Dissection and Coronal Slice Preparation of Developing Mouse Pituitary Gland

Summary

We present a protocol to dissect pituitary glands and prepare pituitary coronal sections from developing mice.

Abstract

The pituitary gland or hypophysis is an important endocrine organ secreting hormones essential for homeostasis. It consists of two glands with separate embryonic origins and functions — the neurohypophysis and the adenohypophysis. The developing mouse pituitary gland is tiny and delicate with an elongated oval shape. A coronal section is preferred to display both the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis in a single slice of the mouse pituitary.

The goal of this protocol is to achieve proper pituitary coronal sections with well-preserved tissue architectures from developing mice. In this protocol, we describe in detail how to dissect and process pituitary glands properly from developing mice. First, mice are fixed by transcardial perfusion of formaldehyde prior to dissection. Then three different dissecting techniques are applied to obtain intact pituitary glands depending on the age of mice. For fetal mice aged embryonic days (E) 17.5 - 18.5 and neonates up to 4 days, the entire sella regions including the sphenoid bone, gland, and trigeminal nerves are dissected. For pups aged postnatal days (P) 5 - 14, the pituitary glands connected with trigeminal nerves are dissected as a whole. For mice over 3 weeks old, the pituitary glands are carefully dissected free from the surrounding tissues. We also display how to embed the pituitary glands in a proper orientation by using the surrounding tissues as landmarks to obtain satisfying coronal sections. These methods are useful in analyzing histological and developmental features of pituitary glands in developing mice.

Introduction

The pituitary gland or hypophysis is an important endocrine organ secreting hormones essential for homeostasis^1,2. Anatomically, the pituitary gland is a ''two-in-one'' structure consisting of the neurohypophysis and the adenohypophysis. These parts have different embryonic origins and function very differently. The neurohypophysis is derived from the neural ectoderm and secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone. The adenohypophysis originates from Rathke's pouch and is responsible for the release of hormones including growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and melanocyte-stimulating hormone^3,4,5.

The pituitary gland rests on the dorsal surface of the sphenoid bone (sella turcica) of the mouse skull and is attached to the floor of the brain by a fragile stalk. It is surrounded laterally by trigeminal nerves and anteriorly by the optic chiasm^6,7. The gland has an elongated oval shape with its long axis perpendicular to that of the head. On its dorsal surface, the neurohypophysis and the adenohypophysis can easily be demarcated, with the former occupying the dorsal medial region and the latter extending laterally and ventrally. During postnatal development, the size of pituitary increases rapidly in the first month after birth^8,9. Nevertheless, the mouse pituitary is still very small in size with an average weight of 1.9 mg and a long-axis diameter of ~3 mm in adult¹⁰, a long-axis diameter of 2 - 2.5 mm at postnatal day 21 (P21), and only 1 - 1.5 mm at P0.

A coronal section is preferred to display both adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis in a single slice of the mouse pituitary. However, some technical skills are required to obtain satisfying coronal sections of pituitary glands from developing mice due to its exceptionally small size and distinct anatomy. In this video article, we demonstrate how to dissect mouse pituitary glands and prepare pituitary coronal sections at different development stages.

Protocol

C57BL/6 mice are bred in specific pathogen-free conditions. All animal experimental methods are in compliance with the guidelines approved by the Animal Care and Ethics Committee at Second Military Medical University.

1. Dissection of Postnatal Developing Pituitary Gland

1. Perform anesthesia: Place neonatal mice (P0 - P5) on crushed ice to induce hypothermia. For mice older than 5 days of age, inject 5% urethane (30 µL/g of body weight) intraperitoneally to induce anesthesia. Assess responses to tail/toe pinches. Proceed only after the mouse is unresponsive to the noxious stimuli.
2. Secure the mouse in the supine position (lying on the back with face upward) by gently taping the forepaws and hindpaws to a work surface that is capable of being pinned (i.e., Styrofoam) inside a chemical fume hood.
3. Perform transcardial perfusion.
   1. Cut the mouse ribcage with surgical scissors to expose the heart (and other thoracic organs).
   2. Secure the beating heart with blunt forceps and insert a 26G (0.45 mm) needle into the left ventricle. The needle is attached to a 10 mL syringe filled with heparinized phosphate buffered saline (PBS; supplemented with 5 mg/mL sodium nitrite and 10 U/mL heparin, pH 7.4, warm to 37 °C before use). Immediately cut the right atrium with fine scissors and begin to perfuse the body with the warm PBS until the fluid exiting the right atrium is clear.
      NOTE: Approximate 5 - 10 mL PBS is needed for neonatal mice and 10 - 20 mL PBS for adult mice.
   3. Keep the needle in place and change to another syringe filled with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA; pH 7.4). Perfuse 10 mL and 20 mL of fixative for neonatal and P21 mouse, respectively.
      Caution: PFA is toxic. It may cause skin and respiratory irritations, and eye damage. Wear gloves and work under a chemical hood.
4. Decapitate the PFA-fixed mouse and cut the skull bone open with scissors.
   1. Gently lift the hindbrain from the base of the skull with small forceps. At the first sign of the sella turcica, stop lifting but hold the hindbrain, cut the pituitary stalk and nerve fibers connecting to the base of the brain with fine scissors. This step is critical to ensure that the pituitary is not lifted away with the brain.
   2. Then keep lifting the brain and remove the whole brain to expose the pituitary gland fully. Cut the entire sella region including the pituitary gland, lateral trigeminal nerves, and the beneath sphenoid bone with scissors (approximately 3 x 5 mm²).
5. Put the dissected tissue into a 35 mm dish or one well of a 6-well plate containing 2 mL cold 4% PFA (pH 7.4). Fix the tissue at 4 °C for 40 min for P0 - P7 pituitaries, 1 h for P14 pituitaries, 1.5 h for P21 - P28 pituitaries, and 3 h for adult pituitaries.
6. Further dissociation of pituitary
   1. Wash the fixed tissue with 10 mL PBS, 5 changes, 15 min each. The neonatal pituitary gland together with its surrounding tissues and the beneath sphenoid bone can be processed directly to dehydration. However, pituitary glands from mice older than 5 days should be dissociated further under a stereo microscope.
   2. Put the fixed tissue into a 35 mm dish containing 1 mL PBS. For P5 - P14 pituitaries, remove the connective membranes between the nerves and the bone with fine forceps and scissors, and carefully isolate the pituitary gland together with lateral trigeminal nerves as a whole but leaving the sella turcica.The isolated gland and nerves are connected by connective membranes with a "H"-like appearance (Figure 1B).
   3. For P21 and adult pituitaries, remove the nerves and connective membranes around the pituitary and free the gland from the surrounding tissues. Wrap the pituitary tissue with lens cleaning tissue paper and put it into an embedding cassette.
      NOTE: Wrapping the tiny pituitary with lens cleaning tissue paper helps to prevent any potential loss of specimens and preserve tissue integrity in the following paraffin-embedding procedure. It may not be necessary to wrap the pituitary if it is processed in a small bottle in the cryo-embedding procedure.

2. Paraffin Embedding and Sectioning

1. Dehydrate the specimens in embedding cassettes with 50%, 65%, 75%, and 95% ethanol solutions for 15 min each. Subsequently dehydrate with 3 changes of pure ethanol, 3 min each for P0 - P4 glands, 4 min each for P5 - P14 glands, and 5 min each for P21 and older glands. Clear with xylene, 3 changes, 3 min each for P0 - P4 glands, 4 min each for P5 - P14 glands, and 5 min each for P21 and older glands. Infiltrate with molten paraffin wax, 3 changes, 7 min each for P0 - P4 glands, and 8 min twice followed by 6 min once for P5 and older glands.
   NOTE: The optimal parameters for tissue processing can be empirically adjusted. To obtain high quality sections, insufficient or over dehydration should be avoided. The same is true for clearing the tissue using xylene.
2. Orientation when embedding
   1. On a tissue embedding console system, remove the specimen from the cassette and place it into a base mold half-filled with molten paraffin wax. Proper orientation of the embedding pituitary gland is essential for satisfying coronal sections.
   2. For P21 and adult pituitary glands, position the pituitary gland with its short axis perpendicular to the bottom surface of a base mold (the section plane). Use sphenoid bones and trigeminal nerves as anatomic landmarks for P0 - P4 and P5 - P14 pituitaries, respectively. Orient specimens with their trigeminal nerves or transversal lamina of sphenoid bones perpendicular to the bottom surface of a base mold.
   3. Gently hold the tissue in the desired position with warmed fine forceps until the wax becomes semi-solid on a cooling plate. Top up the mold with molten paraffin wax. Allow the paraffin block to cool until the wax is fully solidified.
      NOTE: The pituitary at embryonic day 18.5 (E18.5) can be treated in the same way as the neonatal pituitary. But the pituitaries (Rathke's pouches) younger than E16.5 should be embedded with the entire head and oriented with the sagittal axis (from mouth to occiput) perpendicular to the bottom surface of a base mold.
3. Chill the paraffin block at -20 °C for 10 - 20 min and then cut it into thin slices (4 µm thickness is preferred) with a microtome. To get satisfactory coronal sections, fine tune the position of paraffin blocks during sectioning. Mount the tissue slices onto polylysine-coated glass slides to prevent detachment of slices in the following procedures.
   NOTE: Alternatively, specimens can be dehydrated in 15%, 30% (W/V) sucrose solutions (in PBS) at 4 °C until they sink to the bottom, embedded in cryo-embedding compound using the same orientation method, and quickly frozen on dry ice. Then cut the frozen tissue blocks into slices of 8 - 10 µm using a cryostat. The morphology of cryo-sections, however, is often inferior to paraffin sections.

3. H&E Staining and Immunofluorescence Labeling

1. Warm the slides on a heat block at 55 °C and dewax with xylene, 2 changes, 4 min each. Dehydrate the samples with 95% ethanol twice and 75% ethanol twice, 3 min each. Wash the slides with distilled water for 5 min on a shaker.
2. For H&E staining, stain the sections in alum hematoxylin solution for 6 min, rinse in running tap water for 2 min, differentiate with 0.2% ammonia water for 45 s, and re-rinse in running water for 2 min. Then dehydrate the sections with 95% ethanol for 1 min and stain with eosin for 2 min. Sequentially dehydrate, clear, and mount.
3. Immunofluorescence labeling
   1. Treat the sections with methanol containing 3% H₂O₂ and 0.01% NaN₃ for 20 min at room temperature to inactivate endogenous peroxidases. Retrieve antigens by boiling sections in the retrieval buffer (1 mM EDTA and 1 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4) in a pressure cooker for 2 min. Incubate the sections with blocking buffer (5% goat serum in PBS) for 30 min at 37 °C.
   2. Incubate sections with rabbit anti-growth hormone (GH) antibody (1:2,000) or rabbit anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibody (1:2,000) diluted in blocking buffer overnight at 4 °C.
   3. Incubate sections with secondary antibody (goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP, 1:300 in blocking buffer) for 35 min at 37 °C.
   4. Amplify the signals using Biotinyl Tyramide (1:50 in Tris buffered saline containing 0.3% H₂O₂) for 15 min at room temperature, and visualize with Streptavidin-Alexa594 or 488 (1:300 in blocking buffer, 30 min, 37 °C).
   5. Counterstain the nuclei with DAPI (50 mg/L in PBS) for 5 min at room temperature.
      NOTE: It may not be necessary to amplify the signal using Tyramide Signal Amplification (TSA) system. Alternatively, a fluorescence-conjugated secondary antibody can be used to visualize the signal.
4. Acquire images using a fluorescence microscope equipped with DAPI, Texas Red, and FITC filter sets, ×4/0.13 to ×40/0.75 objectives and 5.0 megapixel camera. Use the 360, 488, and 594 nm laser wavelengths for imaging DAPI, Alexa 488-, and Alexa 594-stained sections, respectively. Optimize the laser power (0.8 was used generally) and exposure time to the desired levels for each channel. Capture the image under the control of image acquisition software and overlay the fluorescence images subsequently using image processing software.

Results

This protocol presents a method to dissect pituitary glands from developing mice. For the neonatal mouse, the whole sella regions containing the pituitary gland, the trigeminal nerves, and the underneath sphenoid bone were dissected out from the skull base. The tiny and delicate pituitary gland remained intact during the process (Figure 1A). For mice older than 5 days, the pituitary glands attached to the lateral trigeminal nerves were then isolated. The gros...

Discussion

For developing murine pituitaries, it has been technically difficult to obtain proper coronal sections due to their tiny and fragile features and unique anatomical characteristics^6,8. Some research groups thus chose mid-sagittal sections to analyze the morphology of embryonic and neonatal pituitary^11,12. Though the mid-sagittal section of pituitary is also capable of showing anterior, intermediate, and po...

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Tools/Equipment
Surgical scissors-straight	JinZhong	J21010	can be purchased from other vendors
Fine scissors-strainght	JinZhong	WA1010	can be purchased from other vendors
Blunt forceps	JinZhong	JD1020	can be purchased from other vendors
Fine forceps	Dumont	RS-5015	for isolation of the pituitary
26G (0.45mm) needle	HongDa		for transcardial perfusion
Syringe (1 mL)	BD	300841	can be purchased from other vendors
Syringe (10 mL)	BD		can be purchased from other vendors
35mm dish	Corning	430165	can be purchased from other vendors
Lens cleaning paper	ShuangQuan		can be purchased from other vendors
Anatomical microscope	OLYMPUS	SZX-ILLB2-200	can be purchased from other vendors
Embedding cassette	Thermo Fisher	22-272423	can be purchased from other vendors
Tissue embedding console system	KEDEE	KD-BM11	can be purchased from other vendors
Microtome	Thermo Fisher	HM315R	can be purchased from other vendors
Superfrost-Plus slides	Thermo Fisher	22-037-246	can be purchased from other vendors
Cover glass	Thermo Fisher	12-543	can be purchased from other vendors
Fluorescence microscope	OLYMPUS	BH2-RFCA	can be purchased from other vendors
Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Reagents
Urethane	BBI	EB0448
NaCl	Sigma	S9625	for PBS
KCl	Sigma	P9541	for PBS
Na2HPO4.12H2O	Sigma	71650	for PBS
K2HPO4	Sigma	P2222	for PBS
NaNO2	Sigma	237213
Heparin Sodium Injection	SPH	H31022051	for perfusion saline
Paraformaldehyde (PFA)	Sigma	P6148
Ethanol	SCR	10009218
Xylene	SCR	10023418
Paraffin	Thermo Fisher	8330
Hematoxylin	Sigma	H9627	for H&E staining
Eosin Y	Sigma	E4009	for H&E staining
rabbit anti growth hormone (GH)	National Hormone		for immunostaining
antibody	Pituitary Program
Rabbit anti-mouse GFAP antibody	Sigma	G9269	for immunostaining
Goat anti-rabbit IgG, HRP	Jackson	111-035-003	for immunostaining
TSA system	NEN Life Science Products	NEL700	for immunostaining
Streptavidin, Alexa Fluor 594	Thermo Fisher	S32356	for immunostaining
Anti-FITC Alexa Fluor 488	Thermo Fisher	A11090	for immunostaining