, perto do corte final do nervo e aplique pressão negativa para sugar o nervo para o eletrodo. Aplique pressão mais negativa para que ~ 1 mm do nervo é puxada para o eletrodo e dá forma a um selo apertado.</li>
	<li>Vez o bioamplifier e o conjunto do filtro para 300-3.000 Hz. o sinal no osciloscópio de monitorar e grava o sinal do nervo (taxa de amostragem de 20 kHz) e o sinal da pressão intraluminal (taxa de amostragem de 100 Hz) usando um computador com um pico de processamento de dados software.</li>
</ol> 7. Testar a sensibilidade aferente do cólon <ol><li>aplicar distensão de rampa do cólon, fechando a torneira de três vias na cânula de tomada enquanto infundindo continuamente intraluminally. Monitorar a pressão intraluminal até atingir 60 mmHg, momento em que abrir a torneira de três vias na cânula de drenagem.</li>
	<li>Repita este procedimento a intervalos regulares de 15 min. aplicar medicamentos extraou intraluminally para testar a sensibilidade química dos nervos aferentes.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Al-Chaer, E. D., Traub, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological+basis+of+visceral+pain:+recent+developments.">Biological basis of visceral pain: recent developments.</a> Pain. 96 (3), 221-225 (2002).</li><li>Christianson, J. A., Traub, R. J., Davis, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differences+in+spinal+distribution+and+neurochemical+phenotype+of+colonic+afferents+in+mouse+and+rat.">Differences in spinal distribution and neurochemical phenotype of colonic afferents in mouse and rat.</a> J Comp Neurol. 494 (2), 246-259 (2006).</li><li>Wynn, G., Rong, W., Xiang, Z., Burnstock, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purinergic+mechanisms+contribute+to+mechanosensory+transduction+in+the+rat+colorectum.">Purinergic mechanisms contribute to mechanosensory transduction in the rat colorectum.</a> Gastroenterology. 125 (5), 1398-1409 (2003).</li><li>Dong, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impairments+of+the+Primary+Afferent+Nerves+in+a+Rat+Model+of+Diabetic+Visceral+Hyposensitivity.">Impairments of the Primary Afferent Nerves in a Rat Model of Diabetic Visceral Hyposensitivity.</a> Mol Pain. 11, (2016).</li><li>Lynn, P. A., Blackshaw, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+recordings+of+afferent+fibres+with+receptive+fields+in+the+serosa,+muscle+and+mucosa+of+rat+colon.">In vitro recordings of afferent fibres with receptive fields in the serosa, muscle and mucosa of rat colon.</a> J Physiol. 518 (Pt 1), 271-282 (1999).</li><li>Page, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+contributions+of+ASIC+channels+1a,+2,+and+3+in+gastrointestinal+mechanosensory+function.">Different contributions of ASIC channels 1a, 2, and 3 in gastrointestinal mechanosensory function.</a> Gut. 54 (10), 1408-1415 (2005).</li><li>Hockley, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=P2Y+Receptors+Sensitize+Mouse+and+Human+Colonic+Nociceptors.">P2Y Receptors Sensitize Mouse and Human Colonic Nociceptors.</a> J Neurosci. 36 (8), 2364-2376 (2016).</li><li>Peiris, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+visceral+afferent+recordings:+preliminary+report.">Human visceral afferent recordings: preliminary report.</a> Gut. 60 (2), 204-208 (2011).</li><li>Feng, B., Gebhart, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+silent+afferents+in+the+pelvic+and+splanchnic+innervations+of+the+mouse+colorectum.">Characterization of silent afferents in the pelvic and splanchnic innervations of the mouse colorectum.</a> Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 300 (1), G170-G180 (2011).</li><li>Feng, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+guanylate+cyclase-C+attenuates+stretch+responses+and+sensitization+of+mouse+colorectal+afferents.">Activation of guanylate cyclase-C attenuates stretch responses and sensitization of mouse colorectal afferents.</a> J Neurosci. 33 (23), 9831-9839 (2013).</li><li>Feng, B., Gebhart, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+Functional+Characterization+of+Mouse+Colorectal+Afferent+Endings.">In vitro Functional Characterization of Mouse Colorectal Afferent Endings.</a> J Vis Exp. (95), e52310 (2015).</li><li>Nullens, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+Vitro+Recording+of+Mesenteric+Afferent+Nerve+Activity+in+Mouse+Jejunal+and+Colonic+Segments.">In Vitro Recording of Mesenteric Afferent Nerve Activity in Mouse Jejunal and Colonic Segments.</a> J Vis Exp. (116), (2016).</li><li>Rong, W., Hillsley, K., Davis, J. B., Hicks, G., Winchester, W. J., Grundy, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Jejunalafferent+nerve+sensitivity+in+wild-type+and+TRPV1+knockout+mice.">Jejunalafferent nerve sensitivity in wild-type and TRPV1 knockout mice.</a> J Physiol. 560 (Pt 3), 867-881 (2004).</li><li>Brierley, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+chemosensory+function+and+receptor+expression+of+splanchnic+and+pelvic+colonic+afferents+in+mice).">Differential chemosensory function and receptor expression of splanchnic and pelvic colonic afferents in mice).</a> J Physiol. 567 (Pt 1), 267-281 (2005).</li><li>Brierley, S. M., Jones, R. C. 3. r. d., Gebhart, G. F., Blackshaw, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Splanchnic+and+pelvic+mechanosensory+afferents+signal+different+qualities+of+colonic+stimuli+in+mice.">Splanchnic and pelvic mechanosensory afferents signal different qualities of colonic stimuli in mice.</a> Gastroenterology. 127 (1), 166-178 (2004).</li><li>La, J. H., Schwartz, E. S., Gebhart, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differences+in+the+expression+of+transient+receptor+potential+channel+V1,+transient+receptor+potential+channel+A1+and+mechanosensitive+two+pore-domain+K++channels+between+the+lumbar+splanchnic+and+pelvic+nerve+innervations+of+mouse+urinary+bladder+and+colon.">Differences in the expression of transient receptor potential channel V1, transient receptor potential channel A1 and mechanosensitive two pore-domain K+ channels between the lumbar splanchnic and pelvic nerve innervations of mouse urinary bladder and colon.</a> Neuroscience. 186, 179-187 (2001).</li><li>Wang, G., Tang, B., Traub, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+processing+of+noxious+colonic+input+by+thoracolumbar+and+lumbosacral+dorsal+horn+neurons+in+the+rat.">Differential processing of noxious colonic input by thoracolumbar and lumbosacral dorsal horn neurons in the rat.</a> J Neurophysiol. 94 (6), 3788-3794 (2005).</li></ol>

Os autores declaram não haverá conflito de interesses.

O protocolo aqui apresentado é um método relativamente simples experimental para avaliar as propriedades eletrofisiológicas das afferents Colônica de ratos. O protocolo (a partir de dissecção de tecidos para configurar a gravação de nervo) normalmente leva cerca de 2 h para completar. Coleção de tecido (passo 3) e preparação do eletrodo sucção (etapa 5) são os passos críticos. É fundamental ser capaz de localizar o PG, o LSN e o PN e tome cuidado para não danificar o gânglio e nervos durante a dissecç...

O trato gastrointestinal (GIT) é ricamente inervado com nervos aferentes extrínsecos que transmitem sinais sensoriais do intestino para o sistema nervoso central e que contribuem para a interação do intestino-cérebro. Excitabilidade alterada destas afferents extrínseca, bem como alterado processamento central das entradas aferentes, subjaz dor visceral e outros sintomas de condições de GI, incluindo de doenças intestinais inflamatórias e funcionais1. Informações sensoriais do colorectum são transmitidas principalmente pela toracolombar/hipogástrica e os nervos pélvicos/lombossacral (PN)2. Tem havido um aumento do interesse em estudar as propriedades eletrofisiológicas destas fibras aferente primário em modelos de roedores doença. No entanto, na vivo eletrofisiológicos gravações das afferents Colônica em roedores é um desafio técnico e exige consideráveis habilidades cirúrgicas. Além disso, alterações hemodinâmicas, movimento de tecido e anestésicos também afetam atividade do nervo e sensibilidade para testar estímulos na vivo. Portanto, nos últimos anos, um número crescente de estudos têm utilizado em vitro (ex vivo) preparações de diferentes espécies, incluindo ratos, ratos, cobaias e seres humanos, para examinar os mecanismos de transdução sensorial no cólon afferents e a excitabilidade alterada em condições de doença. 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8
Foram relatados principalmente dois tipos de ex vivo Colônica preparação: a preparação do "plano-folha"5,9,10 e a preparação de "tubo"3,4. Um protocolo de vídeo para a preparação de murino colorectum "da liso-folha" tem sido previamente publicado11. Neste protocolo, o colorectum do mouse, com o PN) ou esplâncnico nervos lombares (LSN) anexados, é colhido e superfused em uma câmara de tecido. O colorectum é aberto no sentido longitudinal, e o feixe de nervos é estendido em um compartimento de gravação com óleo de parafina. Atividade do nervo é gravada usando um eletrodo de platina-irídio monopolar. O protocolo permite a identificação dos campos receptivos de fibras aferentes individuais usando estimulação elétrica não-polarizada. Ele localiza a aplicação de estímulos químicos, bem como a aplicação dos paradigmas diferentes estimulação mecânica (por exemplo, focal da mucosa de sondagem e circunferencial stretch), para as terminações nervosas aferentes. Porque o nervo deve ser estendido a uma câmara separada da câmara de tecido, é fundamental para manter o nervo anexado relativamente longo; a dissecação bem sucedida dos nervos representa um desafio para aqueles novos para esta metodologia. Mais recentemente, Nullens et al publicou um protocolo de vídeo para a gravação em vitro o afferents mesentérica murino jejunal e segmentos do cólon12. Esta preparação de "tubo", o segmento de intestino com o mesentério anexado é mantido intacto, permitindo assim distensão gradual e a administração intrae extra-luminal de diferentes produtos químicos. Desde que o nervo do mesentério é gravado usando um eletrodo de sucção, que pode ser posicionado perto do tecido, atividade aferente pode ser gravada, mesmo que o nervo do mesentério é relativamente curto. No entanto, o nervo do mesentério consiste de populações mistas de fibras aferentes vagais e espinhais que inervam o jejuno ou toracolombar hipogástrica. Lombossacral pélvicas afferents inervam o colorectum, que não pode ser discriminado no presente protocolo. Aqui, apresentamos um protocolo detalhado para a gravação eletrofisiológica do rato Colônica afferents usando a preparação de colorectum de "tubo" com um PG. intacta Este método permite a caracterização das propriedades funcionais da lombar esplâncnico (hipogástrica) e lombossacral afferents pélvica.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Sodium Pentobarbital</td><td>Shanghai Westang Bio-Tech</td><td>B558</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Capsaicin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M2028</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electrode puller</td><td>MicroData Instrument Inc</td><td>PMP107</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Neurolog System (Bioamplifier)</td><td>Digitimer, Ltd</td><td>Neurolog System</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>A/D converter</td><td>Cambridge Electronic Design</td><td>Micro1401</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Data processing software</td><td>Cambridge Electronic Design</td><td>Spike2 version 6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silver wire</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>EP12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass tubes</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>1B150-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electrode holder</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>MEH3SBW</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heating bath</td><td>Grant</td><td>GR150</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting microscope</td><td>Leica</td><td>Zoom2000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting microscope</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>PZMIII-BS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cigarette lighter</td><td>any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surgical tools</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Insect pins</td><td>home-made from 0.1 mm stainless steel wire</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Three way manipulator</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>KITF-R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rats</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>Any strain/sex can be used.</td></tr></tbody></table>

in vitro characterization of the electrophysiological properties of colonic afferent fibers in rats

Disfunção dos nervos sensoriais do cólon tem sido implicada na fisiopatologia de várias condições comuns, incluindo diabetes e doenças inflamatórias e funcionais do intestino. Aqui, descrevemos um protocolo para a caracterização em vitro das propriedades eletrofisiológicas de afferents Colônica em ratos. O colorectum, com o gânglio pélvico intacto (PG), anexado, é removido o rato; superfused com carbogenated solução de Krebs na câmara de gravação; e canulado nas extremidades para permitir a distensão orais e anais. Um feixe de nervos bem emana o PG é identificado, e a atividade do nervo aferente multiunit é gravada usando um eletrodo de sucção. Distensão do segmento do cólon provoca aumentos graduais na descarga multiunit. Uma análise de componentes principais é realizada para diferenciar o baixo limiar, o limite de alta e as fibras aferentes de alcance dinâmico largo. Sensibilidade química de afferents do cólon pode ser estudada através da administração de banho ou intraluminal de compostos de teste. Este protocolo pode ser modificado para aplicação a outras espécies, como ratos e cobaias e para estudar as diferenças nas propriedades eletrofisiológicas de afferents toracolombar/hipogástrica e lombossacral/pélvica do cólon descendente no normal e condições patológicas.

A Figura 1 é a ilustração esquemática da instalação experimental para a preparação de colorectum ex vivo "tubo", com um representante do nervo distal de gravação para o PG. O nervo presumivelmente continha uma mistura de afferents esplâncnico pélvico e lombar. Em preparações de ratos normais, os nervos aferentes do cólon normalmente têm um baixo nível de atividade espontânea irregular. Distensão de rampa do cólon induz a um aument...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro Characterization of the Electrophysiological Properties of Colonic Afferent Fibers in Rats at JoVE.com

In Vitro Characterization of the Electrophysiological Properties of Colonic Afferent Fibers in Rats

Função sensorial anormal subjacente a dor visceral e outros sintomas de doenças inflamatórias e funcionais do intestino. Um protocolo para a gravação eletrofisiológica dos nervos aferentes do cólon em uma preparação de colorectum de rato ex vivo é apresentado aqui.

In Vitro Caracterização das propriedades eletrofisiológicas das fibras aferentes do cólon em ratos

Dysfunction of the colonic sensory nerves has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several common conditions, including functional and inflammatory ...

in-vitro-characterization-electrophysiological-properties-colonic

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

In Vitro Characterization of the Electrophysiological Properties of Colonic Afferent Fibers in Rats

6.9K visualizações.  Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine. Função sensorial anormal subjacente a dor visceral e outros sintomas de doenças inflamatórias e funcionais do intestino. Um protocolo para a gravação eletrofisiológica dos nervos aferentes do cólon em uma preparação de colorectum de rato ex vivo é apresentado aqui.

Vídeo: In Vitro Characterization of the Electrophysiological Properties of Colonic Afferent Fibers in Rats

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and relapse to food taking 1. Food craving conceptualized in this way is akin to drug craving in response to drug-paired cues. A rich literature has been developed around understanding the behavioral and neurobiological determinants of drug craving; we and others have been focusing recently on translating techniques from basic addiction research to better understand addiction-like behaviors related to food 2-4.
As done in previous studies of drug craving, we examine sucrose craving behavior by utilizing a rat model of relapse. In this model, rats self-administer either drug or food in sessions over several days. In a session, lever responding delivers the reward along with a tone+light stimulus. Craving behavior is then operationally defined as responding in a subsequent session where the reward is not available. Rats will reliably respond for the tone+light stimulus, likely due to its acquired conditioned reinforcing properties 5. This behavior is sometimes referred to as sucrose seeking or cue reactivity. In the present discussion we will use the term "sucrose craving" to subsume both of these constructs.
In the past decade, we have focused on how the length of time following reward self-administration influences reward craving. Interestingly, rats increase responding for the reward-paired cue over the course of several weeks of a period of forced-abstinence. This "incubation of craving" is observed in rats that have self-administered either food or drugs of abuse 4,6. This time-dependent increase in craving we have identified in the animal model may have great potential relevance to human drug and food addiction behaviors.
Here we present a protocol for assessing incubation of sucrose craving in rats. Variants of the procedure will be indicated where craving is assessed as responding for a discrete sucrose-paired cue following extinction of lever pressing within the sucrose self-administration context (Extinction without cues) or as responding for sucrose-paired cues in a general extinction context (Extinction with cues).

Responding for food or drug-paired cues increases over the course of a period of abstinence and this may relate to an increased susceptibility to relapse behaviors. Here we detail a procedure for evaluating this "incubation of craving" in rats that have self-administered sucrose.

Um método geral para a avaliação de Incubação de Craving Sacarose em Ratos

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and ...

Neurociência

Electrophysiological Characterization of GFP-Expressing Cell Populations in the Intact Retina

Studying the physiological properties and synaptic connections of specific neurons in the intact tissue is a challenge for those cells that lack conspicuous morphological features or show a low population density. This applies particularly to retinal amacrine cells, an exceptionally multiform class of interneurons that comprise roughly 30 subtypes in mammals1. Though being a crucial part of the visual processing by shaping the retinal output2, most of these subtypes have not been studied up to now in a functional context because encountering these cells with a recording electrode is a rare event.
Recently, a multitude of transgenic mouse lines is available that express fluorescent markers like green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of promoters for membrane receptors or enzymes that are specific to only a subset of neurons in a given tissue3,4. These pre-labeled cells are therefore accessible to directed microelectrode targeting under microscopic control, permitting the systematic study of their physiological properties in situ. However, excitation of fluorescent markers is accompanied by the risk of phototoxicity for the living tissue. In the retina, this approach is additionally hampered by the problem that excitation light causes appropriate stimulation of the photoreceptors, thus inflicting photopigment bleaching and transferring the retinal circuits into a light-adapted condition. These drawbacks are overcome by using infrared excitation delivered by a mode-locked laser in short pulses of the femtosecond range. Two-photon excitation provides energy sufficient for fluorophore excitation and at the same time restricts the excitation to a small tissue volume minimizing the hazards of photodamage5. Also, it leaves the retina responsive to visual stimuli since infrared light (&gt;850 nm) is only poorly absorbed by photopigments6.
In this article we demonstrate the use of a transgenic mouse retina to attain electrophysiological in situ recordings from GFP-expressing cells that are visually targeted by two-photon excitation. The retina is prepared and maintained in darkness and can be subjected to optical stimuli which are projected through the condenser of the microscope (Figure 1). Patch-clamp recording of light responses can be combined with dye filling to reveal the morphology and to check for gap junction-mediated dye coupling to neighboring cells, so that the target cell can by studied on different experimental levels.

This article depicts the recording of individual cells from fluorescently tagged neuronal populations in the intact mouse retina. By using two-photon infrared excitation transgenetically labeled cells were targeted for patch-clamp recording to study their light responses, receptive field properties, and morphology.

Caracterização eletrofisiológica de GFP-Expressando populações de células na retina intacta

Studying the physiological properties and synaptic connections of specific neurons in the intact tissue is a challenge for those cells that lack ...

In vitro Functional Characterization of Mouse Colorectal Afferent Endings

This video demonstrates in detail an in vitro single-fiber electrophysiological recording protocol using a mouse colorectum-nerve preparation. The approach allows unbiased identification and functional characterization of individual colorectal afferents. Extracellular recordings of propagated action potentials (APs) that originate from one or a few afferent (i.e., single-fiber) receptive fields (RFs) in the colorectum are made from teased nerve fiber fascicles. The colorectum is removed with either the pelvic (PN) or lumbar splanchnic (LSN) nerve attached and opened longitudinally. The tissue is placed in a recording chamber, pinned flat and perfused with oxygenated Krebs solution. Focal electrical stimulation is used to locate the colorectal afferent endings, which are further tested by three distinct mechanical stimuli (blunt probing, mucosal stroking and circumferential stretch) to functionally categorize the afferents into five mechanosensitive classes. Endings responding to none of these mechanical stimuli are categorized as mechanically-insensitive afferents (MIAs). Both mechanosensitive and MIAs can be assessed for sensitization (i.e., enhanced response, reduced threshold, and/or acquisition of mechanosensitivity) by localized exposure of RFs to chemicals (e.g., inflammatory soup (IS), capsaicin, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)). We describe the equipment and colorectum&#8211;nerve recording preparation, harvest of colorectum with attached PN or LSN, identification of RFs in the colorectum, single-fiber recording from nerve fascicles, and localized application of chemicals to the RF. In addition, challenges of the preparation and application of standardized mechanical stimulation are also discussed.

In vitro Functional Characterization of Mouse Colorectal Afferent Endings

This video demonstrates a protocol for conducting single-fiber electrophysiological recordings on an in vitro mouse colorectum-nerve preparation.

In vitro caracterização funcional de Rato Colorretal Aferente Endings

This video demonstrates in detail an in vitro single-fiber electrophysiological recording protocol using a mouse colorectum-nerve preparation. The ...

Medicina

In Vitro Recording of Mesenteric Afferent Nerve Activity in Mouse Jejunal and Colonic Segments

Afferent nerves not only convey information concerning normal physiology, but also signal disturbed homeostasis and pathophysiological processes of the different organ systems from the periphery towards the central nervous system. As such, the increased activity or &#39;sensitization&#39; of mesenteric afferent nerves has been allocated an important role in the pathophysiology of visceral hypersensitivity and abdominal pain syndromes.
Mesenteric afferent nerve activity can be measured in vitro in an isolated intestinal segment that is mounted in a purpose-built organ bath and from which the splanchnic nerve is isolated, allowing researchers to directly assess nerve activity adjacent to the gastrointestinal segment. Activity can be recorded at baseline in standardized conditions, during distension of the segment or following the addition of pharmacological compounds delivered intraluminally or serosally. This technique allows the researcher to easily study the effect of drugs targeting the peripheral nervous system in control specimens; besides, it provides crucial information on how neuronal activity is altered during disease. It should be noted however that measuring afferent neuronal firing activity only constitutes one relay station in the complex neuronal signaling cascade, and researchers should bear in mind not to overlook neuronal activity at other levels (e.g., dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord or central nervous system) in order to fully elucidate the complex neuronal physiology in health and disease.
Commonly used applications include the study of neuronal activity in response to the administration of lipopolysaccharide, and the study of afferent nerve activity in animal models of irritable bowel syndrome. In a more translational approach, the isolated mouse intestinal segment can be exposed to colonic supernatants from IBS patients. Furthermore, a modification of this technique has been recently shown to be applicable in human colonic specimens.

In Vitro Recording of Mesenteric Afferent Nerve Activity in Mouse Jejunal and Colonic Segments

Mesenteric afferent nerves convey information from the gastrointestinal tract towards the brain regarding normal homeostasis as well as pathophysiology. Gastrointestinal afferent nerve activity can be assessed by mounting isolated intestinal segments with attached afferent nerves into an organ bath, isolating the nerve, and assessing basal as well as stimulated activity.

In Vitro A gravação de mesentérica aferentes a atividade do nervo no mouse jejuno e segmentos do cólon

Afferent nerves not only convey information concerning normal physiology, but also signal disturbed homeostasis and pathophysiological processes of the ...

In Vivo Electrophysiological Measurement of the Rat Ulnar Nerve with Axonal Excitability Testing

Electrophysiology enables the objective assessment of peripheral nerve function in vivo. Traditional nerve conduction measures such as amplitude and latency detect chronic axon loss and demyelination, respectively. Axonal excitability techniques &#34;by threshold tracking&#34; expand upon these measures by providing information regarding the activity of ion channels, pumps and exchangers that relate to acute function and may precede degenerative events. As such, the use of axonal excitability in animal models of neurological disorders may provide a useful in vivo measure to assess novel therapeutic interventions. Here we describe an experimental setup for multiple measures of motor axonal excitability techniques in the rat ulnar nerve.
The animals are anesthetized with isoflurane and carefully monitored to ensure constant and adequate depth of anesthesia. Body temperature, respiration rate, heart rate and saturation of oxygen in the blood are continuously monitored. Axonal excitability studies are performed using percutaneous stimulation of the ulnar nerve and recording from the hypothenar muscles of the forelimb paw. With correct electrode placement, a clear compound muscle action potential that increases in amplitude with increasing stimulus intensity is recorded. An automated program is then utilized to deliver a series of electrical pulses which generate 5 specific excitability measures in the following sequence: stimulus response behavior, strength duration time constant, threshold electrotonus, current-threshold relationship and the recovery cycle.
Data presented here indicate that these measures are repeatable and show similarity between left and right ulnar nerves when assessed on the same day. A limitation of these techniques in this setting is the effect of dose and time under anesthesia. Careful monitoring and recording of these variables should be undertaken for consideration at the time of analysis.

In Vivo Electrophysiological Measurement of the Rat Ulnar Nerve with Axonal Excitability Testing

Axonal excitability techniques provide a powerful tool to examine pathophysiology and biophysical changes that precede irreversible degenerative events. This manuscript demonstrates the use of these techniques on the ulnar nerve of anesthetized rats.

Na Vivo Medida eletrofisiológica do nervo Ulnar rato com teste de excitabilidade Axonal

Electrophysiology enables the objective assessment of peripheral nerve function in vivo. Traditional nerve conduction measures such as amplitude and ...

Use of In Vivo Single-fiber Recording and Intact Dorsal Root Ganglion with Attached Sciatic Nerve to Examine the Mechanism of Conduction Failure

Single-fiber recording has been a classical and effective electrophysiological technique over the last few decades because of its specific application for nerve fibers in the central and peripheral nervous systems. This method is particularly applicable to dorsal root ganglia (DRG), which are primary sensory neurons that exhibit a pseudo-unipolar structure of nervous processes. The patterns and features of the action potentials passed along axons are recordable in these neurons. The present study uses in vivo single-fiber recordings to observe the conduction failure of sciatic nerves in complete Freund&#8217;s adjuvant (CFA)-treated rats. As the underlying mechanism cannot be studied using in vivo single-fiber recordings, patch-clamp-recordings of DRG neurons are performed on preparations of intact DRG with the attached sciatic nerve. These recordings reveal a positive correlation between conduction failure and the rising slope of the after-hyperpolarization potential (AHP) of DRG neurons in CFA-treated animals. The protocol for in vivo single fiber-recordings allows the classification of nerve fibers via the measurement of conduction velocity and monitoring of abnormal conditions in nerve fibers in certain diseases. Intact DRG with attached peripheral nerve allows observation of the activity of DRG neurons in most physiological conditions. Conclusively, single-fiber recording combined with electrophysiological recording of intact DRGs is an effective method to examine the role of conduction failure during the analgesic process.

Single-fiber recording is an effective electrophysiological technique that is applicable to the central and peripheral nervous systems. Along with the preparation of intact DRG with the attached sciatic nerve, the mechanism of conduction failure is examined. Both protocols improve the understanding of the peripheral nervous system&#39;s relationship with pain.

Uso da gravação in vivo da único-fibra e do gânglio dorsal intacto da raiz com nervo sciatic Unido para examinar o mecanismo da falha da condução

Single-fiber recording has been a classical and effective electrophysiological technique over the last few decades because of its specific application for ...

Advanced Imaging of Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons for Sensory Modality Research

In Vivo Calcium Imaging of Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons' Response to Somatic and Visceral Stimuli

A technique is described for surgically exposing the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of the lumbar-6 in a live, anesthetized laboratory mouse, along with the protocol for in vivo calcium imaging of the exposed DRG in response to various visceral and somatic stimuli. Pirt-GCaMP6s mice or C57BL6 mice intrathecally injected with AAV viruses packaged with GCaMP6s were utilized to capture Ca2+ transients. The amplitude of these transients indicates sensitivity to specific sensory modalities. Afferent fibers originate from internal organs, with primary neuronal cell bodies in spinal or vagal ganglia. Studies on visceral nociception and acupuncture analgesia can potentially be conducted on primary sensory neurons using advanced imaging technologies like in vivo calcium imaging, allowing for the recording of neuronal activity ensembles in the intact animal during stimulation or intervention. The responses of DRG neuron ensembles to somatic and visceral stimuli applied to their corresponding receptive fields were recorded. This technique illustrates how neuronal populations react to various types of somatic and visceral stimuli. It is possible to comprehensively compare neuronal ensemble responses to different stimuli, which is a particularly valuable approach in research on visceral pain and segmental mechanisms of somatic stimulation, such as acupuncture.

The present protocol outlines in vivo calcium imaging for measuring the responses of ensembles of lumbar-6 DRG neurons to somatic and visceral stimuli. Thorough comparisons can be made among neurons responding to different stimuli. This protocol is valuable for investigating mechanisms of visceral pain and somatic stimulation, such as acupuncture.

A technique is described for surgically exposing the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of the lumbar-6 in a live, anesthetized laboratory mouse, along with the ...

Electrophysiological Recording from Colonic Afferent Nerves in an Ex Vivo Rat Colon

Source: Meng, Y. et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/56090">In Vitro Characterization of the Electrophysiological Properties of Colonic Afferent Fibers in Rats.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2017)
This video demonstrates a method to record the activity of colonic afferent nerves in an ex-vivo rat colon, cannulated at both ends and infused with saline to increase intraluminal pressure. As pressure increases, the nerve signal rises, indicating its stimulation.

Registro eletrofisiológico de nervos aferentes colônicos em um cólon de rato ex vivo

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Neurophysiology

Electrophysiology Techniques

In Vivo Single-Fiber Recording of Sciatic Nerve C-Fibers in Rats

Source: Mao, H., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/59234">Use of In Vivo Single-fiber Recording and Intact Dorsal Root Ganglion with Attached Sciatic Nerve to Examine the Mechanism of Conduction Failure.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2019).
This video demonstrates a single-fiber recording of C-fiber nerve conduction in rats. An anesthetized rat is incised to expose the sciatic nerve, which provides sensory and motor supply to the lower limbs. The individual C-fibers are then exposed. Electrical stimulation is provided using stimulus electrodes implanted in the foot, and a response is recorded from a single nerve fiber.

Registro in vivo de fibras C do nervo ciático em ratos

Recording of Mesenteric Afferent Nerve Activity in an Ex Vivo Mouse Jejunum Segment

In this procedure, using a micromanipulator, lower the tip of the suction electrode into the organ bath. Then, gently aspirate some Krebs solution from the organ bath so that the tip of the electrode is submerged in the Krebs solution. Ensure that the Krebs solution covers the wire electrode inside the suction electrode.
Next, position the tip of the suction electrode immediately next to the transected afferent nerve strand, and draw the transected nerve strand into the capillary over its entire length. Maneuver the tip of the electrode towards the adipose tissue, and aspirate it into the glass capillary with the plunger, thereby mechanically sealing the nerve in the capillary from the contents of the organ bath.
To verify the recording of afferent nerve activity, perform a ramp distension-induced increase in afferent firing by closing the output port to lead to a gradual rise in pressure in the intestinal segment. Only perform the desired experimental protocol when three consecutive ramp distensions yield a reproducible multi-unit discharge.