We thank Yuri Shinomoto for providing animal care, training, and awake recordings. The ECoG arrays were manufactured by Cir-Tech (www.cir-tech.co.jp). Furthermore, we would like to thank Editage (www.editage.jp) for English language editing. This work was supported by the Brain Mapping by Integrated Neurotechnologies for Disease Studies (Brain/MINDS), the Japan Agency for Medical Research and development (AMED) (JP18dm0207001), the Brain Science Project of the Center for Novel Science Initiatives (CNSI), the National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) (BS291004, M.K.), and by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI (JP17H06034, M.K.).

This protocol has been performed on 6 common marmosets (4 males, 2 females; body weight = 320-470 g; age = 14-53 months). All procedures were carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the National Institutes of Health Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. The protocol was approved by the RIKEN Ethical Committee (No. H28-2-221(3)). All surgical procedures were performed under anesthesia, and all efforts were made to minimize the number of animals used as well as their discomfort.
<p class=...

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C., Fujii, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studying+brain+functions+with+mesoscopic+measurements:+Advances+in+electrocorticography+for+non-human+primates.">Studying brain functions with mesoscopic measurements: Advances in electrocorticography for non-human primates.</a> Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 32, 124-131 (2015).</li><li>Nagasaka, Y., Shimoda, K., Fujii, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multidimensional+recording+(MDR)+and+data+sharing:+an+ecological+open+research+and+educational+platform+for+neuroscience.">Multidimensional recording (MDR) and data sharing: an ecological open research and educational platform for neuroscience.</a> PLoS One. 6 (7), e22561 (2011).</li><li>Fukushima, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+electrocorticographic+electrode+array+for+simultaneous+recording+from+medial,+lateral,+and+intrasulcal+surface+of+the+cortex+in+macaque+monkeys.">An electrocorticographic electrode array for simultaneous recording from medial, lateral, and intrasulcal surface of the cortex in macaque monkeys.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 233, 155-165 (2014).</li><li>Komatsu, M., Sugano, E., Tomita, H., Fujii, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Chronically+Implantable+Bidirectional+Neural+Interface+for+Non-human+Primates.">A Chronically Implantable Bidirectional Neural Interface for Non-human Primates.</a> Frontiers in Neuroscience. 11, 514 (2017).</li><li>Komatsu, M., Takaura, K., Fujii, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mismatch+negativity+in+common+marmosets:+Whole-cortical+recordings+with+multi-channel+electrocorticograms.">Mismatch negativity in common marmosets: Whole-cortical recordings with multi-channel electrocorticograms.</a> Scientific Reports. 5, 15006 (2015).</li><li>Sasaki, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+transgenic+non-human+primates+with+germline+transmission.">Generation of transgenic non-human primates with germline transmission.</a> Nature. 459 (7246), 523-527 (2009).</li><li>Okano, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain/MINDS:+A+Japanese+National+Brain+Project+for+Marmoset+Neuroscience.">Brain/MINDS: A Japanese National Brain Project for Marmoset Neuroscience.</a> Neuron. 92 (3), 582-590 (2016).</li><li>de la Mothe, L. A., Blumell, S., Kajikawa, Y., Hackett, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+connections+of+auditory+cortex+in+marmoset+monkeys:+lateral+belt+and+parabelt+regions.">Cortical connections of auditory cortex in marmoset monkeys: lateral belt and parabelt regions.</a> Anatomical Record. 295 (5), 800-821 (2012).</li><li>Kaas, J. H., Hackett, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subdivisions+of+auditory+cortex+and+processing+streams+in+primates.">Subdivisions of auditory cortex and processing streams in primates.</a> Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (22), 11793-11799 (2000).</li><li>Ghahremani, M., Hutchison, R. M., Menon, R. S., Everling, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Frontoparietal+Functional+Connectivity+in+the+Common+Marmoset.">Frontoparietal Functional Connectivity in the Common Marmoset.</a> Cerebral Cortex. , (2016).</li><li>Belcher, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+Connectivity+Hubs+and+Networks+in+the+Awake+Marmoset+Brain.">Functional Connectivity Hubs and Networks in the Awake Marmoset Brain.</a> Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. 10, 9 (2016).</li><li>Mitchell, J. F., Leopold, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+marmoset+monkey+as+a+model+for+visual+neuroscience.">The marmoset monkey as a model for visual neuroscience.</a> Neuroscience Research. 93, 20-46 (2015).</li><li>Solomon, S. G., Rosa, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simpler+primate+brain:+the+visual+system+of+the+marmoset+monkey.">A simpler primate brain: the visual system of the marmoset monkey.</a> Frontiers in Neural Circuits. 8, 96 (2014).</li><li>Burman, K. J., Palmer, S. M., Gamberini, M., Rosa, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytoarchitectonic+subdivisions+of+the+dorsolateral+frontal+cortex+of+the+marmoset+monkey+(Callithrix+jacchus),+and+their+projections+to+dorsal+visual+areas.">Cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of the dorsolateral frontal cortex of the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus), and their projections to dorsal visual areas.</a> Journals of Comparative Neurology. 495 (2), 149-172 (2006).</li><li>Bakola, S., Burman, K. J., Rosa, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cortical+motor+system+of+the+marmoset+monkey+(Callithrix+jacchus).">The cortical motor system of the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus).</a> Neuroscience Research. 93, 72-81 (2015).</li><li>Krubitzer, L. A., Kaas, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+organization+and+connections+of+somatosensory+cortex+in+marmosets.">The organization and connections of somatosensory cortex in marmosets.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 10 (3), 952-974 (1990).</li><li>Miller, C. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Marmosets:+A+Neuroscientific+Model+of+Human+Social+Behavior.">Marmosets: A Neuroscientific Model of Human Social Behavior.</a> Neuron. 90 (2), 219-233 (2016).</li><li>Cox, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AFNI:+software+for+analysis+and+visualization+of+functional+magnetic+resonance+neuroimages.">AFNI: software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages.</a> Computers and Biomedical Research. 29 (3), 162-173 (1996).</li><li>Avants, B. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+reproducible+evaluation+of+ANTs+similarity+metric+performance+in+brain+image+registration.">A reproducible evaluation of ANTs similarity metric performance in brain image registration.</a> Neuroimage. 54 (3), 2033-2044 (2011).</li><li>Hashikawa, T., Nakatomi, R., Iriki, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+models+of+the+marmoset+brain.">Current models of the marmoset brain.</a> Neuroscience Research. 93, 116-127 (2015).</li></ol>

For successful implantation, animals should be provided with adequate nutrition before and after surgery. Short operating time is also important to optimize the animal&#39;s recovery. Preparations should be finished at least one day before surgery. To reduce operating time, previous craniotomy training with electrode array insertion in terminated animals for other experimental purposes is recommended.&#160;Table 1 shows an example of the time course for this protocol.
We modif...

Cognition requires the coordination of neural ensembles across widespread brain networks, particularly the neocortex that is well-developed in humans and believed to be involved in higher cognitive behaviors. However, how the neocortex achieves this cognitive behavior is an unsolved issue in the neuroscience field. Recent development of thin, flexible electrocorticographic (ECoG) electrodes enables conduction of stable recordings from large-scale cortical activity1. Fujii and colleagues have developed a whole-cortical ECoG array for macaque monkeys2,3. The array continuously covers almost the entire lateral cortex, from the occipital pole to the temporal and frontal poles, and captures whole-cortical neural activity in one shot. We have further developed this system for application in the common marmoset4,5, a small, new-world monkey with genetic manipulability6,7. This animal has several advantages compared to other species. The visual, auditory, somatosensory, motor, and frontal cortical areas of this species have been previously mapped and reported to have basic homologous organization to the same areas in humans and macaques8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16. Their brains are smooth, and most lateral cortical areas are exposed to the surface of the cortex, which is harder to access with ECoG in macaques. Based on these features, the marmoset is suitable for electrocorticographic studies. Furthermore, marmosets exhibit social behaviors and have been proposed to serve as a candidate model of human social behaviors17.
This protocol describes an epidural implantation procedure of the ECoG array on the whole lateral surface of the cortex in a common marmoset. It provides an opportunity to monitor large-scale cortical activity for primate cortical neuroscience, including sensory, motor, higher cognitive, and social domains.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Beaker (100 cc)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Outocrave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton ball</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Outocrave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Absorption triangles</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td>18105-03</td>
			<td>Outocrave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton swab with fine tip</td>
			<td>Clean Cross Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>HUBY340 BB-013</td>
			<td>Outocrave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gauze</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Outocrave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Towel forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Outocrave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel handle</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Outocrave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle Holder</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Outocrave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iris Scissor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Outocrave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-Mosquito Forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Outocrave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adson, 1x2 teeth</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Outocrave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bone Curette</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Outocrave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro spatura</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td>10091-12</td>
			<td>Outocrave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle Holders, 12.5cm, Curved, Smooth Jaws</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>14132</td>
			<td>Outocrave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vessel Dilator, 12cm, 0.1mm tip</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td>18131-12</td>
			<td>Outocrave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vessel Dilator, 12cm, 0.2 mm tip</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td>18132-12</td>
			<td>Outocrave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine-tipped rongeur</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td>16221-14</td>
			<td>Outocrave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manipurator of a stereotaxic frame</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Gas sterilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wrench for the manipurator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Gas sterilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hand-made fixture for the connector</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Gas sterilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicon cup for dental acril</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Gas sterilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicon cup hlder</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Gas sterilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paintbrush</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Gas sterilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pencil</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Gas sterilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro screw, 1.4 mm x 2.0 mm</td>
			<td>Nippon Chemical Screw Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>PEEK/MPH-M1.4-L2</td>
			<td>Gas sterilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Screw driver for the micro screw</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Gas sterilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromotor handpiece of a drill</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Gas sterilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel burr, 1.4 mm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Gas sterilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel burr, 1.0 mm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Gas sterilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drill bit, 1.2 mm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Gas sterilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber air blower</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Gas sterilization</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

chronic implantation of whole-cortical electrocorticographic array in the common marmoset

Electrocorticography (ECoG) allows the monitoring of electrical field potentials from the cerebral cortex with high spatiotemporal resolution. Recent development of thin, flexible ECoG electrodes has enabled conduction of stable recordings of large-scale cortical activity. We have developed a whole-cortical ECoG array for the common marmoset. The array continuously covers almost the entire lateral surface of cortical hemisphere, from the occipital pole to the temporal and frontal poles, and it captures whole-cortical neural activity in one shot. This protocol describes a chronic implantation procedure of the array in the epidural space of the marmoset brain. Marmosets have two advantages regarding ECoG recordings, one being the homologous organization of anatomical structures in humans and macaques, including frontal, parietal, and temporal complexes. The other advantage is that the marmoset brain is lissencephalic and contains a large number of complexes, which are more difficult to access in macaques with ECoG, that are exposed to the brain surface.These features allow direct access to most cortical areas beneath the surface of the brain. This system provides an opportunity to investigate global cortical information processing with high resolutions at a sub-millisecond order in time and millimeter order in space.

The whole-cortical ECoG array can simultaneously capture neuronal activity from the entirety of a hemisphere. Figure 4 shows examples of auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) from multiple auditory areas in an awake marmoset. ECoG recordings were conducted in passive listening conditions. Each marmoset was exposed to auditory stimuli, which consisted of randomized pure tones with 20 types of frequency. Then, we calculated AEPs by averaging ECoGs aligned with onse...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chronic Implantation of Whole-cortical Electrocorticographic Array in the Common Marmoset at JoVE.com

Chronic Implantation of Whole-cortical Electrocorticographic Array in the Common Marmoset

We have developed a whole-cortical electrocorticographic array for the common marmoset that continuously covers almost the entire lateral surface of cortex, from the occipital pole to the temporal and frontal poles. This protocol describes a chronic implantation procedure of the array in the epidural space of the marmoset brain.

Electrocorticography (ECoG) allows the monitoring of electrical field potentials from the cerebral cortex with high spatiotemporal resolution. Recent ...

This protocol demonstrates the implantation of an electrocorticographic array onto the cortex of a non-human primate. To shed light onto large scale information processing in primate shift neuroscience. The main advantage of this technique is that it provide an opportunity for monitoring large scale cortical activity with high spatial temporal resolution.Begin by making a four centimeter skin incision through the midline of the scalp. Use a curet to detach the temporal muscle from the skull until the entire surgical area is exposed. And clear any tissues from the skull surface.Stop the bleeding completely with pressure hemostasis or bone wax as necessary. Wrap the edge of the skin and muscles with moistened gauze. And place the frontal edge of the array onto the edge of the frontal pole.Use a pencil to mark the area for the planned craniotomy, slits and holes on the skull. And position the dissecting microscope over the surgical area. Drill the craniotomy along mark one.While drilling, blow air at the cutting edge to maintain a clear view for the surgeon, cutting the bone all the way around mark two as the bone piece will still be attached to dura at the center. Slowly and carefully, lift the piece up from one edge. And peel off the dura with a spatula.Remove the bone tips from the bone piece and keep the bone wrapped in moistened gauze until it is returned to the skull at the end of the procedure. Drill at marks three and four to allow the insertion of electrodes into the orbital, frontal, and occipital areas, respectively. Drill slits on mark five to allow confirmation if the array is properly inserted.The dura will now be exposed. Wash the the area with saline and stop bleeding with pressure hemostasis and a gelatin sponge as necessary. Clean the edge of the open craniotomy if needed and make the mark six slits into which the reference electrodes will be placed.Inserting a spatula under the skull to protect the dura matter, use a one millimeter screw to drill screw holes at four points around each stem of the connector. And install peak screws as anchors to fix the connector to the skull. Then, using flathead forceps to hold the array, insert the electrocardiographic array into the epidural space.Place the reference electrodes in the epidural space. Then apply dental acrylic to the reference. Place the ground electrodes on the cranial surface.Then apply dental acrylic to the ground electrode. Put the bone piece back in place, and apply dental acrylic to the screws to fix the connector and head post to the skull. Then, use a 6 O nylon suture to close the skin at the forehead and at the rear of the end.And use skin closures to fix the skin to the sides of the connector. Here, examples of auditory evoked potentials from multiple auditory areas in an awake marmoset are shown. During exposure to randomized pure tones with 20 types of frequency, different wave forms can be observed from lower and higher auditory areas, indicating that the spatial resolution of the electrocardiographic array can capture different information processing in different cortical areas.Option can be virally transduced in the marmoset brain because electrical implantation to enable long term chronic photo stimulation and simultaneous monitoring of the cortical responses.

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Neuroscience

9.4K visualizações.  RIKEN Center for Brain Science. Este protocolo demonstra a implantação de uma matriz eletrocorticográfica no córtex de um primata não humano. Para lançar luz sobre o processamento de informações em larga escala na neurociência de mudança de primatas. A principal vantagem dessa técnica é que ela oferece uma oportunidade para monitorar a atividade cortical em larga escala com alta resolução temporal espacial.Comece fazendo uma incisão de pele de quatro centímetros através da linha média do couro cabel...