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Chapter 16

The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue

Организация нервной системы
Организация нервной системы
The nervous system is the primary control and communication center of the body. The nervous system can be divided into two major categories—the ...
Функциональные отделы нервной системы
Функциональные отделы нервной системы
The nervous system senses, integrates, and responds to various stimuli. Based on bodily control, the central nervous system cannot be divided ...
Функции нервной системы
Функции нервной системы
The nervous system has three main functions: sensation, integration, and motor output. Sensory functions detect and process stimuli from external and ...
Нейроны: тело клетки и дендриты
Нейроны: тело клетки и дендриты
Neurons, excitable nervous system cells, generally consist of three main parts: the cell body, the dendrites, and the axon. The cell body, also known as ...
Нейроны: Аксон
Нейроны: Аксон
The axon is a long, thin extended portion of the neuron that carries impulses from its cell body toward the effector cell. Axoplasm, the axon's ...
Нервная ткань: типы нейронов
Нервная ткань: типы нейронов
Neurons can be categorized either by their structure or their function. Structurally, neurons are classified by the number of processes emerging from the ...
Нервная ткань: глиальные клетки
Нервная ткань: глиальные клетки
Glial cells or neuroglia are non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that outnumber neurons. These include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ...
Нервная ткань: миелин
Нервная ткань: миелин
Myelin is a protective, multilayered covering around axons, composed of lipids and proteins, that provides electrical insulation. In the PNS, individual ...
Электрохимический градиент и канальные белки: обзор
Электрохимический градиент и канальные белки: обзор
An electrochemical gradient is a fundamental concept in biology and chemistry. It regulates the movement of ions across cell membranes. This movement is ...
Лиганд-зависимые ионные каналы
Лиганд-зависимые ионные каналы
Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins with a channel for ions to pass through and a binding site for a ligand. The channel opens only when ...
Потенциал-зависимые ионные каналы
Потенциал-зависимые ионные каналы
Voltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential. They are present on the ...
Ионные каналы с механическим стробированием
Ионные каналы с механическим стробированием
Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, ...
Потенциал мембраны покоя
Потенциал мембраны покоя
The relative difference in electrical charge, or voltage, between the inside and the outside of a cell membrane, is called the membrane potential. It is ...
Затухание потенциала покоя
Затухание потенциала покоя
The resting membrane potential of a neuron (-70mV) is sustained due to the selective ion permeability of the membrane. At the resting potential, the ...
Оцениваемый потенциал
Оцениваемый потенциал
The graded potential is a short-lived, localized change in the membrane potential of a neuron. A graded potential occurs in response to a stimulus, ...
Потенциал действий
Потенциал действий
Neurons communicate by firing action potentials—the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of ...
Потенциал действия: фазы стимуляции
Потенциал действия: фазы стимуляции
An action potential has three main phases: depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization. The depolarizing phase begins after a graded potential ...
Распространение потенциалов действия
Распространение потенциалов действия
The Propagation of an action potential is the process by which a nerve impulse is transmitted along the axon. It is a self-propagating process; once ...
Общие сведения о синапсах
Общие сведения о синапсах
Synapse is a region where communication occurs between two neurons or a neuron and its effector cell. The neuron that carries the impulse toward the ...
Химические синапсы
Химические синапсы
Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell. Because ...
Нейротрансмиттеров
Нейротрансмиттеров
Neurotransmitters play a crucial role in the communication between neurons in the autonomic nervous system. Neurons in the autonomic nervous system can be ...
Постсинаптический потенциал (ПСП)
Постсинаптический потенциал (ПСП)
Postsynaptic potential or PSP refers to a change in the electrical potential of a postsynaptic membrane when neurotransmitters released by presynaptic ...
Интеграция синаптических событий
Интеграция синаптических событий
The integration of synaptic events involves the summation of multiple graded potentials, such as excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, at the ...
Нейронные сети
Нейронные сети
In the central nervous system, billions of interconnected neurons are organized into specialized functional groups called neuronal pools. Within each ...
Нейрогенез и регенерация нервной ткани
Нейрогенез и регенерация нервной ткани
In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal ...
Нарушения нервной ткани
Нарушения нервной ткани
Nervous tissue disorders are caused by several factors. Homeostatic imbalances include cerebral hypoxia  — or reduced oxygen supply to the ...
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