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Chapter 16

The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue

신경계의 조직
신경계의 조직
The nervous system is the primary control and communication center of the body. The nervous system can be divided into two major categories—the ...
신경계의 기능적 분열
신경계의 기능적 분열
The nervous system senses, integrates, and responds to various stimuli. Based on bodily control, the central nervous system cannot be divided ...
신경계의 기능
신경계의 기능
The nervous system has three main functions: sensation, integration, and motor output. Sensory functions detect and process stimuli from external and ...
뉴런: 세포체와 수상돌기
뉴런: 세포체와 수상돌기
Neurons, excitable nervous system cells, generally consist of three main parts: the cell body, the dendrites, and the axon. The cell body, also known as ...
뉴런: 축삭돌기
뉴런: 축삭돌기
The axon is a long, thin extended portion of the neuron that carries impulses from its cell body toward the effector cell. Axoplasm, the axon's ...
신경 조직: 뉴런 유형
신경 조직: 뉴런 유형
Neurons can be categorized either by their structure or their function. Structurally, neurons are classified by the number of processes emerging from the ...
신경 조직: 신경교세포(glial cells)
신경 조직: 신경교세포(glial cells)
Glial cells or neuroglia are non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that outnumber neurons. These include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ...
신경 조직: 수초(Myelin)
신경 조직: 수초(Myelin)
Myelin is a protective, multilayered covering around axons, composed of lipids and proteins, that provides electrical insulation. In the PNS, individual ...
전기화학적 구배 및 채널 단백질: 개요
전기화학적 구배 및 채널 단백질: 개요
An electrochemical gradient is a fundamental concept in biology and chemistry. It regulates the movement of ions across cell membranes. This movement is ...
리간드 게이트 이온 채널
리간드 게이트 이온 채널
Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins with a channel for ions to pass through and a binding site for a ligand. The channel opens only when ...
전압 의존성 이온 채널
전압 의존성 이온 채널
Voltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential. They are present on the ...
기계적으로 게이트된 이온 채널
기계적으로 게이트된 이온 채널
Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, ...
휴지막 전위
휴지막 전위
The relative difference in electrical charge, or voltage, between the inside and the outside of a cell membrane, is called the membrane potential. It is ...
휴지 전위 감퇴
휴지 전위 감퇴
The resting membrane potential of a neuron (-70mV) is sustained due to the selective ion permeability of the membrane. At the resting potential, the ...
등급이 매겨진 잠재력
등급이 매겨진 잠재력
The graded potential is a short-lived, localized change in the membrane potential of a neuron. A graded potential occurs in response to a stimulus, ...
활동전위
활동전위
Neurons communicate by firing action potentials—the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of ...
활동 전위: 자극 단계
활동 전위: 자극 단계
An action potential has three main phases: depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization. The depolarizing phase begins after a graded potential ...
활동 전위의 전파
활동 전위의 전파
The Propagation of an action potential is the process by which a nerve impulse is transmitted along the axon. It is a self-propagating process; once ...
Synapses 개요
Synapses 개요
Synapse is a region where communication occurs between two neurons or a neuron and its effector cell. The neuron that carries the impulse toward the ...
화학적 시냅스
화학적 시냅스
Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell. Because ...
신경 전달 물질
신경 전달 물질
Neurotransmitters play a crucial role in the communication between neurons in the autonomic nervous system. Neurons in the autonomic nervous system can be ...
시냅스후 전위(PSP)
시냅스후 전위(PSP)
Postsynaptic potential or PSP refers to a change in the electrical potential of a postsynaptic membrane when neurotransmitters released by presynaptic ...
Synaptic 이벤트의 통합
Synaptic 이벤트의 통합
The integration of synaptic events involves the summation of multiple graded potentials, such as excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, at the ...
신경 회로
신경 회로
In the central nervous system, billions of interconnected neurons are organized into specialized functional groups called neuronal pools. Within each ...
신경 조직의 신경 발생 및 재생
신경 조직의 신경 발생 및 재생
In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal ...
신경 조직의 장애
신경 조직의 장애
Nervous tissue disorders are caused by several factors. Homeostatic imbalances include cerebral hypoxia  — or reduced oxygen supply to the ...
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