Abstract
Behavior
The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition
ERRATUM NOTICE
Important: There has been an erratum issued for this article. Read more …Abstract
The memory game paradigm is a behavioral procedure to explore the relationship between language, spatial memory, and object knowledge. Using two different versions of the paradigm, spatial language use and memory for object location are tested under different, experimentally manipulated conditions. This allows us to tease apart proposed models explaining the influence of object knowledge on spatial language (e.g., spatial demonstratives), and spatial memory, as well as understanding the parameters that affect demonstrative choice and spatial memory more broadly. Key to the development of the method was the need to collect data on language use (e.g., spatial demonstratives: "this/that") and spatial memory data under strictly controlled conditions, while retaining a degree of ecological validity. The language version (section 3.1) of the memory game tests how conditions affect language use. Participants refer verbally to objects placed at different locations (e.g., using spatial demonstratives: "this/that red circle"). Different parameters can be experimentally manipulated: the distance from the participant, the position of a conspecific, and for example whether the participant owns, knows, or sees the object while referring to it. The same parameters can be manipulated in the memory version of the memory game (section 3.2). This version tests the effects of the different conditions on object-location memory. Following object placement, participants get 10 seconds to memorize the object's location. After the object and location cues are removed, participants verbally direct the experimenter to move a stick to indicate where the object was. The difference between the memorized and the actual location shows the direction and strength of the memory error, allowing comparisons between the influences of the respective parameters.
Erratum
Erratum: The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial CognitionUse multilevel modelling (MLM) for analyses: An erratum was issued for: The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition. The Protocol was updated.
Section 4 of the Protocol was updated from:
4. Analysis
- Language version (section 3.1)
- Calculate percentages of demonstrative use for each combination of variables.
- Analyze data with a mixed ANOVA, using within (e.g., distance, ownership, familiarity, visibility, language at instruction, position of a conspecific) and between (e.g., gender) variables1,13.
- Memory version (section 3.2):
- Calculate the absolute value of the difference between the actual location and the recalled location (in mm, negative values indicate the object was recalled to be closer) for all trials, then average this difference over each cell of the design.
- Analyze data in a mixed ANOVA, using within (e.g., distance, ownership, familiarity, visibility, language at instruction, position of a conspecific) and between (e.g., gender) variables13,14.
to:
4. Analysis using Multilevel Modelling (MLM)
- Identify potential zero-values in individual cells of the design, as these may lead to statistical separation6,7
- Use the Satterthwaite approximation8,9 to calculate effective degrees of freedom in the MLM.
- Use a backwards stepwise procedure for interaction terms to eliminate non-significant, highest order interactions:
- Retain all lower-order interactions if a related higher-order interaction is significant.
- Double check the changes in the model via the classification table, coefficients, and main effects with each iteration.
- Use the AIC to determine the efficiency of the model relative to the previous iteration10.
- Repeat Step 3 until reaching a model including all main effects, all significant (higher order) interactions (if any), and related lower order interactions (whether significant or not).
Update: Please find more information of this updated analysis replacing Section 4 of this publication at doi: https://osf.io/wnj2v/
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