A High-Throughput Image-Guided Stereotactic Neuronavigation and Focused Ultrasound System for Blood-Brain Barrier Opening in Rodents

Summary

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) can be temporarily disrupted with microbubble-mediated focused ultrasound (FUS). Here, we describe a step-by-step protocol for high-throughput BBB opening in vivo using a modular FUS system accessible for non-ultrasound experts.

Abstract

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been a major hurdle for the treatment of various brain diseases. Endothelial cells, connected by tight junctions, form a physiological barrier preventing large molecules (>500 Da) from entering the brain tissue. Microbubble-mediated focused ultrasound (FUS) can be used to induce a transient local BBB opening, allowing larger drugs to enter the brain parenchyma.

In addition to large-scale clinical devices for clinical translation, preclinical research for therapy response assessment of drug candidates requires dedicated small animal ultrasound setups for targeted BBB opening. Preferably, these systems allow high-throughput workflows with both high-spatial precision as well as integrated cavitation monitoring, while still being cost effective in both initial investment and running costs.

Here, we present a bioluminescence and X-ray guided stereotactic small animal FUS system that is based on commercially available components and fulfills the aforementioned requirements. A particular emphasis has been placed on a high degree of automation facilitating the challenges typically encountered in high-volume preclinical drug evaluation studies. Examples of these challenges are the need for standardization in order to ensure data reproducibility, reduce intra-group variability, reduce sample size and thus comply with ethical requirements and decrease unnecessary workload. The proposed BBB system has been validated in the scope of BBB opening facilitated drug delivery trials on patient-derived xenograft models of glioblastoma multiforme and diffuse midline glioma.

Introduction

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major obstacle for drug delivery into the brain parenchyma. Most therapeutic drugs that have been developed do not cross the BBB due to their physicochemical parameters (e.g., lipophilicity, molecular weight, hydrogen bond acceptors and donors) or are not retained due to their affinity for efflux transporters in the brain^1,2. The small group of drugs that can cross the BBB are typically small lipophilic molecules, which are only effective in a limited number of brain diseases^1,2. As a consequence, for the majority of ....

Protocol

All in vivo experiments were approved by the Dutch ethical committee (license permit number AVD114002017841) and the Animal Welfare Body of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The investigators were trained in the basics of the FUS system in order to minimize the discomfort of the animals.

1. Focused ultrasound system

NOTE: The described setup is an inhouse built BBB disruption system based on commercially available components and includes a 3D-printed custom-made cone and detachable stereotactic platform. The system is designed modular, which facilitates modifications according to available equipmen....

Results

The described FUS system (Figure 1 and Figure 2) and the associated workflow have been used in over a 100 animals and produced reproducible data on both healthy and tumor bearing mice. Based on the recorded cavitation and the spectral density at the harmonics at the peak moment of the microbubble bolus injection, the spectral power of each frequency can be calculated using the Fourier analysis as explained in step 4 of the Protocol. Based on the acoustic protoco.......

Discussion

In this study, we developed a cost-effective image guided based FUS system for transient BBB disruption for increased drug delivery into the brain parenchyma. The system was largely built with commercially available components and in conjunction with X-ray and BLI. The modularity of the proposed design allows the use of several imaging modalities for planning and assessment in high-throughput workflows. The system can be combined with more comprehensive high-resolution 3D imaging modalities, for example high-resolution M.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1 mL luer-lock syringe	Becton Dickinson	309628	Plastipak
19 G needle	Terumo Agani	8AN1938R1
23 G needle	Terumo Agani	8AN2316R1
3M Transpore surgical tape	Science applied to life	7000032707	or similar
Arbitrary waveform generator	Siglent	n.a.	SDG1025, 25 MHz, 125 Msa/s
Automated stereotact	in-house built	n.a.	Stereotact with all elements were in-house built
Bruker In-Vivo Xtreme	Bruker	n.a.	Includes software
Buffered NaCl solution	B. Braun Melsungen AG	220/12257974/110
Buprenorfine hydrochloride	Indivior UK limitd	n.a.	0.324 mg
Cage enrichment: paper-pulp smart home	Bio services	n.a.
Carbon filter	Bickford	NC0111395	Omnicon f/air
Ceramic spoon	n.a	n.a.
Cotton swabs	n.a.	n.a.
D-luciferin, potassium salt	Gold Biotechnology	LUCK-1
Ethanol	VUmc pharmacy	n.a.	70%
Evans Blue	Sigma Aldrich	E2129
Fresenius NaCl 0.9%	Fresenius Kabi	n.a.	NaCl 0.9 %, 1000 mL
Histoacryl	Braun Surgical	n.a.	Histoacryl 0.5 mL
Hydrophone	Precision Acoustics	n.a.
Insulin syringe	Becton Dickinson	324825/324826	0.5 mL and 0.3 mL
Isoflurane	TEVA Pharmachemie BV	8711218013196	250 mL
Ketamine	Alfasan	n.a.	10 %, 10 mL
Mouse food: Teklad global 18% protein rodent diet	Envigo	2918-11416M
Neoflon catheter	Becton Dickinson	391349	26 GA 0.6 x 19 mm
Oscilloscope	Keysight technologies	n.a.	InfiniiVision DSOX024A
Plastic tubes	Greiner bio-one	210261	50 mL
Power amplifier	Electronics & Innovation Ltd	210L	Model 210L
Preamplifier DC Coupler	Precision Acoustics	n..	Serial number: DCPS94
Scissors	Sigma Aldrich	S3146-1EA	or similar
Sedazine	AST Farma	n.a.	2%
SonoVue microbubbles	Bracco	n.a.	8 µl/ml
Sterile water	Fresenius Kabi	n.a.	1000 mL
Syringe	n.a.	n.a.	various syringes can be used
Temgesic	Indivior UK limitd	n.a.	0.3 mg/ml
Transducer	Precision Acoustics	n.a.	1 MHz
Tweezers	Sigma Aldrich	F4142-1EA	or similar
Ultrasound gel	Parker Laboratories Inc.	01-02	Aquasonic 100
Vidisic gel	Bausch + Lomb	n.a.	10 g