Supported by NIH award R01 DK093525 (GFG). We greatly appreciate the scientific review and grammatical editing of the manuscript by Dr. Amber Shaffer (University of Pittsburgh) and thank Michael Burcham for assistance in preparation of figures.

NOTA: Este protocolo foi revisto e aprovado pela Universidade de Pittsburgh Institutional Animal Care e do Comitê Use. 1. Preparação da solução de Krebs modificado e teste de droga Alíquotas <ol><li> Adicione 6 L de solução de Krebs modificada, que contém (em mM): NaCl 117,9, KCl 4,7, NaHCO3 25, 1.3 NaH 2 PO 4, 1,2 MgSO4, 2,5 CaCl2, 11,1 de D-glucose, 2 butirato de sódio, acetato de sódio 20 , 0,004 nifedipina (para bloquear as contracções espontâneas do músculo), 0,003 e indometacina (para bloquear a síntese de prostaglandinas endógenas). Utilizar soluções ice-frias e quentes Krebs para dissecção dos tecidos e gravação de fibra única, respectivamente. </li><li> Preparar todas as soluções químicas (por exemplo, IS, capsaicina, ATP) em alíquotas a concentrações desejadas. </li></ol> 2. dissecção do tecido colorectum nervo- <ol><li> Anestesiar e eutanásia ratos machos (6-8 semanas de idade, 20 - 30 g) emuma câmara de CO 2 a um caudal que desloca 10 - 30% do volume da câmara por minuto até que os ratinhos parar de respirar completamente, como indicado pela ausência do movimento do tórax. </li><li> Imediatamente após a eutanásia, desangrar, cortando abrir a caixa torácica, perfurando o átrio direito, e imergindo a carcaça do mouse em um amplo volume de (~ 500 ml) de gelado Krebs solução (4 ° C) aeradas com carbogênio (95% O 2 , 5% de CO 2). </li><li> Remova cuidadosamente todas as vísceras, mas os dois pontos e pélvicas órgãos. Transecto o mouse pela metade em todo o segmento da coluna vertebral T12 ligeiramente acima do diafragma torácico e transferir a metade caudal para uma câmara de dissecção contendo gelo frio, borbulhar solução Krebs. </li><li> Sob um microscópio estereoscópico, remover a bexiga e os órgãos reprodutivos, ao seccionar os seus cruzamentos para a uretra, e remova o descendente / aorta abdominal até que se bifurca em artérias ilíacas comuns. Livre o PN ou o LSN de seu surrounding tecidos por dissecção romba e siga o nervo do lado de fora da crista ilíaca até o seu ponto de entrada ventral na L6 e S1 coluna vertebral (por PN) ou T13 e L1 coluna vertebral (por LSN). </li><li> Corte a sínfise púbica e à direita e articulações do acetábulo esquerda, e remova o osso ilíaco. Cuidadosamente livre tanto o PN ou LSN do músculo ligado e do tecido conjuntivo de perto da colorectum até onde o nervo entra na coluna vertebral. </li><li> Ressecar cuidadosamente o osso ilíaco para expor o colorectum distal. Dissecar o colorectum distal com o PN anexado ou LSN no continuum. </li><li> Transferir a colorectum com o nervo ligado ao compartimento da câmara de banho de tecido. Remover excesso de tecido conjuntivo por mais dissecação, e abrir o colorectum longitudinalmente ao longo da fronteira anti-mesentérica. </li><li> Com o lado da mucosa voltada para cima, o pino da borda mesentérica do colorectum adjacente ao compartimento de gravação para a base de silicone da chamber e anexar o comprimento antimesentérica do colorectum a um ancinho de ganchos ligados a um actuador de força (ilustrada na Figura 1 e fotografado na Figura 2A). </li><li> Estender o LSN PN ou no compartimento de gravação, o qual está ligado ao compartimento de banho por um buraco de rato e portão. Cuidadosamente, coloque o tronco do nervo sobre um espelho de vidro pequeno no compartimento de gravação, o que proporciona uma superfície hidrófila para o nervo para aderir. Superfuse compartimento do banho com água morna (30-32 ° C), solução de Krebs oxigenada e encher o compartimento de gravação com óleo mineral. </li></ol> Gravação 3. Single-fibra e localização do campo receptivo <ol><li> Retire cuidadosamente de volta o epineuro (bainha do nervo) do PN ou LSN, ao microscópio estereoscópico em alta ampliação (50 - 60X). Usando uma pinça fina, provocar o tronco do nervo em 5-8 feixes de nervos de ~ 100 m de espessura. </li><li> Coloque a referência de platina-irídioeléctrodo em contacto com a solução de Krebs na câmara de tecido. Sequencialmente colocar os feixes de nervos individuais sobre o eléctrodo de gravação feitos do mesmo material. </li><li> Use um pincel macio para evocar APs dos aferentes colorretais por acariciando acima e abaixo da superfície colorectal. Localize o pacote (s) de nervos que inervam o cólon através AP detectável (potencial de ação) gravações. NOTA: A PN e LSN também inervam a bexiga e outros órgãos pélvicos. </li><li> Use um par de 30 g pontas de agulha para dividir ainda mais o feixe de nervos em filamentos finos fascículo de ~ 10 mm de espessura e coloque um filamento indivíduo para o eletrodo de registro. </li><li> Coloque o eletrodo concêntrico rodada de ponta perpendicular à superfície da mucosa para excitar eletricamente terminações aferentes na intensidade suprathreshold estímulo (10 mA magnitude, 0,5 duração ms @ 0,3 Hz), que produz um raio de propagação mm atual ~ 2. Mova o eletrodo sistematicamente (~ 1,5 passos mm) Ao longo do comprimento e largura do colorectum achatadas para localizar terminações receptivas. </li><li> Quando um final aferentes está animado, ajustar a posição do eletrodo para identificar o local da ativação (campo receptivo, RF) que requer intensidade mínima de estímulo (limiar de estímulo). Descarte terminações com um limiar de estímulo&gt; 3 mA 19. </li><li> Calcula-se a velocidade de condução (CV) a partir de 1) a distância entre o eléctrodo estimulante no campo receptivo (RF) e o local de gravação e 2) o atraso na condução (por exemplo, a Figura 2B) entre o artefacto de estímulo e o aparecimento do potencial de acção . CV (m / s) = distância (mm) / atraso de condução (ms). </li></ol> 4. Classificação Funcional de Mechanosensitive colorretais Aferentes <ol><li> Depois de localizar um RF pela estimulação elétrica, aplicam-se as seguintes três estímulos mecânicos para a RF: <ol><li> Conduzir o estímulo sondagem pressionando a ponta de uma calibrated von Frey-like monofilamento de nylon (0,4 e 1 g vigor) perpendicularmente ao RF na colorectum achatada. </li><li> Conduzir o estímulo acariciando acariciando gentilmente a mucosa retal com uma multa fio de nylon de filamento (10 mg vigor) para gerar uma pequena tensão de corte superficial na RF. </li><li> Conduzir o trecho circular usando uma força atuador controlado por computador, o que proporciona uma força trecho em rampa (0-170 mN em 5 mn / seg) em direção circunferencial ao longo da borda anti-mesentérica do colorectum via o rake de ganchos descritos no passo 2.8 . </li></ol></li><li> Classifique aferentes como serosa (responder apenas a despontar sondagem), mucosa (responder a mucosa acariciando e neutralizar sondagem), muscular (responder ao estiramento circunferencial e neutralizar sondagem) muscular / mucosa (responder ao estiramento circunferencial, mucosa acariciando e neutralizar sondagem), ou MIA (não responsivos a qualquer um dos três estímulos mecânicos). </li><li> Para aferentes mesentéricos (apenas eminervação LSN) que são difíceis de ativar seletivamente pela estimulação elétrica, localize suas terminações receptivas acariciando mecânica / sondagem do mesentério. </li><li> Para aferentes sensíveis ao estiramento muscular e muscular (-mucosas), determinar o limiar de resposta, que é definida como a força que evoca o primeiro AP durante trecho em rampa. </li><li> Para aferentes serosa, gravar as suas respostas a ascendente níveis de pontuada sondagem do campo receptivo impulsionado pela força do atuador controlado por computador. </li></ol> 5. Chemical Aplicação / Modulação da Endings Receptivo <ol><li> Grave uma resposta de linha de base a um estímulo mecânico (ou seja, a resposta ao trecho em rampa, pontuada de sondagem, ou mucosa carícias). </li><li> Revestir a borda inferior de um pedaço de tubo (latão ou aço inoxidável, 10 mm de altura e 4 x 4 mm 2 quadrado ou 4 - 5 mm de diâmetro) com vaselina e colocá-lo sobre o campo receptivo no colorectum. </li><li> Removera solução de Krebs no interior do tubo, e exponha o fim receptivo para o 3 - 5 min a 170 ul da solução que contém o produto químico (s) a ser testado. </li><li> Monitorar a resposta das vias aferentes durante a aplicação de produtos químicos (aferentes são alguns quimiosensível). </li><li> Remover a solução química e tubos para terminar a acção do produto químico. Dentro de 4-6 min, testar a resposta de aferentes ao mesmo estímulo mecânico como na resposta de linha de base. </li><li> Reaplique o estímulo mecânico novamente após período suficiente de wash-out (&gt; 15 min). </li></ol> 6. spikes Gravação e Discriminando AP <ol><li> Digitalizar os sinais elétricos gravados a partir de axônios em 20 kHz e salvar os dados para um computador. Monitorar o sinal on-line por um monitor de áudio. </li><li> Analisar os pontos AP off-line e discriminar unidades individuais com base em análise de componentes principais das formas de onda de pico individuais 25. NOTA: Um registro não deve conter mais thum duas unidades activas facilmente discrimináveis. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

A preparação in vitro colorectum-nervo descrito aqui tem provado ser uma abordagem poderosa para estudar funções de codificação neural de aferentes colorretais individuais, que bem complementa outras abordagens não-funcionais (por exemplo, estudos celulares, moleculares e histológicos) sobre os neurônios sensoriais viscerais ( veja o comentário 27 para detalhes). Mecanismos neuronais que contribuem para a nocicepção e hipersensibilidade colorectal longo prazo foram revelados e ma...

Dor e hipersensibilidade são predominantes as queixas dos pacientes que sofrem de desordens gastrointestinais funcionais, incluindo o síndrome do intestino irritável (IBS), que existem na ausência de pathobiological causa aparente ou danos nos tecidos. Por exemplo, pacientes com SII exibem hipersensibilidade, incluindo respostas intensificadas para distensão rectal balão e aumento da sensibilidade na função normal do intestino, bem como a hipersensibilidade de referência somáticas (isto é, sensibilidade à palpação da zona abdominal) 1. Porque direccionamento aferentes colorectal tem provado ser eficaz no alívio da dor e hipersensibilidade em pacientes com IBS (por exemplo, a instilação intra-rectal de anestésicos locais 2,3; ingestão oral da guanilato ciclase C-agonista linaclotide 4-6), uma melhor compreensão do inervação aferente do colorectum é importante. Aferentes viscerais, incluindo aferentes colorretais, São capazes de responder às modalidades químicos / em nutrientes e térmicos (por exemplo, 7-9). No entanto, aferentes viscerais que respondem a estímulos mecânicos (ou seja, aferentes mechanosensitive) ter sido o mais estudado porque estímulos mecânicos (por exemplo, distensão luminal, estiramento) são aqueles que normalmente dão origem a sensações conscientes, incluindo desconforto e dor 10-16. Além disso, as vísceras também são inervados por aferentes insensíveis mecanicamente (MIAs), vulgarmente designados por silenciosas ou dormir nociceptors 17. Em condições fisiológicas normais, MIAs não respondem ao estímulo mecânico ou ter resposta muito alta limiares 18, mas pode se tornar ativo e adquirir mecanosensibilidade em condições fisiopatológicas e contribuir para a hipersensibilidade. Usando a preparação in vitro e protocolo descrito aqui, nós desenvolvemos e empregou uma estratégia de estímulo elétrico para o mar<html> RCH para terminações receptivas, permitindo a identificação imparcial de ambas as terminações mechanosensitive e MIA no colorectum 19. A inervação colorectal é derivado splanchnic lombar (LSN) e do nervo pélvico (PN) vias, e inclui aferentes colorretal que podem ser classificados em cinco classes mechanosensitive (serosa, mucosa, muscular, músculo-mucosa, mesentérica) e uma classe MIA 20. Usando esta preparação in vitro, verificou-se que MIAs colorretais adquirido mecanosensibilidade (sensibilizar) após uma breve exposição de seus campos receptivos a uma sopa inflamatória (IS), que sensibilizados 71% dos MIAs na via PN e 23% das MIAs na via LSN 19. Nós também documentada sensibilização a longo prazo (até 28 dias) de MI As no contexto da hipersensibilidade visceral comportamentais de longa duração (isto é, nos ratos que receberam os tratamentos com zimosan intracolónica 21 ou ácido 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenossulfónico (TNBS) 22) . jove_content &quot;&gt; Entre aferentes mechanosensitive, aferentes musculares e muscular-mucosas são as únicas classes que tonicamente codificam trecho circunferencial da colorectum (ou seja, são stretch-sensitive) e servir à codificação de nocivo distensão colorectal 23,24. Usando um computador controlado- força do actuador, foi aplicado um padrão, homogénea e reprodutível em rampa estiramento na direcção circunferencial do tecido colorectal achatada e mais categorizados aferentes sensíveis ao estiramento tão baixo limiar e de alto limiar 23. Além disso, o curso de tempo da sensibilização de estiramento aferentes sensíveis ao após zymosan intracolônica 21 ou 22 TNBS tratamento corresponde ao início, persistência e / ou recuperação de hipersensibilidade visceral comportamental, sugerindo um papel de aferentes colorretais sensíveis ao estiramento na dor visceral e hipersensibilidade.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1173">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:375px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:372px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Leica MZ16 stereo microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Leica IC D camera</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:375px;">Amplifier</td>
			<td>World Precision instruments, Inc.</td>
			<td>SYS-DAM80&#160;</td>
			<td>Low-noise differential amplifier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:375px;">Two-compartment tissue chamber</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Custom made</td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:375px;">Power1401</td>
			<td>Cambridge Electronic Design Limited</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Power1401</td>
			<td>Data acquisition, analog signal input/out</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:375px;">Spike2 v5.02</td>
			<td>Cambridge Electronic Design Limited</td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td>Software package that works with the Power1401</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:375px;">Audio monitor</td>
			<td>Natus</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Am 8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:375px;">Square pulse stimulator</td>
			<td>Natus</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">S48</td>
			<td>To deliver electrical stimuli</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:375px;">Photoelectric isolation unit</td>
			<td>Natus</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">PSIU6</td>
			<td>Stimulus isolation to reduce noise</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:375px;">Concentric bipolar microelectrode</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">FHC Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">CBFFG75</td>
			<td>To deliver electrical stimuli</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dual-mode lever system</td>
			<td>Aurora Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Series 300C&#160;</td>
			<td>To deliver mechanical stimuli</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:375px;">forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11252-00</td>
			<td>forceps with fine tips</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro functional characterization of mouse colorectal afferent endings

Este vídeo mostra em pormenor um protocolo de fibra única gravação electrofisiológico in vitro utilizando uma preparação colorectum rato-do nervo. A abordagem permite a identificação imparcial e caracterização funcional de aferentes colorretais individuais. Gravações extracelulares de potenciais de acção propagadas (APs) que se originam a partir de um ou alguns aferente (ou seja, de fibra única) campos receptivos (RFS) na colorectum fascículos são feitos de fibras nervosas provocavam. O colorectum é removido quer com o pélvica (PN) ou splanchnic lombar (LSN) do nervo ligado e abertos longitudinalmente. O tecido é colocado numa câmara de registo, fixado plana e perfundidas com solução de Krebs oxigenada. Estimulação elétrica Focal é usado para localizar as terminações aferentes colorretais, que são ainda mais testadas por três estímulos mecânicos distintos (sem corte sondagem, acariciando mucosa e stretch circunferencial) para categorizar funcionalmente os aferentes em cinco mechanosensiaulas operatório. Endings respondendo a nenhum desses estímulos mecânicos são classificados como aferentes mecanicamente insensíveis (MIAs). Ambos mechanosensitive e MIAs pode ser avaliado para a sensibilização (ou seja, a resposta melhorada, limiar reduzida e / ou aquisição de mecanosensibilidade) por exposição localizada entre os FR para produtos químicos (por exemplo, sopa inflamatória (IS), a capsaicina, trifosfato de adenosina (ATP)). Nós descrevemos o equipamento e preparação de gravação colorectum-nervo, colheita de colorectum com anexado PN ou LSN, identificação de FR no colorectum, gravação de fibra única de fascículos, e aplicação localizada de produtos químicos para a RF. Além disso, os desafios de preparação e aplicação de estimulação mecânica padronizada também são discutidos.

A configuração está ilustrada na Figura 1. Ela inclui uma câmara de tecido feito à medida que abriga o colorectum num compartimento de banho revestido de silicone e o nervo ligado num compartimento cheio com óleo mineral contígua. A câmara de dois compartimentos foi usinado a partir de um bloco sólido de plástico acrílico por uma máquina CNC; parte inferior de ambos os compartimentos foi posteriormente revestido com silicone firme para permitir a fácil pin para baixo do tecido colorretal. A...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In vitro Functional Characterization of Mouse Colorectal Afferent Endings at JoVE.com

In vitro Functional Characterization of Mouse Colorectal Afferent Endings

This video demonstrates a protocol for conducting single-fiber electrophysiological recordings on an in vitro mouse colorectum-nerve preparation.

In vitro caracterização funcional de Rato Colorretal Aferente Endings

This video demonstrates in detail an in vitro single-fiber electrophysiological recording protocol using a mouse colorectum-nerve preparation. The ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

In vitro Functional Characterization of Mouse Colorectal Afferent Endings

9.5K visualizações.  University of Pittsburgh. This video demonstrates a protocol for conducting single-fiber electrophysiological recordings on an in vitro mouse colorectum-nerve preparation. 

Vídeo: In vitro Functional Characterization of Mouse Colorectal Afferent Endings

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common movement disorder and affects 1% of people over the age of 60 1. Because ageing is the most important risk factor, cases of PD will increase during the next decades 2. Next to pathological protein folding and impaired protein degradation pathways, alterations of mitochondrial function and morphology were pointed out as further hallmark of neurodegeneration in PD 3-11.
After years of research in murine and human cancer cells as in vitro models to dissect molecular pathways of Parkinsonism, the use of human fibroblasts from patients and appropriate controls as ex vivo models has become a valuable research tool, if potential caveats are considered. Other than immortalized, rather artificial cell models, primary fibroblasts from patients carrying disease-associated mutations apparently reflect important pathological features of the human disease.
Here we delineate the procedure of taking skin biopsies, culturing human fibroblasts and using detailed protocols for essential microscopic techniques to define mitochondrial phenotypes. These were used to investigate different features associated with PD that are relevant to mitochondrial function and dynamics. Ex vivo, mitochondria can be analyzed in terms of their function, morphology, colocalization with lysosomes (the organelles degrading dysfunctional mitochondria) and degradation via the lysosomal pathway. These phenotypes are highly relevant for the identification of early signs of PD and may precede clinical motor symptoms in human disease-gene carriers. Hence, the assays presented here can be utilized as valuable tools to identify pathological features of neurodegeneration and help to define new therapeutic strategies in PD.

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson&#039;s Disease

Fibroblasts from patients carrying mutations in Parkinson's disease-causing genes represent an easily accessible ex vivo model to study disease-associated phenotypes. Live cell imaging gives the opportunity to study morphological and functional parameters in living cells. Here we describe the preparation of human fibroblasts and subsequent monitoring of mitochondrial phenotypes.

A utilização de recursos primários fibroblastos humanos de Monitoramento Fenótipos mitocondriais no Campo da Doença de Parkinson

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most  common movement disorder and affects 1% of people over the age of 60 1. Because ageing is  the most important ...

Medicina

In vitro Organoid Culture of Primary Mouse Colon Tumors

Several human and murine colon cancer cell lines have been established, physiologic integrity of colon tumors such as multiple cell layers, basal-apical polarity, ability to differentiate, and anoikis are not maintained in colon cancer derived cell lines. The present study demonstrates a method for culturing primary mouse colon tumor organoids adapted from Sato T et al. 1, which retains important physiologic features of colon tumors. This method consists of mouse colon tumor tissue collection, adjacent normal colon epithelium dissociation, colon tumor cells digestion into single cells, embedding colon tumor cells into matrigel, and selective culture based on the principle that tumor cells maintain growth on limiting nutrient conditions compared to normal epithelial cells.
The primary tumor organoids if isolated from genetically modified mice provide a very useful system to assess tumor autonomous function of specific genes. Moreover, the tumor organoids are amenable to genetic manipulation by virus meditated gene delivery; therefore signaling pathways involved in the colon tumorigenesis could also be extensively investigated by overexpression or knockdown. Primary tumor organoids culture provides a physiologic relevant and feasible means to study the mechanisms and therapeutic modalities for colon tumorigenesis.

In vitro Organoid Culture of Primary Mouse Colon Tumors

A simple method to establish primary murine colon tumor organoid is described. This method utilizes the feature that colon tumor cells survive and grow into organoids in media containing limited growth factors, whereas normal colon epithelial do not.

Em organoide Cultura in vitro de primário do mouse tumores do cólon

Several  human and murine colon cancer cell lines have been established, physiologic  integrity of colon tumors such as multiple cell layers, basal-apical ...

Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples

Cardiomyocytes from diseased hearts are subjected to complex remodeling processes involving changes in cell structure, excitation contraction coupling and membrane ion currents. Those changes are likely&#160;to be responsible for the increased arrhythmogenic risk and the contractile alterations leading to systolic and diastolic dysfunction in cardiac patients. However, most information on the alterations of myocyte function in cardiac diseases has come from animal models.
Here we describe and validate a protocol to isolate viable myocytes from small surgical samples of ventricular myocardium from patients undergoing cardiac surgery operations. The protocol is described in detail. Electrophysiological and intracellular calcium measurements are reported to demonstrate the feasibility of a number of single cell measurements in human ventricular cardiomyocytes obtained with this method.
The protocol reported here can be useful for future investigations of the cellular and molecular basis of functional alterations of the human heart in the presence of different cardiac diseases. Further, this method can be used to identify novel therapeutic targets at cellular level and to test the effectiveness of new compounds on human cardiomyocytes, with direct translational value.

Current knowledge on the cellular basis of cardiac diseases mostly relies on studies on animal models. Here we describe and validate a novel method to obtain single viable cardiomyocytes from small surgical samples of human ventricular myocardium. Human ventricular myocytes can be used for electrophysiological studies and drug testing.

Isolamento e caracterização funcional de Ventricular Humano cardiomiócitos a partir de amostras cirúrgicas frescos

Cardiomyocytes from diseased hearts are subjected to complex remodeling processes involving changes in cell structure, excitation contraction coupling and ...

Establishment and Characterization of UTI and CAUTI in a Mouse Model

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are highly prevalent, a significant cause of morbidity and are increasingly resistant to treatment with antibiotics. Females are disproportionately afflicted by UTI: 50% of all women will have a UTI in their lifetime. Additionally, 20-40% of these women who have an initial UTI will suffer a recurrence with some suffering frequent recurrences with serious deterioration in the quality of life, pain and discomfort, disruption of daily activities, increased healthcare costs, and few treatment options other than long-term antibiotic prophylaxis. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the primary causative agent of community acquired UTI. Catheter-associated UTI (CAUTI) is the most common hospital acquired infection accounting for a million occurrences in the US annually and dramatic healthcare costs. While UPEC is also the primary cause of CAUTI, other causative agents are of increased significance including Enterococcus faecalis. Here we utilize two well-established mouse models that recapitulate many of the clinical characteristics of these human diseases. For UTI, a C3H/HeN model recapitulates many of the features of UPEC virulence observed in humans including host responses, IBC formation and filamentation. For CAUTI, a model using C57BL/6 mice, which retain catheter bladder implants, has been shown to be susceptible to E. faecalis bladder infection. These representative models are being used to gain striking new insights into the pathogenesis of UTI disease, which is leading to the development of novel therapeutics and management or prevention strategies.

The ability to model urinary tract infections (UTI) is crucial in order to be able to understand bacterial pathogenesis and spawn the development of novel therapeutics. This work&#8217;s goal is to demonstrate mouse models of experimental UTI and catheter associated UTI that recapitulate and predict findings seen in humans.

Criação e Caracterização da UTI e CAUTI em um modelo de rato

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are highly prevalent, a significant cause of morbidity and are increasingly resistant to treatment with antibiotics. ...

Assessment of Cardiac Morphological and Functional Changes in Mouse Model of Transverse Aortic Constriction by Echocardiographic Imaging

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice has been used as a valuable model to study mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure1. A reliable noninvasive method is essential to assess real-time cardiac morphological and functional changes in animal models of heart disease. Transthoracic echocardiography represents an important tool for noninvasive assessment of cardiac structure and function2. Here we used a high-resolution ultrasound imaging system to monitor myocardial remodeling and heart failure progression over time in a mouse model of TAC. B-mode, M-mode, and Doppler imaging were used to precisely assess cardiac hypertrophy, ventricular dilatation, and functional deterioration in mice following TAC. Color and pulse wave (PW) Doppler imaging was used to noninvasively measure pressure gradient across the aortic constriction created by TAC and to assess transmitral blood flow in mice. Thus transthoracic echocardiographic imaging provides comprehensive noninvasive measurements of cardiac dimensions and function in mouse models of heart disease.

The goal of this protocol is to noninvasively assess cardiac structural and functional changes in a mouse model of heart disease created by transverse aortic constriction, using B- and M-mode echocardiography and color/pulse wave Doppler imaging.

Avaliação da morfológicas e funcionais cardíacas Mudanças no Modelo rato de Transverse aórtica constrição por ecocardiográfica de imagem

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice has been used as a valuable model to study mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure1. A reliable ...

Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature: Relevance to CNS Diseases

Remodeling of the brain vasculature is a common trait of brain pathologies. In vivo imaging techniques are fundamental to detect cerebrovascular plasticity or damage occurring overtime and in relation to neuronal activity or blood flow. In vivo two-photon microscopy allows the study of the structural and functional plasticity of large cellular units in the living brain. In particular, the thinned-skull window preparation allows the visualization of cortical regions of interest (ROI) without inducing significant brain inflammation. Repetitive imaging sessions of cortical ROI are feasible, providing the characterization of disease hallmarks over time during the progression of numerous CNS diseases. This technique accessing the pial structures within 250 &#956;m of the brain relies on the detection of fluorescent probes encoded by genetic cellular markers and/or vital dyes. The latter (e.g., fluorescent dextrans) are used to map the luminal compartment of cerebrovascular structures. Germane to the protocol described herein is the use of an in vivo marker of amyloid deposits, Methoxy-O4, to assess Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) progression. We also describe the post-acquisition image processing used to track vascular changes and amyloid depositions. While focusing presently on a model of AD, the described protocol is relevant to other CNS disorders where pathological cerebrovascular changes occur.

Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature: Relevance to CNS Diseases

This manuscript describes a procedure to track the remodeling of the cerebrovasculature during amyloid plaque accumulation in vivo using longitudinal two-photon microscopy. A thinned-skull preparation enables the visualization of fluorescent dyes to assess the progression of cerebrovascular damage in a mouse model of Alzheimer&#39;s disease.

Longitudinal<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Imagens do Cerebrovasculature: Relevância para doenças do SNC

Remodeling of the brain vasculature is a common trait of brain pathologies. In vivo imaging techniques are fundamental to detect cerebrovascular ...

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Magnetized miR-modified Endothelial Cells

To date, the available surgical and pharmacological treatments for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are limited and often palliative. At the same time, gene and cell therapies are highly promising alternative approaches for CVD treatment. However, the broad clinical application of gene therapy is greatly limited by the lack of suitable gene delivery systems. The development of appropriate gene delivery vectors can provide a solution to current challenges in cell therapy. In particular, existing drawbacks, such as limited efficiency and low cell retention in the injured organ, could be overcome by appropriate cell engineering (i.e., genetic) prior to transplantation. The presented protocol describes the efficient and safe transient modification of endothelial cells using a polyethyleneimine superparamagnetic magnetic nanoparticle (PEI/MNP)-based delivery vector. Also, the algorithm and methods for cell characterization are defined. The successful intracellular delivery of microRNA (miR) into human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) has been achieved without affecting cell viability, functionality, or intercellular communication. Moreover, this approach was proven to cause a strong functional effect in introduced exogenous miR. Importantly, the application of this MNP-based vector ensures cell magnetization, with accompanying possibilities of magnetic targeting and non-invasive MRI tracing. This may provide a basis for magnetically guided, genetically engineered cell therapeutics that can be monitored non-invasively with MRI.

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Magnetized miR-modified Endothelial Cells

This manuscript describes the efficient, non-viral delivery of miR to endothelial cells by a PEI/MNP vector and their magnetization. Thus, in addition to genetic modification, this approach allows for magnetic cell guidance and MRI detectability. The technique can be used to improve the characteristics of therapeutic cell products.

preparação e<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Caracterização de magnetizado miR-modificado Células Endoteliais

To date, the available surgical and pharmacological treatments for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are limited and often palliative. At the same time, gene ...

Development and Functional Characterization of Murine Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells

The immune system operates by maintaining a tight balance between coordinating responses against foreign antigens and maintaining an unresponsive state against self-antigens as well as antigens derived from commensal organisms. The disruption of this immune homeostasis can lead to chronic inflammation and to the development of autoimmunity. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the professional antigen-presenting cells of the innate immune system involved in activating na&#239;ve T cells to initiate immune responses against foreign antigens. However, DCs can also be differentiated into TolDCs that act to maintain and promote T cell tolerance and to suppress effector cells contributing to the development of either autoimmune or chronic inflammation conditions. The recent advancement in our understanding of TolDCs suggests that DC tolerance can be achieved by modulating their differentiation conditions. This phenomenon has led to tremendous growth in developing TolDC therapies for numerous immune disorders caused due to break in immune tolerance. Successful studies in preclinical autoimmunity murine models have further validated the immunotherapeutic utility of TolDCs in the treatment of autoimmune disorders. Today, TolDCs have become a promising immunotherapeutic tool in the clinic for reinstating immune tolerance in various immune disorders by targeting pathogenic autoimmune responses while leaving protective immunity intact. Although an array of strategies has been proposed by multiple labs to induce TolDCs, there is no consistency in characterizing the cellular and functional phenotype of these cells. This protocol provides a step-by-step guide for the development of bone marrow-derived DCs in large numbers, a unique method used to differentiate them into TolDCs with a synthetic triterpenoid 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid-difluoro-propyl-amide (CDDO-DFPA), and the techniques used to confirm their phenotype, including analyses of essential molecular signatures of TolDCs. Finally, we show a method to assess TolDC function by testing their immunosuppressive response in vitro and in vivo in a preclinical model of multiple sclerosis.

Here, we present a protocol to develop and characterize tolerogenic dendritic cells (TolDCs) and evaluate their immunotherapeutic utility.

Desenvolvimento e caracterização funcional de células dendríticas Tolerogenic murino

The immune system operates by maintaining a tight balance between coordinating responses against foreign antigens and maintaining an unresponsive state ...

Functional Characterization of Endogenously Expressed Human RYR1 Variants

More than 700 variants in the RYR1 gene have been identified in patients with different neuromuscular disorders including malignant hyperthermia susceptibility, core myopathies and centronuclear myopathy. Because of the diverse phenotypes linked to RYR1 mutations it is fundamental to characterize their functional effects to classify variants carried by patients for future therapeutic interventions and identify non-pathogenic variants. Many laboratories have been interested in developing methods to functionally characterize RYR1 mutations expressed in patients&#39; cells. This approach has numerous advantages, including: mutations are endogenously expressed, RyR1 is not over-expressed, use of heterologous RyR1 expressing cells is avoided. However, since patients may present mutations in different genes aside RYR1, it is important to compare results from biological material from individuals harboring the same mutation, with different genetic backgrounds. The present manuscript describes methods developed to study the functional effects of endogenously expressed RYR1 variants in: (a) Epstein Barr virus immortalized human B-lymphocytes and (b) satellite cells derived from muscle biopsies and differentiated into myotubes. Changes in the intracellular calcium concentration triggered by the addition of a pharmacological RyR1 activators are then monitored. The selected cell type is loaded with a ratiometric fluorescent calcium indicator and intracellular [Ca2+] changes are monitored either at the single cell level by fluorescence microscopy or in cell populations using a spectrofluorometer. The resting [Ca2+], agonist dose response curves are then compared between cells from healthy controls and patients harboring RYR1 variants leading to insight into the functional effect of a given variant.

Here methods used to study the functional effect of RYR1 mutations endogenously expressed in Epstein Barr Virus immortalized human B-lymphocytes and muscle biopsy derived satellite cells differentiated into myotubes are described.

Caracterização funcional de variantes ryr1 humanas expressas e endógenas

More than 700 variants in the RYR1 gene have been identified in patients with different neuromuscular disorders including malignant hyperthermia ...

Occlusion of the Great and Small Saphenous Vein Using Copolymeric Glue Based on N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate and Methacryloxy Sulfolane

We present the preliminary results of a longitudinal observational study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness and safety at different short- and long-term follow-ups of vascular occlusion of the great saphenous vein (GSV) and small saphenous vein (SSV) affected by severe pathological reflux, using an innovative modified cyanoacrylate surgical glue composed of N-butyl cyanoacrylate and methacryloxy sulfolane (NBCA+MS). Ninety patients, prospectively recruited for 1 year, underwent the study with EcoColor-Doppler (ECD) to evaluate the maximum diameters of the GSV and SSV in the orthostatic position and the reflux time (RT). An RT greater than 0.5 s was considered pathologic. Clinical, etiology, anatomy, and pathophysiology (CEAP) assessment was used for the complete evaluation of each patient in the study. All the patients were treated by NBCA+MS glue to obtain vein occlusion and observed before treatment (baseline; T0), within 6 h after treatment (T1), 1 month after treatment (T2), 3 months after treatment (T3), 6 months after treatment (T4), and 1 year after treatment (T5). Chi-square (&#967;) analysis was performed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the treatment. All the patients participated in the entire duration of the study. Complete occlusion was maintained in 100% of patients at T1, 98.9% at T2 and T3, and 97.8% at T4 and T5 (p &lt; 0.001). None of the patients suffered from post-surgical thrombosis. No blue hyperpigmentation, or paresthesia was observed during the entire observation period. Immediately after treatment, 7.7% of patients needed painkillers; 1 week after treatment, 100% of patients returned to normal life. Vascular occlusion of the great or small saphenous vein using NBCA+MS glue is a safe procedure with persistent benefits after a 1 year follow-up. This procedure can be performed with local anesthesia, allowing a quick return to normal life. Thanks to its low invasiveness, the treatment is not painful.

Here, we present a protocol to treat the great saphenous vein (GSV) and the small saphenous vein (SSV) affected by severe pathological reflux, using an original sclerosing and embolizing cyanoacrylate-based glue composed of N-butyl cyanoacrylate and methacryloxy sulfolane (NBCA+MS).