Generating Controlled, Dynamic Chemical Landscapes to Study Microbial Behavior

Summary

A protocol for the generation of dynamic chemical landscapes by photolysis within microfluidic and millifluidic setups is presented. This methodology is suitable to study diverse biological processes, including the motile behavior, nutrient uptake, or adaptation to chemicals of microorganisms, both at the single cell and population level.

Abstract

We demonstrate a method for the generation of controlled, dynamic chemical pulses―where localized chemoattractant becomes suddenly available at the microscale―to create micro-environments for microbial chemotaxis experiments. To create chemical pulses, we developed a system to introduce amino acid sources near-instantaneously by photolysis of caged amino acids within a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic chamber containing a bacterial suspension. We applied this method to the chemotactic bacterium, Vibrio ordalii, which can actively climb these dynamic chemical gradients while being tracked by video microscopy. Amino acids, rendered biologically inert ('caged') by chemical modification with a photoremovable protecting group, are uniformly present in the suspension but not available for consumption until their sudden release, which occurs at user-defined points in time and space by means of a near-UV-A focused LED beam. The number of molecules released in the pulse can be determined by a calibration relationship between exposure time and uncaging fraction, where the absorption spectrum after photolysis is characterized by using UV-Vis spectroscopy. A nanoporous polycarbonate (PCTE) membrane can be integrated into the microfluidic device to allow the continuous removal by flow of the uncaged compounds and the spent media. A strong, irreversible bond between the PCTE membrane and the PDMS microfluidic structure is achieved by coating the membrane with a solution of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) followed by plasma activation of the surfaces to be bonded. A computer-controlled system can generate user-defined sequences of pulses at different locations and with different intensities, so as to create resource landscapes with prescribed spatial and temporal variability. In each chemical landscape, the dynamics of bacterial movement at the individual scale and their accumulation at the population level can be obtained, thereby allowing the quantification of chemotactic performance and its effects on bacterial aggregations in ecologically relevant environments.

Introduction

Microbes rely on chemotaxis, the process of detecting chemical gradients and modifying motility in response¹, to navigate chemical landscapes, approach nutrient sources and hosts, and escape noxious substances. These microscale processes determine the macroscale kinetics of interactions between microbes and their environment^2,3. Recent advances in microfluidics and microfabrication technologies, including soft lithography⁴, have revolutionized our ability to create controlled microenvironments in which to study the interactions of microbes. For example, past expe....

Protocol

1. Fabrication of the Microfluidic Device for the Single Chemical-pulse Experiment

1. Design the channel using computer-aided design (CAD) software and print it onto a transparency film to create the photo mask (Figure 1A).
2. Fabricate the master by soft lithography (under clean-room conditions).
   1. Clean a silicon wafer (4 inches) in quick succession with acetone, methanol and isopropanol, then dry using nitrogen. Bake the wafer in the oven at 130 °C for 5 min.
   2. Place the wafer at the center of a spin-coater and pour SU-8 photoresist onto the wafer. Ramp the speed of the spin-coat....

Results

We used the microfluidic and millifluidic devices (Figure 1) to study bacterial accumulation profiles under dynamic nutrient conditions. Bacterial trajectories were extracted from recorded videos acquired by phase contrast microscopy of the accumulation-dissipation dynamics of a bacterial population following a chemical pulse released by photolysis (Figure 2 and Figure 3). By averaging millions of trajectories, the spatiotemporal dy.......

Discussion

This method allows researchers to study bacterial chemotaxis under controlled, dynamic gradients in micro- and millifluidic devices, enabling reproducible data acquisition. The near-instantaneous creation of chemical pulses at the microscale by photolysis aims to reproduce the types of nutrient pulses that bacteria encounter in the wild from a range of sources, for example, the diffusive spreading of plumes behind sinking marine particles²⁵, or the nutrient spreading from lysed phytoplankton cells.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
(3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES)	Sigma-Aldrich	A3648	>98% purity, highly toxic
CELLSTAR tube	Greiner Bio-One	210261	50 ml
Centrifuge	Eppendorf	5424R	to eliminate spent media from the bacterial culture
Digital Incubators Incu-Line	VWR-CH	390-0384	to bake 3D master
Duster	VWR-CH	16650-22	to clean the wafer and microchannels
Hot plate	VWR-CH	444-0601	to bond the microchannels
Isopropanol	Sigma-Aldrich	W292907
LightSafe micro centrifuge tubes	Sigma-Aldrich	Z688312	1.5 ml
MATLAB	Mathworks		for image analysis and bacterial tracking
Microcentrifuge tube	Eppendorf	30120086	1.5 ml
Microscope glass slide	VWR-CH	631-1552
Microscope Nikon Eclipse TiE	Nikon Instruments	MEA53100	with motorized stage
MNI-Glutamate	Tocris Bioscience	1490	>98 % purity, photosensitive
Mold printing equipment	Stratasys		Objet30 3D printer
Mold printing service	3D Printing Studios	Custom	https://www.3dprintingstudios.com/
Nanodrop One UV-Vis Spectrophotometer	Thermo Fisher Scientific	ND-ONE-W	to calibrate the uncaging
NIS Elements	Nikon Instruments		Microscope Imaging Software
Oven Venti-Line	VWR-CH	466-3516	to bake PDMS (with forced convection)
Photoresist SU-8-3050	MicroChem Corp.	SU8-3050
Plasma chamber Zepto	Diener Electronic	ZEPTO-1	to functionalize the surfaces before bonding
Polycarbonate membrane	Sterlitech	PCT0447100	0.4 µm pore size, 19 % open area, 24 µm thickness
Polyethylene microtubing	Scientific Commodities	BB31695-PE/2	I.D. x O.D.: 0.015" x 0.043" / 0.38mm x 1.09mm
Polystyrene Petri dish	VWR-CH	25373-100	bottom surface (90 mm x 15 mm) to bond the millifluidic device
Scale	VWR-CH	611-2605	to weight PDMS mixture
sCMOS camera Andor Zyla	Oxford Instruments		for phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy (max 100 fps)
Sea salt	Instant Ocean	Product No. SS1-160p
SolidWorks 2015	Dassault Systemes SolidWorks		Used to design the mold
Spectra X light engine	Lumencolor		for LED 395 nm
Sylgard 184	Dow Corning	110-41-155	PDMS Si Elastomer Kit; curing agent
Syringe (Luer-Lok)	B Braun Omnifix	4616308F
Syringe Needle	Agani	A228	from 10 to 30 ml
Syringe Pump 11 Pico Plus Elite	Harvard Apparatus	70-4506	Terumo Agani 23 gauge 5/8 inch (16mm)
VeroGrey	Stratasys		Dual Syringe Pump
Vortex-Genie	Scientific Industries	SI-0236	Mold Material