Agradecemos o Dr. Rob Sladek para o uso dos auxiliares do inkjet. Reconhecemos o apoio final dos institutos canadenses para pesquisa de saúde (CIHR), as ciências naturais e engenharia pesquisa Conselho de Canadá (NSERC), Instituto de pesquisa canadense de sociedade cancros e a Fundação do Canadá para a inovação (CFI). Obrigado D.J. suporte de uma cadeira de pesquisa do Canadá.

1. fabricação e armazenamento de fichas de snap <ol><li>método de transferência única ( Figura 1a) <ol><li>ponto táxi soluções contendo 400 µ g/mL anticorpos e glicerol 20% em tampão fosfato salino (PBS) para uma nitrocelulose (ou um vidro funcionalizado) slide de ensaio com um jato de tinta microarray spotter 13 em uma umidade relativa de 60% (1.2 nL para cada spot) com espaçamento de centro--800 µm. Certifique-se de que o slide é fixado sobre o convés do observador de acordo com um canto (aqui, foi usado o canto inferior esquerdo).</li>
		<li>Incubar o slide manchado ensaio à temperatura ambiente durante 1 h com uma humidade relativa de 60%.</li>
		<li>Pinça uma junta de módulo de slide com 16 compartimentos no slide do ensaio para dividi-lo em 16 poços. Enxágue o slide três vezes adicionando 80 µ l de PBS contendo 0,1% Tween-20 (PBST) em cada bem e tremendo a 450 rpm num agitador, 5 minutos de cada vez.</li>
		<li>Adicionar 80 µ l de bloqueio soluções para cada um bem e agitar durante 1 h a 450 rpm.</li>
		<li>Remover a junta e seque o slide de ensaio com um fluxo de nitrogênio.</li>
		<li>Consertar um slide de transferência do convés de observador e empurrar o canto inferior esquerdo do slide contra o canto inferior esquerdo do baralho observador. Jato de tinta manchar uma matriz de marcas de alinhamento (uma solução de microesferas de poliestireno) com o mesmo layout que para os táxis.</li>
		<li>Seque as marcas de alinhamento. O slide de transferência da aleta e colocá-lo de volta para o convés do observador, fixação contra o canto inferior esquerdo.</li>
		<li>Preparar o dAb manchando soluções contendo 20 µ g/mL anticorpos, 20% de glicerol e 1% de BSA.</li>
		<li>Usando o localizador &#39; s câmera, tire uma foto de uma marca de alinhamento. Implementar esta imagem no programa como um fiducial manchar e obter o sistema de reconhecimento de imagem dos auxiliares do inkjet para identificar a marca mais superior esquerda. Use seu coordenar como o primeiro ponto da matriz dAb. Ponto 8 nL por gota com um espaçamento de centro a centro de 800 µm.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Método de transferência dupla ( Figura 1b) <ol><li>colocar um slide de transferência 1 no convés de observador de jato de tinta contra o canto inferior esquerdo. Ponto de táxis soluções contendo 400 µ g/mL anticorpos, 20% de glicerol e 1% BSA em PBS a lâmina com um localizador de microarray de jato de tinta em uma umidade relativa de 60% (0.4 nL para cada local e ~ 200 µm de diâmetro). O espaçamento do centro-à-centro é 400 µm.</li>
		<li>Estalar o slide de ensaio de slide com uma nitrocelulose revestido (ou um vidro funcionalizado) transferência usando um aparelho de pressão ( Figura 2) para transferir as gotas de táxi para o slide de ensaio.
		<ol><li>Vez todos os seis botões no lado do aparelho de pressão em 90 graus para puxar e travar todos os êmbolos na posição aberta. Introduza o slide de transferência no suporte de slide em seu receptáculo com o canto cortado virado para o pino fixo pogo. Vire o primeiro conjunto de três botões para liberar os êmbolos com o pino de pogo ouro e certifique-se que os slides são empurrados contra os pinos de alinhamento.</li>
			<li>Inserir um slide de nitrocelulose revestido no snap aparelhos de ponta-cabeça sentado nos 4 pinos pogo. Virar o segundo conjunto de três botões para libertar êmbolos com o pino prateado e certifique-se que os slides são empurrados contra os pinos de alinhamento.</li>
			<li>Fechar o aparelho de pressão, colocando o revestimento superior no suporte do slide usando o alinhamento pilares e buracos para um posicionamento preciso.</li>
			<li>Inserir o aparelho de pressão fechado em sua gaiola e aperte a aba de fechamento completamente para trazer os microarrays face a face e aplicando a pressão adequada. Manter fechado por 1 min.</li>
		</ol></li> <li>Separar os slides. Incube o slide de ensaio à temperatura ambiente durante 1 h com uma humidade relativa de 60%. Lavar, bloquear e secar o slide de ensaio conforme descrito nas etapas 1.1.3 - 1.1.5.</li>
		<li>Coloque outro slide de transferência sobre o convés do observador de jato de tinta e empurre contra o canto inferior esquerdo. Soluções de ponto dAb contendo 50 ou 100 µ g/mL de anticorpos (ver tabela 1), 20% de glicerol e 1% de BSA em PBS. Certifique-se de que cada ponto é 0.8 nL e o centro--espaçamento entre pontos é de 400 µm.</li>
		<li>Armazenar o ensaio e o slide de transferência. Selo do ensaio e a transferência de slides em um saco hermético contendo dessecante e colocar no congelador-20 ° C.</li>
	</ol></li></ol> 2. Multiplexado imunoensaios com snap chips <ol><li>recuperar o slide de ensaio do freezer. Deixar o saco selado por 30 min até que o slide vem à temperatura ambiente.</li>
	Série 7-ponto de <li>preparar diluído soluções de amostra por cravação proteínas em PBS contendo 0,05% Tween-20. 
	Nota: Aqui, um factor de diluição de 5-fold é usado. As concentrações inicial para cada proteína estão listadas na tabela 1.</li>
	<li>Preparar soluções de amostra conforme apropriado. Por exemplo, diluir o soro humano 4 vezes em tampão PBST.</li>
	<li>Braçadeira uma junta 16-compartimento do slide ensaio.</li>
	<li>Preencher uma coluna de 8 poços com as soluções de diluição de 7 proteína e uma solução-tampão PBST livre de proteína por pipetagem. Pipetar as soluções de amostra em outros 8 poços no mesmo slide. 
	Nota: podem ser ajustar 80 soluções µ l em cada poço. Mais slides podem ser usados para medir amostras adicionais quando necessário.</li>
	<li>Incubar as amostras num agitador a 450 rpm 1 h à temperatura ambiente ou para pernoite no 4 ° C. lavagem do slide 3 vezes com PBST no agitador a 450 rpm, 5 minutos de cada vez. Remova a gaxeta e seque o slide em um fluxo de gás nitrogênio.</li>
	<li>Recuperar o slide de transferência com pinceladas do congelador. Manter o saco selado por 30 min à temperatura ambiente. Em seguida, incubar o slide em uma câmara fechada (por exemplo, caixa de dicas vazio) contendo grânulos de estabilização de umidade de 60% por 20 min para reidratação.</li>
	<li>Estalar o slide de transferência com o slide de ensaio usando um aparelho de pressão ( Figura 2) para transferir as gotas de bagatela. Ver secção 1.2.2 para a operação do aparato snap.</li>
	<li>Separar os slides. Incubar o slide de ensaio em uma câmara fechada contendo grânulos de estabilização de umidade de 60% para h. 1 braçadeira do slide de ensaio com uma junta de 16-compartimento e enxaguar o slide 4 vezes usando PBST num agitador a 450 rpm, 5 minutos de cada vez.</li>
	<li>Pipeta 80 µ l de soluções contendo 2,5 µ g/mL streptavidin fluoróforo na PBS em cada poço. Incubar durante 20 min em uma coqueteleira a 450 rpm.</li>
	<li>Enxaguar o slide 3 vezes com PBST e uma vez com água destilada no agitador a 450 rpm. Remova a gaxeta e seque o slide usando gás nitrogênio.</li>
</ol> 3. Deslize a verificação e análise de dados <ol><li>digitalizar o slide de ensaio com um scanner de microarray de fluorescência usando o laser de 635 nm.</li>
	<li>Extrair a intensidade líquida de cada ponto, usando uma análise de software (por exemplo, o analisador de matriz-pro) 16.</li>
	<li>Calcular o limite de detecção (LOD) de cada proteína usando um software de estatísticas e determinar as concentrações de proteína em amostras de. 
	Nota: O LOD é definida como a intercepção de Y da norma cuEva, incrementada por três vezes o desvio padrão de três ensaios independentes.</li>
</ol>

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M., Juncker, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serial+analysis+of+38+proteins+during+the+progression+of+human+breast+tumor+in+mice+using+an+antibody+colocalization+microarray.">Serial analysis of 38 proteins during the progression of human breast tumor in mice using an antibody colocalization microarray.</a> Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 14, 1024-1037 (2015).</li><li>Bergeron, S., Laforte, V., Lo, P. S., Li, H., Juncker, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluating+mixtures+of+14+hygroscopic+additives+to+improve+antibody+microarray+performance.">Evaluating mixtures of 14 hygroscopic additives to improve antibody microarray performance.</a> Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 407 (28), 8451-8462 (2015).</li><li>Whiteaker, J. 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McGill University apresentou um pedido de patente sobre alguns aspectos desse trabalho com Huiyan Li e David Juncker como inventores.

Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma tecnologia de chip de pressão que faz com que o livre de cross-reactivity multiplex imunoensaios amplamente disponíveis para os pesquisadores com configuração básica experimental. Diferente da existente Microarrays do anticorpo, nenhum observador microarray é necessária para os usuários finais. Tanto single e double métodos de transferência são demonstrados e transferência dupla oferece precisão de alinhamento superior para ~ 40 μm para manchas de 98%, com o maior desalinham...

Um painel de biomarcadores, compreendendo várias proteínas pode fornecer maior sensibilidade e especificidade do que um único biomarcador no diagnóstico de doenças complexas como câncer1,2. O ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) tem sido a padrão-ouro tecnologia utilizada em laboratórios clínicos, alcançar um limite de detecção em baixa pg/mL no plasma, mas os limites para um destino por ensaio3,4,5. Os microarrays do anticorpo foram desenvolvidos para acomodar milhares de ensaios miniaturizados conduzidas em paralelo em um microscópio único slide6,7,8. No entanto, a capacidade de multiplexação desse método é limitada pela reactividade cruzada orientada no reagente, decorrentes da aplicação de uma mistura de dAbs, e torna-se mais problemático com um número crescente de destinos9,10 , 11. Pla et al. afirmaram que a vulnerabilidade resultante de um ensaio de sanduíche multiplex dimensiona como 4N(N-1) onde N é o número dos alvos12.
Para atenuar a reactividade cruzada em Microarrays do anticorpo, o anticorpo colocalization microarray (ACM) foi desenvolvido em nosso laboratório para ensaio de sanduíche multiplex12. Anticorpos de captura (táxis) estão manchados em uma carcaça com um localizador de microarray. Após bloqueio amostras são aplicadas na superfície, e então pinceladas individuais são avistadas nos mesmos pontos com o complexo antígeno-táxi. Todos os cenários de reactividade cruzada entre antígenos e anticorpos podem ser atenuados com ACM, e limites de detecção em pg/mL foram alcançados. No entanto, o protocolo de ensaio requer preparação e manchando os dAbs durante os experimentos usando um localizador de microarray no local com alta precisão para efeito de alinhamento, que é caro e demorado, limitando a ampla aplicação desta tecnologia na outros laboratórios. Um ACM portátil, chamado snap chip foi desenvolvido para cross-reactivity-free e livre de observador multiplex sanduíche imunoensaios13,14,15. Táxis e pinceladas são pre-manchadas em um slide de ensaio e um slide de transferência respectivamente em formato de microarray e armazenadas. Durante o ensaio, os slides são recuperados e um microarray de pinceladas são transferidos coletivamente para o slide de ensaio simplesmente estalar dois chips juntos. Um aparelho de pressão é usado para transferência fiável de reagente. Slides de nitrocelulose revestido com uma capacidade de ligação do anticorpo relativamente grande têm sido usados como os slides de ensaio para absorver as gotas de líquido e, assim, facilitar a transferência de reagente, no entanto, os slides são mais caros que microarray e corrediças de vidro normal os scanners compatíveis com lâminas transparentes são necessários para a aquisição do sinal.
Neste trabalho, vamos demonstrar o protocolo da realização de um imunoensaio sanduíche multiplex com um chip de snap. Um aparelho de pressão romance foi desenvolvido para transferência de reagente mais conveniente e confiável de microarray-para-microarray. Importante, aqui nós temos estabelecido o método de transferência de reagente para lâminas de vidro normal com o chip de snap. 1024 pontos com êxito foram transferidos e alinhados numa lâmina de vidro, ampliando significativamente o uso desta tecnologia na maioria dos laboratórios.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline tablet</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>5246501EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptavidin-conjugated Cy5</td>
			<td>Rockland</td>
			<td>s000-06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween-20</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>p1379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Inc</td>
			<td>001-000-162</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G5516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blocking solution: BSA-free StabilGuard Choice Microarray Stabilizer</td>
			<td>SurModics, Inc</td>
			<td>SG02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrocellulose coated slides</td>
			<td>Grace Bio-Laboratories, Inc</td>
			<td>305116</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aminosilane coated slides</td>
			<td>Schott North America</td>
			<td>1064875</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Snap Device</td>
			<td>Parallex BioAssays Inc.</td>
			<td>PBA-SD01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inkjet microarray spotter</td>
			<td>GeSiM</td>
			<td>Nanoplotter 2.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slide module gasket</td>
			<td>Grace Bio-Laboratories, Inc</td>
			<td>204862</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Humidity Stabilization Beads</td>
			<td>Parallex BioAssays Inc.</td>
			<td>PBA-HU60</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Array-Pro Analyzer software</td>
			<td>Media Cybernetics</td>
			<td>Version 4.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence microarray scanner</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>SureScan Microarray Scanner</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biostatistics software</td>
			<td>GraphPad Software</td>
			<td>GraphPad Prism 6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endoglin capture antibody</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>MAB10972</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endoglin protein</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>1097-EN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endoglin detection antibody</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>BAF1097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-6a (see Table 1)</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-6b (see Table 1)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

snap chip for cross-reactivity-free and spotter-free multiplexed sandwich immunoassays

Multiplexado proteína análise mostrou sensibilidade diagnóstica superior e precisão em comparação com proteínas única. Os microarrays do anticorpo permitem milhares de micro escala imunoensaios executados simultaneamente em um único chip. Formato de ensaio sanduíche melhora a especificidade do ensaio, detectando cada alvo com dois anticorpos, mas sofre de reactividade cruzada entre reagentes, limitando assim a sua capacidade de multiplexação. Anticorpo colocalization microarray (ACM) foi desenvolvido para a deteção de proteínas multiplexado cross-reactivity-livre, mas requer um caro observador no local para a fabricação de microarray durante os ensaios. Neste trabalho, vamos demonstrar uma tecnologia de chip de snap que transfere o reagente de microarray-para-microarray por simplesmente tirando dois chips juntos, que assim, nenhum observador é necessária durante a incubação da amostra e posterior aplicação de anticorpos de deteção (dAbs) em cima armazenamento de slides pre-manchados, dissociando a preparação de slide da execução do ensaio. Ambos os métodos de transferência de simples e duplas são apresentados para atingir o alinhamento exato entre os dois microarrays e a fabricação de slide para ambos os métodos são descritos. Os resultados mostram que &#60; 40 μm alinhamento foi conseguido com dupla transferência, atingindo uma densidade de matriz de 625 pontos/cm2. Um imunoensaio 50-plexed já foram realizado para demonstrar a facilidade de utilização do chip snap na análise de proteína multiplexado. Limites de detecção de 35 proteínas estão no intervalo de pg/mL.

O procedimento de ensaio para single e double métodos de transferência é mostrado na Figura 1. Na única transferência, os táxis são vistos diretamente no slide do ensaio e as pinceladas são transferidas para o slide de ensaio mediante a utilização de um padrão de espelho dos táxis (Figura 1a). Procedimento de transferência apenas uma é necessário, mas este método sofre de desalinhamento entre os dois microarrays, ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Snap Chip for Cross-reactivity-free and Spotter-free Multiplexed Sandwich Immunoassays at JoVE.com

Snap Chip for Cross-reactivity-free and Spotter-free Multiplexed Sandwich Immunoassays

Vamos demonstrar uma tecnologia de chip de snap para a realização de imunoensaios sanduíche multiplexado cross-reactivity-livre simplesmente estalar dois slides. Um aparelho de pressão é usado para transferência fiável de reagentes de microarray-para-microarray. O chip de pressão pode ser usado para qualquer reações bioquímicas que exigem colocalization de diferentes reagentes sem contaminação.

Snap o Chip para imunoensaios livre de Cross-reactivity e Spotter sanduíche multiplexado

Multiplexed protein analysis has shown superior diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy compared to single proteins. Antibody microarrays allow for thousands ...

snap-chip-for-cross-reactivity-free-spotter-free-multiplexed-sandwich

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

6.4K visualizações.  McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre. Vamos demonstrar uma tecnologia de chip de snap para a realização de imunoensaios sanduíche multiplexado cross-reactivity-livre simplesmente estalar dois slides. Um aparelho de pressão é usado para transferência fiável de reagentes de microarray-para-microarray. O chip de pressão pode ser usado para qualquer reações bioquímicas que exigem colocalization de diferentes reagentes sem contaminação.

Vídeo: Snap Chip for Cross-reactivity-free and Spotter-free Multiplexed Sandwich Immunoassays

Fluorescence detection methods for microfluidic droplet platforms

The development of microfluidic platforms for performing chemistry and biology has in large part been driven by a range of potential benefits that accompany system miniaturisation. Advantages include the ability to efficiently process nano- to femoto- liter volumes of sample, facile integration of functional components, an intrinsic predisposition towards large-scale multiplexing, enhanced analytical throughput, improved control and reduced instrumental footprints.1
In recent years much interest has focussed on the development of droplet-based (or segmented flow) microfluidic systems and their potential as platforms in high-throughput experimentation.2-4 Here water-in-oil emulsions are made to spontaneously form in microfluidic channels as a result of capillary instabilities between the two immiscible phases. Importantly, microdroplets of precisely defined volumes and compositions can be generated at frequencies of several kHz. Furthermore, by encapsulating reagents of interest within isolated compartments separated by a continuous immiscible phase, both sample cross-talk and dispersion (diffusion- and Taylor-based) can be eliminated, which leads to minimal cross-contamination and the ability to time analytical processes with great accuracy. Additionally, since there is no contact between the contents of the droplets and the channel walls (which are wetted by the continuous phase) absorption and loss of reagents on the channel walls is prevented.
Once droplets of this kind have been generated and processed, it is necessary to extract the required analytical information. In this respect the detection method of choice should be rapid, provide high-sensitivity and low limits of detection, be applicable to a range of molecular species, be non-destructive and be able to be integrated with microfluidic devices in a facile manner. To address this need we have developed a suite of experimental tools and protocols that enable the extraction of large amounts of photophysical information from small-volume environments, and are applicable to the analysis of a wide range of physical, chemical and biological parameters. Herein two examples of these methods are presented and applied to the detection of single cells and the mapping of mixing processes inside picoliter-volume droplets. We report the entire experimental process including microfluidic chip fabrication, the optical setup and the process of droplet generation and detection.

Droplet-based microfluidic platforms are promising candidates for high throughput experimentation since they are able to generate picoliter, self-compartmentalized vessels inexpensively at kHz rates. Through integration with fast, sensitive and high resolution fluorescence spectroscopic methods, the large amounts of information generated within these systems can be efficiently extracted, harnessed and utilized.

Métodos de detecção de fluorescência para as plataformas de gotículas microfluídicos

The development of microfluidic platforms for performing chemistry and biology has in large part been driven by a range of potential benefits that ...

Bioengenharia

On-chip Isotachophoresis for Separation of Ions and Purification of Nucleic Acids

Electrokinetic techniques are a staple of microscale applications because of their unique ability to perform a variety of fluidic and electrophoretic processes in simple, compact systems with no moving parts. Isotachophoresis (ITP) is a simple and very robust electrokinetic technique that can achieve million-fold preconcentration1,2 and efficient separation and extraction based on ionic mobility.3 For example, we have demonstrated the application of ITP to separation and sensitive detection of unlabeled ionic molecules (e.g. toxins, DNA, rRNA, miRNA) with little or no sample preparation4-8 and to extraction and purification of nucleic acids from complex matrices including cell culture, urine, and blood.9-12
ITP achieves focusing and separation using an applied electric field and two buffers within a fluidic channel system. For anionic analytes, the leading electrolyte (LE) buffer is chosen such that its anions have higher effective electrophoretic mobility than the anions of the trailing electrolyte (TE) buffer (Effective mobility describes the observable drift velocity of an ion and takes into account the ionization state of the ion, as described in detail by Persat et al.13). After establishing an interface between the TE and LE, an electric field is applied such that LE ions move away from the region occupied by TE ions. Sample ions of intermediate effective mobility race ahead of TE ions but cannot overtake LE ions, and so they focus at the LE-TE interface (hereafter called the "ITP interface"). Further, the TE and LE form regions of respectively low and high conductivity, which establish a steep electric field gradient at the ITP interface. This field gradient preconcentrates sample species as they focus. Proper choice of TE and LE results in focusing and purification of target species from other non-focused species and, eventually, separation and segregation of sample species.
We here review the physical principles underlying ITP and discuss two standard modes of operation: "peak" and "plateau" modes. In peak mode, relatively dilute sample ions focus together within overlapping narrow peaks at the ITP interface. In plateau mode, more abundant sample ions reach a steady-state concentration and segregate into adjoining plateau-like zones ordered by their effective mobility. Peak and plateau modes arise out of the same underlying physics, but represent distinct regimes differentiated by the initial analyte concentration and/or the amount of time allotted for sample accumulation.
We first describe in detail a model peak mode experiment and then demonstrate a peak mode assay for the extraction of nucleic acids from E. coli cell culture. We conclude by presenting a plateau mode assay, where we use a non-focusing tracer (NFT) species to visualize the separation and perform quantitation of amino acids.

Isotachophoresis (ITP) is a robust electrokinetic separation and preconcentration technique with applications ranging from toxin detection to sample preparation. We review the physical principles of ITP and the methodology of applying this technique to two specific example applications: separation and detection of small molecules and purification of nucleic acids from cell culture lysate.

On-chip Isotachophoresis para separação dos íons e purificação de ácidos nucléicos

Electrokinetic techniques are a staple of microscale applications because of their unique ability to perform a variety of fluidic and electrophoretic ...

Hollow Microneedle-based Sensor for Multiplexed Transdermal Electrochemical Sensing

The development of a minimally invasive multiplexed monitoring system for rapid analysis of biologically-relevant molecules could offer individuals suffering from chronic medical conditions facile assessment of their immediate physiological state. Furthermore, it could serve as a research tool for analysis of complex, multifactorial medical conditions. In order for such a multianalyte sensor to be realized, it must be minimally invasive, sampling of interstitial fluid must occur without pain or harm to the user, and analysis must be rapid as well as selective.
Initially developed for pain-free drug delivery, microneedles have been used to deliver vaccines and pharmacologic agents (e.g., insulin) through the skin.1-2 Since these devices access the interstitial space, microneedles that are integrated with microelectrodes can be used as transdermal electrochemical sensors. Selective detection of glucose, glutamate, lactate, hydrogen peroxide, and ascorbic acid has been demonstrated using integrated microneedle-electrode devices with carbon fibers, modified carbon pastes, and platinum-coated polymer microneedles serving as transducing elements.3-7,8
This microneedle sensor technology has enabled a novel and sophisticated analytical approach for in situ and simultaneous detection of multiple analytes. Multiplexing offers the possibility of monitoring complex microenvironments, which are otherwise difficult to characterize in a rapid and minimally invasive manner. For example, this technology could be utilized for simultaneous monitoring of extracellular levels of, glucose, lactate and pH,9 which are important metabolic indicators of disease states7,10-14 (e.g., cancer proliferation) and exercise-induced acidosis.15

This article details the construction of a multiplexed microneedle-based sensor. The device is being developed for in situ sampling and electrochemical analysis of multiple analytes in a rapid and selective manner. We envision clinical medicine and biomedical research uses for these microneedle-based sensors.

Sensor de microagulhas baseado oco para Multiplexed Transdermal Eletroquímica Sensing

The development of a minimally invasive multiplexed monitoring system for rapid analysis of biologically-relevant molecules could offer individuals ...

A Microfluidic Chip for the Versatile Chemical Analysis of Single Cells

We present a microfluidic device that enables the quantitative determination of intracellular biomolecules in multiple single cells in parallel. For this purpose, the cells are passively trapped in the middle of a microchamber. Upon activation of the control layer, the cell is isolated from the surrounding volume in a small chamber. The surrounding volume can then be exchanged without affecting the isolated cell. However, upon short opening and closing of the chamber, the solution in the chamber can be replaced within a few hundred milliseconds. Due to the reversibility of the chambers, the cells can be exposed to different solutions sequentially in a highly controllable fashion, e.g. for incubation, washing, and finally, cell lysis. The tightly sealed microchambers enable the retention of the lysate, minimize and control the dilution after cell lysis. Since lysis and analysis occur at the same location, high sensitivity is retained because no further dilution or loss of the analytes occurs during transport. The microchamber design therefore enables the reliable and reproducible analysis of very small copy numbers of intracellular molecules (attomoles, zeptomoles) released from individual cells. Furthermore, many microchambers can be arranged in an array format, allowing the analysis of many cells at once, given that suitable optical instruments are used for monitoring. We have already used the platform for proof-of-concept studies to analyze intracellular proteins, enzymes, cofactors and second messengers in either relative or absolute quantifiable manner.

In this article we present a microfluidic chip for single cell analysis. It allows the quantification of intracellular proteins, enzymes, cofactors, and second messengers by means of fluorescent assays or immunoassays.&#160;

Um chip microfluídico para a Versátil Análise Química de células individuais

We present a microfluidic device that enables the quantitative determination of intracellular biomolecules in multiple single cells in parallel. For this ...

Stress-induced Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing on a Chip

We have developed a rapid microfluidic method for antibiotic susceptibility testing in a stress-based environment. Fluid is passed at high speeds over bacteria immobilized on the bottom of a microfluidic channel. In the presence of stress and antibiotic, susceptible strains of bacteria die rapidly. However, resistant bacteria survive these stressful conditions. The hypothesis behind this method is new: stress activation of biochemical pathways, which are targets of antibiotics, can accelerate antibiotic susceptibility testing. As compared to standard antibiotic susceptibility testing methods, the rate-limiting step -&#160;bacterial growth -&#160;is omitted during antibiotic application. The technical implementation of the method is in a combination of standard techniques and innovative approaches. The standard parts of the method include bacterial culture protocols, defining microfluidic channels in polydimethylsiloxane&#160;(PDMS), cell viability monitoring with fluorescence, and batch image processing for bacteria counting. Innovative parts of the method are in the use of culture media flow for mechanical stress application, use of enzymes to damage but not kill the bacteria, and use of microarray substrates for bacterial attachment. The developed platform can be used in antibiotic and nonantibiotic related drug development and testing. As compared to the standard bacterial suspension experiments, the effect of the drug can be turned on and off repeatedly over controlled time periods. Repetitive observation of the same bacterial population is possible over the course of the same experiment.

We have developed a microfluidic platform for rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing. Fluid is passed at high speeds over bacteria immobilized on the bottom of a microfluidic channel. In the presence of stress and antibiotic, susceptible strains of bacteria die rapidly. However, resistant bacteria can survive these stressful conditions.

Teste de suscetibilidade de antibiótico induzido por estresse em um chip

We have developed a rapid microfluidic method for antibiotic susceptibility testing in a stress-based environment. Fluid is passed at high speeds over ...

A Microfluidic Chip for ICPMS Sample Introduction

This protocol discusses the fabrication and usage of a disposable low cost microfluidic chip as sample introduction system for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The chip produces monodisperse aqueous sample droplets in perfluorohexane (PFH). Size and frequency of the aqueous droplets can be varied in the range of 40 to 60 &#181;m and from 90 to 7,000&#160;Hz, respectively. The droplets are ejected from the chip with a second flow of PFH and remain intact during the ejection. A custom-built desolvation system removes the PFH and transports the droplets into the ICPMS. Here, very stable signals with a narrow intensity distribution can be measured, showing the monodispersity of the droplets. We show that the introduction system can be used to quantitatively determine iron in single bovine red blood cells. In the future, the capabilities of the introduction device can easily be extended by the integration of additional microfluidic modules.

We present a discrete droplet sample introduction system for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). It is based on a cheap and disposable microfluidic chip that generates highly monodisperse droplets in a size range of 40&#8722;60 &#181;m at frequencies from 90 to 7,000 Hz.

Um chip microfluídico para ICPMS Amostra Introdução

This protocol discusses the fabrication and usage of a disposable low cost microfluidic chip as sample introduction system for inductively coupled plasma ...

Sandwich-like Microenvironments to Harness Cell/Material Interactions

Cell culture has been traditionally carried out on bi-dimensional (2D) substrates where cells adhere using ventral receptors to the biomaterial surface. However in vivo, most of the cells are completely surrounded by the extracellular matrix (ECM), resulting in a three-dimensional (3D) distribution of receptors. This may trigger differences in the outside-in signaling pathways and thus in cell behavior.
This article shows that stimulating the dorsal receptors of cells already adhered to a 2D substrate by overlaying a film of a new material (a sandwich-like culture) triggers important changes with respect to standard 2D cultures. Furthermore, the simultaneous excitation of ventral and dorsal receptors shifts cell behavior closer to that found in 3D environments. Additionally, due to the nature of the system, a sandwich-like culture is a versatile tool that allows the study of different parameters in cell/material interactions, e.g., topography, stiffness and different protein coatings at both the ventral and dorsal sides. Finally, since sandwich-like cultures are based on 2D substrates, several analysis procedures already developed for standard 2D cultures can be used normally, overcoming more complex procedures needed for 3D systems.

The following protocol describes the procedure to assemble sandwich-like cultures to be used as an intermediate stage between bi-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cellular environments. The engineered systems can have applications in microscopy, biomechanics, biochemistry and cell biology assays.

Microambientes sanduíche-como aproveitarar Telemóveis / interações materiais

Cell culture has been traditionally carried out on bi-dimensional (2D) substrates where cells adhere using ventral receptors to the biomaterial surface. ...

Gradient Strain Chip for Stimulating Cellular Behaviors in Cell-laden Hydrogel

Artificial guidance for cellular alignment is a hot topic in the field of tissue engineering. Most of the previous research has investigated single strain-induced cellular alignment on a cell-laden hydrogel by using complex experimental processes and mass controlling systems, which are usually associated with contamination issues. Thus, in this article, we propose a simple approach to building a gradient static strain using a fluidic chip with a plastic PDMS cover and a UV transparent glass substrate for the stimulation of cellular behavior in a 3D hydrogel. Overloading photo-patternable cell prepolymer in the fluidic chamber can generate a convex curved PDMS membrane on the cover. After UV crosslinking, through a concentric circular micropattern under the curved PDMS membrane, and buffer washing, a microenvironment for investigating cell behaviors under a variety of gradient strains is self-established in a single fluidic chip, without external instruments. NIH3T3 cells were demonstrated after observing the change in the cellular alignment trend under geometry guidance, in cooperation with strain stimulation, which varied from 15 - 65% on hydrogels. After a 3-day incubation, the hydrogel geometry dominated the cell alignment under low compressive strain, where cells aligned along the hydrogel elongation direction under high compressive strain. Between these, the cells showed random alignment due to the dissipation of the radical guidance of hydrogel elongation and the geometry guidance of the patterned hydrogel.

This article introduces a simple approach to providing non-continuous gradient static strains on a concentric cell-laden hydrogel to regulate cell alignment for tissue engineering.

Gradiente de pressão Chip para estimulantes comportamentos celulares em hidrogel de célula-carregado

Artificial guidance for cellular alignment is a hot topic in the field of tissue engineering. Most of the previous research has investigated single ...

Fabrication of Three-dimensional Paper-based Microfluidic Devices for Immunoassays

Paper wicks fluids autonomously due to capillary action. By patterning paper with hydrophobic barriers, the transport of fluids can be controlled and directed within a layer of paper. Moreover, stacking multiple layers of patterned paper creates sophisticated three-dimensional microfluidic networks that can support the development of analytical and bioanalytical assays. Paper-based microfluidic devices are inexpensive, portable, easy to use, and require no external equipment to operate. As a result, they hold great promise as a platform for point-of-care diagnostics. In order to properly evaluate the utility and analytical performance of paper-based devices, suitable methods must be developed to ensure their manufacture is reproducible and at a scale that is appropriate for laboratory settings. In this manuscript, a method to fabricate a general device architecture that can be used for paper-based immunoassays is described. We use a form of additive manufacturing (multi-layer lamination) to prepare devices that comprise multiple layers of patterned paper and patterned adhesive. In addition to demonstrating the proper use of these three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic devices with an immunoassay for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), errors in the manufacturing process that may result in device failures are discussed. We expect this approach to manufacturing paper-based devices will find broad utility in the development of analytical applications designed specifically for limited-resource settings.

We detail a method to fabricate three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic devices for use in the development of immunoassays. Our approach to device assembly is a type of multilayer, additive manufacturing. We demonstrate a sandwich immunoassay to provide representative results for these types of paper-based devices.

Fabricação de dispositivos microfluídicos tridimensional baseados em papel para imunoensaios

Paper wicks fluids autonomously due to capillary action. By patterning paper with hydrophobic barriers, the transport of fluids can be controlled and ...

Microfluidic Platform with Multiplexed Electronic Detection for Spatial Tracking of Particles

Microfluidic processing of biological samples typically involves differential manipulations of suspended particles under various force fields in order to spatially fractionate the sample based on a biological property of interest. For the resultant spatial distribution to be used as the assay readout, microfluidic devices are often subjected to microscopic analysis requiring complex instrumentation with higher cost and reduced portability. To address this limitation, we have developed an integrated electronic sensing technology for multiplexed detection of particles at different locations on a microfluidic chip. Our technology, called Microfluidic CODES, combines Resistive Pulse Sensing with Code Division Multiple Access to compress 2D spatial information into a 1D electrical signal. In this paper, we present a practical demonstration of the Microfluidic CODES technology to detect and size cultured cancer cells distributed over multiple microfluidic channels. As validated by the high-speed microscopy, our technology can accurately analyze dense cell populations all electronically without the need for an external instrument. As such, the Microfluidic CODES can potentially enable low-cost integrated lab-on-a-chip devices that are well suited for the point-of-care testing of biological samples.

We demonstrate a microfluidic platform with an integrated surface electrode network that combines resistive pulse sensing (RPS) with code division multiple access (CDMA), to multiplex detection and sizing of particles in multiple microfluidic channels.

Plataforma microfluídico com multiplexada detecção electrónica do Ordenamento do Rastreamento de Partículas

Microfluidic processing of biological samples typically involves differential manipulations of suspended particles under various force fields in order to ...