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Chapter 6

Thermochemistry

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Energy Basics
Energy Basics
Chemical reactions, such as those that occur when you light a match, involve changes in energy as well as matter. Chemical changes and their accompanying ...

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First Law of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy Conservation Energy can be converted from one form into another, but all of the energy present before a change occurs always exists in some form ...

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Internal Energy
Internal Energy
The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with ...

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Quantifying Heat
Quantifying Heat
Thermal Energy  Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a ...

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Quantifying Work
Quantifying Work
As a system undergoes a change, its internal energy can change, and energy can be transferred from the system to the surroundings, or from the ...

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Enthalpy
Enthalpy
Chemists ordinarily use a property known as enthalpy (H) to describe the thermodynamics of chemical and physical processes. Enthalpy is defined as the sum ...

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Thermochemical Equations
Thermochemical Equations
For a chemical reaction (the system) carried out at constant pressure – with the only work done caused by expansion or contraction – the ...

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Constant Pressure Calorimetry
Constant Pressure Calorimetry
Calorimetry is a technique used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process or to measure the heat transferred to or from a ...

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Constant Volume Calorimetry
Constant Volume Calorimetry
Calorimeters are useful to determine the heat released or absorbed by a chemical reaction. Coffee cup calorimeters are designed to operate at constant ...

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Hess's Law
Hess's Law
There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally ...

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Standard Enthalpy of Formation
Standard Enthalpy of Formation
Enthalpy changes are typically tabulated for reactions in which both the reactants and products are at the same conditions. A standard state is a commonly ...

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Enthalpies of Reaction
Enthalpies of Reaction
Hess’s law can be used to determine the enthalpy change of any reaction if the corresponding enthalpies of formation of the reactants and products ...
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