Chapter 9
Disorders of the Esophagus
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology
Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a chronic condition in which stomach contents, including acidic gastric juices or bile, frequently flow back ...
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease II: Clinical Features and Management
GERD manifests with the following symptoms: Heartburn, or pyrosis, is an intermittent burning sensation that occurs from the sternum to the throat due to ...
Esophageal Perforation-I: Introduction
Esophageal perforation occurs when the esophageal wall is compromised, allowing food, fluids, and digestive juices to escape into the chest cavity or ...
Esophageal Perforation-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management
The clinical manifestations of esophageal perforations depend on the injury's location and severity.
Patients with cervical esophageal perforations ...
Barrett Esophagus-I: Introduction
Barrett's esophagus is characterized by severe damage to the mucosal lining due to persistent exposure to stomach acid or other digestive fluids.
The ...
Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management
Barrett's esophagus is asymptomatic, but patients may experience symptoms associated with GERD, like heartburn and regurgitation.
Other symptoms ...
Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction
Esophageal strictures refer to the abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophageal lumen, ranging from a mild constriction to a complete obstruction.
...
Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management
Esophageal stricture symptoms include difficulty swallowing, starting with solids and progressing to liquids.
Additional symptoms include chest pain, ...
Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction
Esophageal varices are enlarged and twisted veins primarily located in the submucosa of the lower esophagus and stomach, posing a significant risk of ...
Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management
Esophageal varices lead to gastrointestinal bleeding, manifesting with symptoms like hematemesis, hematochezia, and melena. Additional signs include ...
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