Chapter 13
Introduction to Signals and Systems
Signal and System
Signals are sets of data or information.
One-dimensional signals include single-variable functions, such as the variations in air pressure over time in ...
Classification of Signals
Signals are categorized as Continuous-time or discrete-time, Periodic or aperiodic, Analog or digital, and Causal or noncausal.
A continuous-time signal ...
Energy and Power Signals
Consider an electric system with a resistor. Here, the voltage and current signals enable power and energy measurement across the resistor.
For a ...
Even and Odd Signals
An even signal, either in continuous-time or discrete-time, is defined as a signal that matches its own time-reversed version.
Even signals are ...
Basic Continuous Time Signals
Basic continuous-time signals include the unit step function, unit impulse function, and unit ramp function. These are collectively referred to as ...
Rectangular and Triangular Pulse Function
The unit rectangular pulse function is mathematically represented by the rectangular function centered at the origin with a height of one unit.
Two ...
Exponential and Sinusoidal Signals
The exponential function serves as an essential tool for characterizing waveforms that rise and decay rapidly. This function is defined using the ...
Basic Discrete Time Signals
The unit step sequence is expressed as 1 for zero and positive values of integer 'n'. This can be graphically displayed using a set of eight ...
Basic Operations on Signals
Basic signal operations are time reversal, scaling, shifting, and amplitude transformations.
Time reversal mirrors a continuous-time signal about the ...
Classification of Systems-I
Linearity is a system property with a direct input-output relationship, combining homogeneity and additivity.
Homogeneity dictates that if an input is ...
Classification of Systems-II
Continuous-time systems have continuous input and output signals, with time measured continuously, and are generally defined by differential or algebraic ...
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