Chapter 6
Thermochemistry
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Energy Basics
Chemical reactions, such as those that occur when you light a match, involve changes in energy as well as matter.
Chemical changes and their accompanying ...
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First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy Conservation
Energy can be converted from one form into another, but all of the energy present before a change occurs always exists in some form ...
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Internal Energy
The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with ...
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Quantifying Heat
Thermal Energy
Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a ...
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Quantifying Work
As a system undergoes a change, its internal energy can change, and energy can be transferred from the system to the surroundings, or from the ...
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Enthalpy
Chemists ordinarily use a property known as enthalpy (H) to describe the thermodynamics of chemical and physical processes. Enthalpy is defined as the sum ...
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Thermochemical Equations
For a chemical reaction (the system) carried out at constant pressure – with the only work done caused by expansion or contraction – the ...
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Constant Pressure Calorimetry
Calorimetry is a technique used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process or to measure the heat transferred to or from a ...
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Constant Volume Calorimetry
Calorimeters are useful to determine the heat released or absorbed by a chemical reaction. Coffee cup calorimeters are designed to operate at constant ...
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Hess's Law
There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally ...
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Standard Enthalpy of Formation
Enthalpy changes are typically tabulated for reactions in which both the reactants and products are at the same conditions. A standard state is a commonly ...
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Enthalpies of Reaction
Hess’s law can be used to determine the enthalpy change of any reaction if the corresponding enthalpies of formation of the reactants and products ...
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