The authors would like to acknowledge the Scientific Research Program Funded by Shaanxi Provincial Education Department (Program No. 21JK0908).

1. Preparation of the equipment
<ol>
	<li>Ensure that all the equipment required is available: radars, roadside laser device, laptops, batteries, a camera, a drone, a reflective tripod, the corresponding cables, and device tripods.</li>
</ol>
2. Selection of the data collection location (Figure 1)
<ol>
	<li>Select the data collection location. Ensure the location selected is on a two-direction and two-lane road.<b...

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

The effect of roadside parking on urban streets cannot be ignored, and random parking needs to be addressed30,31. A protocol to determine the impact of roadside parking on traffic flow in a dual-direction urban street is presented here. The data collection specifies the trajectory and speed changes of passing vehicles caused by roadside parking. The traffic simulation quantifies roadway indices such as maximum queue length, delay, and emissions.
<p class="jov...

The acceleration of urbanization is accompanied by an obvious increase in motor vehicle ownership and urban traffic flow. In 2021, China&#39;s car ownership reached 378 million, representing an increase of 25.1 million compared to that in 20201. However, the current situation with insufficient road capacity and limited traffic management technology has led to an increasingly evident discrepancy between urban traffic supply and demand. Therefore, road traffic congestion has gradually intensified. As the most widespread problem in urban transportation, traffic congestion causes many hazards and has attracted wide attention from researchers2,3,4. In addition to extending travel time, traffic congestion also aggravates environmental pollution, intensifies energy consumption, and increases pollutant emissions5,6,7,8. There is a positive correlation between traffic congestion and accident rates9,10. Apart from the abovementioned effects, increasing traffic congestion undercuts income and employment11, and this effect is closely related to people&#39;s daily life thereby making this one of the main problems in cities. With the development of cities, the adverse impact of road congestion on society will continue to increase.
Traffic congestion is a comprehensive reflection of many urban traffic problems, among which parking is the major one. The expansion of the urban population and the increase in motor vehicles have a negative impact on the parking supply and outstanding parking demand. In the parking system, roadside parking is common in urban traffic and is an important means of addressing the imbalance between parking supply and demand. Roadside parking utilizes resources on both sides of the road to provide parking spaces. Roadside parking is convenient, quick, flexible, and space-saving compared to other parking facilities. However, roadside parking occupies road resources, and its adverse effects cannot be ignored. In cities undergoing rapid development in developing countries, the soaring parking demands make roadside parking overloaded, thus reducing traffic safety, air quality, and public space12. Therefore, the roadside parking issue needs to be addressed.
Roadside parking space can be located in two scenarios: (1) the non-motorized lane (i.e., on wide roads with separate motorized and non-motorized lanes, roadside parking takes up space on the rightmost non-motorized lane); and (2) the motor vehicle and non-motor vehicle mixed lane, which is often a narrow road with a low traffic volume. As motor and non-motor vehicles share road resources, roadside parking frequently leads to chaos in traffic operations in the second scenario. However, most existing studies have focused on the first scenario13,14,15,16,17,18.
When a roadside parking space is present in the non-motorized lane, and if there is no compulsory isolation of the motorized and non-motorized lanes, roadside parking indirectly leads to mixed traffic. A roadside parking space significantly decreases the effective width of the non-motorized lane, thereby increasing the probability of non-motor vehicles passing through the non-motorized lane and occupying the adjacent motorized lane. The behavior is called lane-crossing16. Many studies have explored the impact of roadside parking in the non-motorized lane on mixed traffic flow. Based on the cellular automata model, Chen et al.13 evaluated the impact of roadside parking on heterogeneous traffic operations in urban streets through the study of friction and congestion conflicts between motor and non-motor vehicles13. Chen et al. proposed a road resistance model of mixed traffic flow by considering the effect of roadside parking17. In addition, some studies have examined the impact of roadside parking only on motor vehicles. Guo et al. proposed a method based on risk duration, which was used to quantitatively analyze the driving time of motor vehicles on roadside parking sections19, and the results showed that roadside parking significantly impacted travel time.
Traffic simulation is a common tool to investigate the impact of roadside parking. Yang et al.&#160;used VISSIM software to explore the impact of roadside parking on dynamic traffic (especially on the capacity), developed a vehicle average delay traffic model, and verified the model reliability through simulation20. Gao et al. analyzed the effect of roadside parking on mixed traffic under four types of traffic interference using the same software18. Guo et al. used a cellular automata model to analyze the influence of roadside parking on vehicle traffic characteristics (lane capacity and vehicle speed) through Monte Carlo simulation under different scenarios21. Under the framework of Kerner&#39;s three-phase traffic theory, Hu et al. analyzed the impact of temporary roadside parking behavior on traffic flow based on the cellular automata model22. These studies show that roadside parking has a large negative impact on traffic efficiency.
The traffic management department is interested in understanding the effect of roadside-parked vehicles on the traffic flow. The specific length and degree of the effect are important for managing issues with roadside parking, for example, by providing information on how to delimit parking lots, determine non-parking zones, and regulate parking durations. In this study, a protocol was designed to examine the effect of a single roadside-parked vehicle on traffic operation. The procedure can be summarized in the following steps: 1) preparing the equipment, 2) selecting the data collection location, 3) selecting the investigation time, 4) collecting the data, 5) performing the data analysis, 6) building the simulation model, 7) calibrating the simulation model, and 8) performing the sensitivity analysis. If any requirement in these eight steps is not satisfied, the process is incomplete and insufficient to prove effectiveness.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>battery</td>
			<td>Shenzhen Saiqi Innovation Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>LPB-568S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cables for radar</td>
			<td>BEIJING AOZER TECH &#38; DEVELOPMENT CO.,LTD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cables for roadside laser device</td>
			<td>MicroSense</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>camera</td>
			<td>Sony Group Corp</td>
			<td>HDR-CS680</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>camera tripod</td>
			<td>Sony Group Corp</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>drone</td>
			<td>SZ DJI Technology Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td>DA2SUE1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>laptop</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>C2H2L82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>radar</td>
			<td>BEIJING AOZER TECH &#38; DEVELOPMENT CO.,LTD</td>
			<td>CADS-0037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>radar tripod</td>
			<td>BEIJING AOZER TECH &#38; DEVELOPMENT CO.,LTD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>reflective tripod</td>
			<td>Beijing Shunan liandun Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>roadside laser device</td>
			<td>MicroSense</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

evaluating the effect of roadside parking on a dual-direction urban street

Roadside parking is a common traffic phenomenon in China. Narrow urban streets, high parking demands, and a shortage of parking lots force the public to engage in random parking along the roadside. A protocol is proposed to determine the impact of a roadside-parked vehicle on passing vehicles. In this investigation, a dual-direction and two-lane urban street in which one vehicle is parked on the roadside is selected for the collection of traffic data. Based on these data, the impact of the roadside-parked vehicles on the trajectory and speed of passing vehicles is determined. In addition, a microsimulation model is applied to determine the impact of roadside parking on the maximum queue length, delay, emissions, and other indicators under different traffic volumes according to the sensitivity analysis. The results show that roadside-parked vehicles affect the trajectory of passing vehicles for approximately 80 m and have a negative effect on speed, with the lowest speed being observed at the location of the roadside-parked vehicle. The sensitivity analysis results suggest that traffic volume increases synchronously with indicator values. The protocol provides a method for determining the effect of roadside parking on travel trajectory and speed. The research contributes to the refined management of future roadside parking.

This paper presents a protocol to determine the effect of roadside parking on passing vehicles on a two-direction and two-lane urban road through traffic data collection and simulation. A road was selected as the study site (Figure 1), and a vehicle was parked at the planned roadside location. Radars, a roadside laser device, and a camera were applied to collect the vehicle trajectory, speed, volume, and type composition to determine the changes in vehicle trajectory and speed under roadside...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluating the Effect of Roadside Parking on a Dual-Direction Urban Street at JoVE.com

Evaluating the Effect of Roadside Parking on a Dual-Direction Urban Street

In this study, the effect of roadside parking on an urban street is analyzed. The entire process consists of traffic data gathering, data processing, operation simulation, simulation calibration, and sensitivity analysis.

Roadside parking is a common traffic phenomenon in China. Narrow urban streets, high parking demands, and a shortage of parking lots force the public to ...

This video is aimed to show the process of collecting traffic data by radars, roadside laser device, and evaluation by simulation model. Roadside parking is very common, which often is to traffic congestion, especially, on narrow urban streets, so we want to discuss the effect of roadside parking on a new direction Urban Street. Determine its influence lanes and ranging.We use radars and roadside laser device to collect traffic data and use simulation software to evaluate the impact of roadside parking on traffic operation effect. Traffic Data collection needs two direction data, at least. The equipment needed is as follows.Two radars, batteries and cables, laptops, roadside laser device, drone, camera, and corresponding tripods for camera and radars. The reflective tripod is shown in the section data collection. The location must be on a two direction and two-lane road.A street line segment without intersection is required. No barrier is on the road, except one parking vehicle provided by investigators. Long enough line of site and clearance are required, which is required for radar investigation and investigator safety.The location must have enough and safe space for equipment and investigators. Park the vehicle approximately 20 centimeter away from the curb in the intended place, so that the roadside laser device can be placed. Place the reflective tripod at the back of the vehicle.Do not place it too far to ensure that it does not affect the vehicle's behavior. Set the radar tripod. Set the tripod taller than two meters to avoid signal blockage.Lock the radar with the tripod. Adjust the radar vertically and make it toward the parked vehicle. Connect the radar data cable with the laptop USB port.Open radar software. Click Communication Check. Connect the serial port and click connect.It will show Radar detected and click Confirm. Click Investigation set up. Click Read RLU time and set RLU time successively.Click Erase data record and confirm it. Clear the internal memory of radar. Click Start investigation and close dialogue box.Click realtime view to check the radar status and the traffic data will be rolling with the vehicle passing. Prepare the roadside laser device and the cable. Connect the roadside laser device data cable fit to port.Connect the roadside laser device data cable with the laptop USB port. Place the roadside laser device in the middle of the parked vehicle. Rotate the full adjustment columns on the device to level the laser device.Open roadside laser device software. Click Communication check, select RLU serial port number, and click Connect. It will show new RLU connection detected and click Confirm.Click View investigation. When vehicles pass, it will view the traffic flow in real time. Click Investigation set up.Click Read RLU time and set RLU time successively. Set Start time and End time and click Set task. It will show RLU investigation set up succeeded and Confirm it.Click Finish. Click Device status to view the status of roadside laser device. Set the camera above 30 meters upstream of the parked vehicle.Set all equipment on the dense road. Check radars, roadside laser device and camera work well every five minutes. And the data collection, close the Realtime check window in radar software.Click Investigation set up. Select End investigation and confirm it. Close the dialogue box.Select the Data download. Browse computer to save the data and input a name for the file. Click Open, and then, click Start download.Click Confirm to finish radar data collection. Click Device status in roadside laser device software, and then, click Stop task to end the data collection. Select the Data download, browse, and input the name for the file.Click Open and click Start download. Click Confirm to finish data collection of the roadside laser device. Radars collect trajectories and speed by calculation software.The roadside laser device provides the offset value, passing speed, numbers of vehicles and types of vehicles at the parked vehicle position. Draw the whole range trajectories and speed provided by the two radars and one roadside laser device at the representative data using calculation software. Open the simulation software.Import the background map of the investigated road segment. Click Obstacles at left, right click, and select Add New Obstacle. Input the length and width of the obstacle and click OK.Track the cursor to move the obstacle to the roadway.Click Links at left. Move the cursor to the start of the link and right click. Select Add New Link.Input the link width and click OK.Track the cursor to draw the link on the map. Repeat this step three times to build four road segments. Hold the right button of the mouse and the Control button on the keyboard to drag the endpoint of one link to the adjacent link for connecting the two links.Repeat this step to connect all links. Select the Base Data from the top bar and then, select Distributions, Desire Speed. Click the green cross add button at the bottom to add a new desired speed distribution and name it.Input the average speed and the maximum speed taken from the representative data as the minimum and the maximum desired speed. Delete the default data. Repeat the steps two times to establish all desired speed distributions.Select Lists from the top bar, and then, select the Private Transport, Vehicle Compositions. Click the green cross add button to add a new vehicle composition. Click add button to add two vehicle types, HGV and bus.Select the desire speed distribution setting, last step for car, HGV, and bus. Repeat the steps to establish two vehicle compositions. Input the flow of car, HGV and bus from the representative data.Select the Vehicle Routes from the left menu bar. Move the cursor to the upstream of one link. Right click, and select Add New Static Vehicle Routing Decision.Track the blue cursor to draw vehicle routes on the map as real routes in data collection. Select Reduced Speed Areas from the left menu bar. Right click at the upstream of the parking position and select Add New Reduced Speed Area.The length of the area depends on the data analysis results. Right click in the margin of the screen. Select Add and select the desired speed for reduced speed area set in previous steps as the area speed.Repeat the steps two times to set or reduce the speed areas. Select the Priority Rules from the left menu bar. Right click the Reduced Speed Area upstream of the parked vehicle in the west to east direction and select Add New Priority Rule.Input minimum depth time and clearance. Repeat this step to set the priority rule downstream of the parked vehicle in the east to west direction. The setting of priority rules depends on the real traffic operation reflected by the data collection.Select the Vehicle Travel Times from the left. Right click at the beginning of one link and select Add New Vehicle Travel Time Measurement. Direct the cursor to the end of the link to build a vehicle travel time measurement.Repeat this step for all vehicle routes. Select Vehicle Input from the left. Right click at the beginning of one link and select Add New Vehicle Input.Move the mouse to the left bottom and input the volume at the representative data. Repeat the steps for all links. Select Nodes from the left.Right click to select Add New Node and then click OK.Left click and move the mouse to adjust a moderate node range. Click Evaluation at the top of the simulation interface and select Results Lists. Click Nodes Results and Vehicle Travel Time Results.Click the blue play button at the top to start the simulation. Click the device button Quick Mode to maximize the simulation speed. After the simulation, node results and vehicle travel time results are shown at the bottom of the interface including the maximum queue length, parking times, and so on.Input the collected data into the simulation model. Round the simulation and gather simulation result. Simulation volume can be generated from the simulation result.Compare the simulation volume with the collective volume. The difference between the collective volume and simulation volume is called Mean Absolute Percent Error. The simulation accuracy is acceptable when the MAPE is small.Representative data concludes three groups of data. West to the East volume, East to the West volume, and other parameters. Divide West to the East volume into six categories.Divide East to the West volume into seven categories and keep other parameters stable in the simulation. Simulate 42 situations and the results verify effectiveness under all situations. Different traffic volumes are shown in the results with no indexes.Maximum queue length, number of vehicles, delay, number of stops, carbon monoxide emissions, electric oxide emissions, volatile organic compound emissions, fuel consumption and travel time. The results show the significant effect of roadside parking under all traffic volume situations. Now, indicators are evaluated investment simulation.With the collective data and simulation result, the influence of roadside parking is significant. We want to determine the list and range of the impact of roadside parking vehicle on traffic flow in good direction urban Street using this method. It could be applied to determine the parking position and lengths by transportation department.The key study in this method is real traffic data collection and simulation model built.

evaluating-effect-roadside-parking-on-dual-direction-urban

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

3.1K visualizações.  Chang’an University. Este vídeo tem como objetivo mostrar o processo de coleta de dados de tráfego por radares, dispositivo laser de beira de estrada e avaliação por modelo de simulação. O estacionamento à beira da estrada é muito comum, o que muitas vezes é para o congestionamento do tráfego, especialmente, em ruas urbanas estreitas, por isso queremos discutir o efeito do estacionamento na estrada em uma nova direção Urban Street. Determine suas faixas de influência e alcance.Usamos radares e...