Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs

Summary

Fertile chicken eggs are widely used to produce large amounts of human influenza A virus as they provide a convenient and cost-effective system to prove high yields of virus.

Abstract

Influenza infection is associated with about 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations every year in the United States. The continuous emergence of new influenza virus strains due to mutation and re-assortment complicates the control of the virus and necessitates the permanent development of novel drugs and vaccines. The laboratory-based study of influenza requires a reliable and cost-effective method for the propagation of the virus. Here, a comprehensive protocol is provided for influenza A virus propagation in fertile chicken eggs, which consistently yields high titer viral stocks. In brief, serum pathogen-free (SPF) fertilized chicken eggs are incubated at 37 °C and 55-60% humidity for 10 – 11 days. Over this period, embryo development can be easily monitored using an egg candler. Virus inoculation is carried out by injection of virus stock into the allantoic cavity using a needle. After 2 days of incubation at 37 °C, the eggs are chilled for at least 4 hr at 4 °C. The eggshell above the air sac and the chorioallantoic membrane are then carefully opened, and the allantoic fluid containing the virus is harvested. The fluid is cleared from debris by centrifugation, aliquoted and transferred to -80 °C for long-term storage. The large amount (5-10 ml of virus-containing fluid per egg) and high virus titer which is usually achieved with this protocol has made the usage of eggs for virus preparation our favorable method, in particular for in vitro studies which require large quantities of virus in which high dosages of the same virus stock are needed.

Introduction

Influenza A continues to be a major threat to human health. It is a potentially devastating respiratory disease with a large global burden causing up to 500,000 deaths worldwide annually ¹. Influenza viruses are in the family Orthomyxoviridae and carry 8 negative-sense single-stranded RNA in their genome ^1,2. The high mutability (i.e., antigenic “drift”) of the viral genome prevents long-term immunity. Moreover, influenza is increasingly resistant to anti-viral drugs ³.

The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic highlighted all the challenging issues associated with influenza disease (pandemic strain, anti-viral resistance, delayed vaccine production). The vaccine formulation is determined annually by the World Health Organization for the most likely pathogenic influenza strains (one each for H1N1, H3N2 and influenza B) ⁴. Because this method is based on predicted influenza strains, pathogenic strains are occasionally incorrectly identified and vaccine efficacy drops dramatically. Moreover, the appearance of novel influenza strains can circumvent these preventative programs causing pandemic disease ².

The creation of a universal influenza vaccine has been elusive ⁵. Therefore, research must continue into understanding the pathogenesis of lung injury. To facility laboratory research, several methods have been developed for viral isolation and propagation ⁶. Human influenza viruses can be amplified in a variety of mammalian cell substrates. However, generating high titer viruses in large quantities are best achieved in embryonated eggs. The following protocol describes a technique for influenza A virus propagation and storage from existing virus stocks.

Protocol

NOTE: General remarks: Perform all procedures involving manipulation of the egg under sterile conditions, and sterile technique should be used accordingly. Pre-clean all equipment with 70% ethanol before use. In general, influenza virus inoculation and harvest should be conducted in a BSL-2 laboratory. However, if this protocol is used to propagate much more pathogenic influenza viruses (e.g., pandemic and pre-pandemic strains, strains that pose a danger to poultry and livestock, highly pathogenic avian influenza strains, the 1918 H1N1 strain), higher biosafety levels and in some cases, biosecurity precautions and authorizations are required. The local Institutional Biosafety Committee should approve all research involving influenza virus.

1. Preparation of Eggs for Inoculation

1. Obtain serum pathogen-free (SPF) freshly fertilized avian eggs from a suitable vendor. Typically, chicken eggs are used. Eggs should be used immediately upon arrival.
2. Upon arrival place eggs in a humidified egg incubator with an automatic egg turner to rotate eggs regularly. If an automatic egg turner is not available, manually rotate eggs at least 2-3 times a day (make sure to wear gloves and keep everything as sterile as possible).
3. Incubate eggs at 37 °C and 55-60% humidity for 10-11 days.

2. Egg Candling

1. Use an egg candler to examine the egg against a bright light in a dark room to check eggs for infertility by candling after about 7 or 8 days of incubation.
   1. Wipe the egg candler with 70% ethanol. Change gloves often and disinfect with 70% ethanol to minimize the risk of contamination by pathogens.
   2. Remove the eggs from the incubator and place them in empty egg cartons.
   3. Turn off the lights in the room.
   4. Hold the large end of each egg one at a time against the candler.
   5. Observe the egg to determine if it is fertile or infertile.
      NOTE: Thin blood vessels leading to a bean-shaped embryo should be clearly visible. Unfertilized eggs will appear as a small blood spot with a visible egg yolk.
2. Discard eggs that are unfertilized, and return the viable eggs to the incubator. Do not leave eggs outside of the incubator for more than 30 min. If the status of an egg cannot be confirmed, mark it, and observe it later.

3. Preparation of Virus Inoculum

1. Dilute influenza virus stock to about 10³ – 10⁴ pfu/ml in sterile PBS containing 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.4). Critical step: Dilute the virus stock immediately before use and keep the diluted virus on ice all the time.

4. Influenza Virus Inoculation via the Allantoic Route

1. On the day of virus inoculation (day 10 or 11), candle the eggs again and eliminate any dead embryos. Distinguish live embryos by looking for movement inside the egg.
2. Remove three eggs from the incubator, and arrange the eggs in a separate holder with the air sac up.
3. Mark the air space of the eggs with a permanent marker.
4. Wash the eggshell above the air space with 70% ethanol.
5. Put the eggs with the air space up in an egg carton and into a biosafety hood (BSL-2).
6. Use a sterile 18G needle to punch a small hole in the shell over the air sac of each egg. Be careful not to insert the needle too deeply to avoid stabbing the embryo or yolk.
7. Draw up the diluted influenza virus into a sterile 1 ml syringe and attach a 22G needle.
8. Carefully advance the syringe with needle at a 45° angle into the allantoic cavity.
9. Inject 0.2 ml of the diluted influenza virus.
10. Repeat the injection with the other two eggs, and then discard the syringe and needle.
11. Seal the hole with a drop of glue from a glue gun (or melted paraffin wax). Be careful that glue does not leak inside the egg.
12. Place the eggs back into the egg incubator with the air space pointed upward.
13. Repeat steps 4.2 – 4.12 until all the eggs have been inoculated.

5. Incubation Time

1. Incubate the infected eggs without turning at 37 °C and ~60% humidity.
2. Choose optimal incubation time depending on the influenza virus type. Incubate influenza A for 48 h; incubate influenza B and C for 72 hr.

6. Influenza Virus Harvest

1. After incubation period, chill the eggs at 4 °C for a minimum of 4 hr (or O/N) to kill the embryo and constrict the blood vessels to reduce the risk of contaminating the infected allantoic fluid with blood. Do this to prevent the red blood cells from absorbing the virus, which reduces the yield. Alternatively, chill eggs for 30 min at -20 °C; however this increases the risk of blood contamination.
2. After the eggs have been sufficiently chilled, transfer the eggs to a biosafety hood. Place the egg into a firm holder with the air sac facing up. Clean the egg surface with 70% ethanol.
3. Use sterile scissors to open the eggshell above the air sac. Remove the shell around the air sac while being careful not to destroy the chorioallantoic membrane.
4. Open the chorioallantoic membrane with sterile blunt forceps. Gently move aside the embryo and the yolk sac with a small spatula or spoon. Take care not to rupture the yolk.
5. Using a 1 ml Eppendorf pipette, carefully collect the allantoic fluid. If needed, tilt the egg a bit to the side to collect as much fluid as possible.
6. Combine the allantoic fluid from all the eggs into a 50 ml plastic conical tube. Keep tubes on ice at all times during virus harvest. One egg yields 5 – 10 ml of a slightly yellowish fluid.
7. Spin the virus-containing allantoic fluid at 1,000 x g for 10 min at 4 °C to pellet debris. Transfer the clear fluid into a new 50 ml tube kept on ice. Dispose eggs into a BSL-2 waste container.

7. Storage

1. Immediately aliquot the clarified allantoic fluid (e.g., 50, 100 or 500 ul aliquots) and snap-freeze in liquid nitrogen. Transfer frozen virus stocks to -80 °C freezer for long-term storage.

Results

Multiple methods have been developed to titer influenza virus. One consideration when choosing an appropriate method is that some determine total particles regardless of viability (e.g., hemagglutinin assay) whereas others are based on infectivity, which will assess viable virions (e.g., plaque assay) ⁶. Here, the viral titer of allantoic fluid collected from chicken eggs inoculated with a mouse-adapted influenza virus (A/PR/8/34) was determined by plaque assay (Figure 1...

Discussion

Influenza causes a large global burden of disease, and work continues into understanding the pathogenesis of lung injury ⁷. To facilitated research in this deadly disease, various methods have been developed to propagate the influenza virus ⁶. Here, we describe a technique to produce influenza virus in chicken eggs. The advantage of this method is that it is highly reproducible and results in large quantities of high titer influenza virus stocks, which is often necessary for in vitro studie...

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Name of Reagent/ Equipment	Company	Catalog Number	Comments/Description
Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)	Cellgro	21-040-CV
serum pathogen-free (SPF) fertilized chicken eggs	VALO BioMedia	n/a
humidified egg incubator	FARM iNNOVATORS	Model 2100
automatic egg turner	FARM iNNOVATORS	Model 3200
egg candler	FARM iNNOVATORS	Model 3300
1 ml syringe	BD Bioscience	309659
18G needle	BD Bioscience	305196
20G / 22G needle	BD Bioscience	305176 / 305156
HEPES	Sigma-Aldrich	H3375
Ethanol, >99.5%	Sigma-Aldrich	459844	diluted to 70% using water
glue gun "Ad tech Hi Temp Project Pro"	Ad tech, Adhesive Technologies, Inc.	Model 1105
glue "Ad tech MINI SIZE, Multi Temp"	Ad tech, Adhesive Technologies, Inc.	220-34ZIP30
MDCK cells	ATCC	CRL-2935
Washed Pooled Turkey Red Blood Cells, 10%	Lampire Biological Laboratories	724908