Name: transtubular endoscopic posterolateral decompression for l5-s1 lumbar lateral disc herniation
Uploaded: 2022-10-14T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transtubular Endoscopic Posterolateral Decompression for L5-S1 Lumbar Lateral Disc Herniation at JoVE.com

This study was supported by the Okayama Spine Group.

This study was approved by the ethics committee of Okayama Rosai Hospital (No. 305).
1. Patient history taking
<ol>
	<li>Ensure that the patient has a herniated disc that causes severe sciatica. Usually, the patient will have a history of some prodromal low back pain. They may correlate their symptoms with an episode of trauma.</li>
	<li>Ask the patient to describe their radiating leg pain, including its location. Also ask them about the activities that make it better or wor...

<ol>
	<li>Shawky, A. A., Babic, D., Siam, A. E., Ezzati, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extraforaminal+microscopic+assisted+percutaneous+nucleotomy+for+foraminal+and+extraforaminal+lumbar+disc+herniations.">Extraforaminal microscopic assisted percutaneous nucleotomy for foraminal and extraforaminal lumbar disc herniations.</a> The Spine Journal. 18 (4), 620-625 (2018).</li><li>Mehta, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transtubular+endoscopic+posterolateral+decompression+of+the+L5+root+under+navigation+and+O-arm:+A+technical+note.">Transtubular endoscopic posterolateral decompression of the L5 root under navigation and O-arm: A technical note.</a> Acta Medica Okayama. 75 (5), 637-640 (2021).</li><li>Pirris, S. M., Dhall, S., Mummaneni, P. V., Kanter, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minimally+invasive+approach+to+extraforaminal+disc+herniations+at+the+lumbosacral+junction+using+an+operating+microscope:+Case+series+and+review+of+the+literature.">Minimally invasive approach to extraforaminal disc herniations at the lumbosacral junction using an operating microscope: Case series and review of the literature.</a> Neurosurgical Focus. 25 (2), 10 (2008).</li><li>Kotil, K., Akcetin, M., Bilge, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+minimally+invasive+transmuscular+approach+to+far-lateral+L5-S1+level+disc+herniations:+A+prospective+study.">A minimally invasive transmuscular approach to far-lateral L5-S1 level disc herniations: A prospective study.</a> Journal of Spinal Disorders and Techniques. 20 (2), 132-138 (2007).</li><li>Stavrinou, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Navigated+transtubular+extraforaminal+decompression+of+the+L5+nerve+root+at+the+lumbosacral+junction:+Clinical+data,+radiographic+features,+and+outcome+analysis.">Navigated transtubular extraforaminal decompression of the L5 nerve root at the lumbosacral junction: Clinical data, radiographic features, and outcome analysis.</a> BioMed Research International. 2016, 3487437 (2016).</li><li>Heo, D. H., Sharma, S., Park, C. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endoscopic+treatment+of+extraforaminal+entrapment+of+L5+nerve+root+(far+out+syndrome)+by+unilateral+biportal+endoscopic+approach:+Technical+report+and+preliminary+clinical+results.">Endoscopic treatment of extraforaminal entrapment of L5 nerve root (far out syndrome) by unilateral biportal endoscopic approach: Technical report and preliminary clinical results.</a> Neurospine. 16 (1), 130-137 (2019).</li><li>Watanabe, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+outcomes+of+posterior+lumbar+interbody+fusion+for+lumbar+foraminal+stenosis:+preoperative+diagnosis+and+surgical+strategy.">Clinical outcomes of posterior lumbar interbody fusion for lumbar foraminal stenosis: preoperative diagnosis and surgical strategy.</a> Journal of Spinal Disorders and Techniques. 24 (3), 137-141 (2011).</li><li>Fukui, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Japanese+Orthopaedic+Association+Back+Pain+Evaluation+Questionnaire.+Part+2.+Verification+of+its+reliability:+The+Subcommittee+on+Low+Back+Pain+and+Cervical+Myelopathy+Evaluation+of+the+Clinical+Outcome+Committee+of+the+Japanese+Orthopaedic+Association.">Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire. Part 2. Verification of its reliability: The Subcommittee on Low Back Pain and Cervical Myelopathy Evaluation of the Clinical Outcome Committee of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Science. 12 (6), 526-532 (2007).</li><li>Wiltse, L. L., Guyer, R. D., Spencer, C. W., Glenn, W. V., Porter, I. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alar+transverse+process+impingement+of+the+L5+spinal+nerve:+The+far-out+syndrome.">Alar transverse process impingement of the L5 spinal nerve: The far-out syndrome.</a> Spine. 9 (1), 31-41 (1984).</li><li>Haher, T. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+the+lumbar+facet+joints+in+spinal+stability.+Identification+of+alternative+paths+of+loading.">The role of the lumbar facet joints in spinal stability. Identification of alternative paths of loading.</a> Spine. 19 (23), 2667-2670 (1994).</li><li>Foley, K. T., Smith, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microendoscopic+discectomy.">Microendoscopic discectomy.</a> Techniques in Neurosurgery. 3, 301-307 (1997).</li><li>Tanaka, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+navigated+expandable+vertebral+cage+with+conventional+expandable+vertebral+cage+for+minimally+invasive+lumbar/thoracolumbar+corpectomy.">Comparison of navigated expandable vertebral cage with conventional expandable vertebral cage for minimally invasive lumbar/thoracolumbar corpectomy.</a> Medicina. 58 (3), 364 (2022).</li><li>Zhang, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+pedicle+screw+insertion+in+posterior+scoliosis+surgery:+A+comparison+between+intraoperative+navigation+and+preoperative+navigation+techniques.">Accuracy of pedicle screw insertion in posterior scoliosis surgery: A comparison between intraoperative navigation and preoperative navigation techniques.</a> European Spine Journal. 26 (6), 1756-1764 (2017).</li><li>Ikuta, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+complications+of+microendoscopic+procedures+for+lumbar+spinal+stenosis.">Surgical complications of microendoscopic procedures for lumbar spinal stenosis.</a> Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery. 50 (3), 145-149 (2007).</li><li>Frank, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endoscopically+assisted+open+removal+of+laterally+herniated+lumbar+discs.">Endoscopically assisted open removal of laterally herniated lumbar discs.</a> Surgical Neurology. 48 (5), 430-433 (1997).</li><li>Li, Y. Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+and+safety+of+percutaneous+endoscopic+decompression+via+transforaminal+and+interlaminar+approaches+for+lumbar+spine+stenosis:+Protocol+for+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Efficacy and safety of percutaneous endoscopic decompression via transforaminal and interlaminar approaches for lumbar spine stenosis: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> Medicine. 99 (1), 18555 (2020).</li><li>Prod'homme, M., Sans-Merce, M., Pitteloud, N., Damet, J., Lascombes, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraoperative+2D+C-arm+and+3D+O-arm+in+children:+A+comparative+phantom+study.">Intraoperative 2D C-arm and 3D O-arm in children: A comparative phantom study.</a> Journal of Children's Orthopaedics. 12 (5), 550-557 (2018).</li><li>Tanaka, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+C-arm+free+O-arm+navigated+biopsy+for+spinal+pathologies:+A+technical+note.">Percutaneous C-arm free O-arm navigated biopsy for spinal pathologies: A technical note.</a> Diagnostics. 11 (4), 636 (2021).</li></ol>

L5 radicular symptoms are caused mainly by L4-L5 disc herniation or stenosis. These symptoms may also occur due to L5 lumbar foraminal stenosis or L5-S1 lateral lumbar disc herniation (LLDH)9. Of all the symptomatic lumbar disc herniations, L5-S1 FLDH accounts for approximately 3%10. For L5-S1 foraminal lesions, a posterolateral or transforaminal approach is recommended. For this approach, there are three main techniques, such as the microscopic, tube with endoscopic, and f...

Diagnosis and surgeries for lumbar foraminal stenosis (LFS) and lumbar lateral disc herniation (LLDH) at the L5-S1 level are challenging for spine surgeons because of this level&#39;s unique structure1. The iliac crest, broad L5 transverse process (TP), small space between the sacral ala and the L5 TP, and osteophytes make the operating window very narrow2. If the bony resection is not enough, inadequate decompression to the L5 nerve root may lead to residual symptoms. Massive bony removal causes postoperative instability. These issues limit surgeons&#39; competencies with foraminal/extraforaminal L5 root decompression. Several reports have shown good results with minimally invasive spine surgeries, such as microscopic or endoscopic procedures in this area to decompress the L5 nerve root3,4. Recently, the use of navigation for foraminal decompression of the L5 root has been reported with good surgical outcomes5.
Fully endoscopic discectomy is becoming popular for removing lateral lumbar disc herniation6. Furthermore, microendoscopic procedures in combination with navigation can help the surgeon to decompress the L5 root with precision2. Usually, these techniques require intraoperative C-arm usage. The goal of this method is to decompress the L5 root precisely with minimum bony resection without a C-arm.
The indications for this technique are extraforaminal lumbar disc herniation and herniation/stenosis of the lateral half of the foraminal lumbar disc. The contraindications are herniation/stenosis of the medial one-third of the foraminal lumbar disc because the scope cannot reach the targeted area2.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1488 HD 3-Chip camera system</td>
			<td>Stryker</td>
			<td>1000902487</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16mm Endoscope Attachment, Sterile</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>9560160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18mm Endoscope Attachment, Sterile</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>9560180</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4K 32&#34; surgical display</td>
			<td>Stryker</td>
			<td>0240-031-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adjustable hinged operating carbon table</td>
			<td>Mizuho OSI</td>
			<td>6988A-PV-ACP</td>
			<td>OSI Axis Jackson table</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L10 AIM light source</td>
			<td>Stryker</td>
			<td>1000902487</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>METRx MED System Endoscope, Long</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>9560102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>METRx MED System Reusable Endoscope</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>9560101</td>
			<td>Metrx</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>METRx MED System Reusable Endoscope</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>9560101 M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>METRx MED System Reusable Endoscope, Long</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>9560102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Navigated high speed bur</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>EM200N</td>
			<td>Stelth&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Navigated passive pointer</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>960-559</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIM Eclipse system</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>ECLC</td>
			<td>Neuromonitouring</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>O-arm</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>224ABBZX00042000</td>
			<td>Intraoperative CT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stealth station navigation system Spine 7R</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>9733990</td>
			<td>Navigation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Carts</td>
			<td>Stryker</td>
			<td>F-NSK-006-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubular Retractor, 16mm</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>955-524</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubular Retractor, 16mm, Long</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>9560216</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubular Retractor, 18mm</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>9560118</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubular Retractor, 18mm, Long</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>9560218</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transtubular endoscopic posterolateral decompression for l5-s1 lumbar lateral disc herniation

We report a novel technique for C-arm free transtubular L5 nerve decompression under CT-based navigation to reduce the radiation hazard. This procedure is performed under general anesthesia and neuromonitoring. The patient is placed in a prone position on an operating carbon table. A navigation reference frame is placed percutaneously into the contralateral sacroiliac joint or spinous process. Then, CT scan images are obtained. After instrument registration, the L5-S1 foraminal level is confirmed with a navigated probe, and the entry point is marked. Using an approximately 2 cm skin incision, the subcutaneous tissue and muscles are dissected. The navigated first dilator is aimed at the L5-S1 Kambin&#39;s triangle, and sequential dilation is performed. The 18 mm tube is used and fixed to the frame. The bone around the Kambin&#39;s triangle is removed with a navigated burr. For lateral disc herniation, the L5 nerve root is identified and retracted, and the disc fragment is removed. The navigation-guided tubular endoscopic decompression is an effective procedure. There is no radiation hazard to the surgeon or the operating room staff.

Eight cases (four men, four women) underwent surgery using this new technique. The average age was 72.0 years, and the average follow-up period was 1.5 years. There were five patients with L5/S1 foraminal stenosis, two patients with L5/S foraminal disc herniation, and one patient with L3/4 foraminal disc herniation. We could perform all surgeries without a C-arm. The average surgical time and blood loss were 143 min &#177; 14 min and 134 &#177; 18 mL, respectively.
The average recovery percent...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transtubular Endoscopic Posterolateral Decompression for L5-S1 Lumbar Lateral Disc Herniation at JoVE.com

Transtubular Endoscopic Posterolateral Decompression for L5-S1 Lumbar Lateral Disc Herniation

Presented here is a novel technique of C-arm free transtubular posterolateral decompression for lumbar foraminal stenosis and lateral disc herniation under O-arm navigation.

We report a novel technique for C-arm free transtubular L5 nerve decompression under CT-based navigation to reduce the radiation hazard. This procedure is ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Lateral Fluid Percussion: Model of Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) research has attained renewed momentum due to the increasing awareness of head injuries, which result in morbidity and ...

Lateral Diffusion and Exocytosis of Membrane Proteins in Cultured Neurons Assessed using Fluorescence Recovery and Fluorescence-loss Photobleaching

Membrane proteins such as receptors and ion channels undergo active trafficking in neurons, which are highly polarised and morphologically complex. This ...

A Large Lateral Craniotomy Procedure for Mesoscale Wide-field Optical Imaging of Brain Activity

The craniotomy is a commonly performed procedure to expose the brain for in vivo experiments. In mouse research, most labs utilize a small craniotomy, ...

Lateral Chronic Cranial Window Preparation Enables In Vivo Observation Following Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice

Lateral Chronic Cranial Window Preparation Enables In Vivo Observation Following Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice

Focal cerebral ischemia (i.e., ischemic stroke) may cause major brain injury, leading to a severe loss of neuronal function and consequently to a host of ...

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Endoscopic endonasal trans-sphenoidal surgery has become the gold standard for the surgical treatment of pituitary adenomas and many other pituitary ...

Laminotomy for Lumbar Dorsal Root Ganglion Access and Injection in Swine

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are anatomically well defined structures that contain all primary sensory neurons below the head. This fact makes DRG attractive ...

Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a subtype of stroke with high mortality and poor functional outcomes, largely because there are no evidence-based ...

In Vivo Calcium Imaging of Lateral-line Hair Cells in Larval Zebrafish

Sensory hair cells are mechanoreceptors found in the inner ear that are required for hearing and balance. Hair cells are activated in response to sensory ...

Use of Capillary Electrophoresis Immunoassay to Search for Potential Biomarkers of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Human Platelets

Capillary electrophoresis immunoassay (CEI), also known as capillary western technology, is becoming a method of choice for screening disease relevant ...

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery

Endoscopic endonasal surgery has gained a prominent role in the management of complex skull base tumors. It allows the resection of a large group of ...