Optimized High Quality DNA Extraction from Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Human Atherosclerotic Lesions

Summary

Here, we present a protocol for semi-automated DNA extraction from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded lesions of human carotid arteries. The tissue lysis is performed without toxic xylene, which is followed by an automated DNA extraction protocol, including a second lysis step, binding of DNA to paramagnetic particles for cellulose based binding, washing steps, and DNA elution.

Abstract

Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues represent a valuable source for molecular analyses and clinical genomic studies. These tissues are often poor in cells or difficult to process. Therefore, nucleic acids need to be carefully isolated. In recent years, various methods for DNA isolation have been established for tissues from many diseases, mostly cancer. Unfortunately, genomic DNA extracted from FFPE tissues is highly degraded due to the cross-linking between nucleic acid strands and proteins, as well as random breakings in sequence. Therefore, DNA quality from these samples is markedly reduced, making it a challenge for further molecular downstream analyses. Other problems with difficult tissues are, for example, the lack of cells in calcified human atherosclerotic lesions and fatty tissue, small skin biopsies, and consequently low availability of the desired nucleic acids as it is also the case in old or fixed tissues.

In our laboratories, we have established a method for DNA extraction from formalin-fixed atherosclerotic lesions, using a semi-automated isolation system. We compared this method to other commercially available extraction protocols and focused on further downstream analyses. Purity and concentration of the DNA were measured by spectrometry and fluorometry. The degree of fragmentation and overall quality were assessed.

The highest DNA quantity and quality was obtained with the modified blood DNA protocol for the automated extraction system, instead of the commercial FFPE protocol. With this step-by-step protocol, DNA yields from FFPE samples were in average four times higher and fewer specimens failed the extraction process, which is critical when dealing with small-vessel biopsies. Amplicon sizes from 200–800 bp could be detected by PCR. This study shows that although DNA obtained from our FFPE tissue is highly fragmented, it can still be used for successful amplification and sequencing of shorter products. In conclusion, in our hands, the automated technology appears to be the best system for DNA extraction, especially for small FFPE tissue specimen.

Introduction

Formalin fixation followed by paraffin embedding (FFPE) is a standard procedure for long-term preservation of pathological specimen in biobanking¹. These samples provide a valuable source for histological studies as well as molecular analyses, especially genetic studies². Further advantages of FFPE tissues are better long-term storage, lower costs, and easier storage conditions. Our intention here is to provide a reliable and easy-to-use protocol for reproducible nucleic acid isolation from small amounts of FFPE sections, since high quality DNA extraction is the first crucial step in a wide range of molecular techniques ....

Protocol

The permission to collect human carotid atherosclerotic specimens in our biobank was approved by the local Hospital Ethics Committee (2799/10, Ethikkommission der Fakultät für Medizin der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. Experiments were performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

1. Tissue preparation

1. Prepare 5–8 tissue sections of 10 µm from th.......

Discussion

DNA extraction methods for FFPE tissue vary in quality and quantity of isolated DNA, which inevitably affects the performance of further downstream analyses. Thus, automation is becoming imperative to improve workflow and standardization, as well as quality management. Therefore, in the present study, a semi-automated method for DNA extraction from FFPE samples was evaluated demonstrating better results than the other tested manual column-based protocols.

To optimize the described semi-automat.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1.5 ml tubes for sample incubation	Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany	30120086
1-Thioglycerol	Promega, Walldorf, Germany	A208
Agilent tape station software 3.2	Agilent, Waldbronn, Germany
dsDNA HS Kit	ThermoFisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany	Q32851
FFPE DNA Purification Kits (Kit A)	Norgene Biotek, Heidelberg, Germany	47400
FFPE tissue samples n=5	Munich Vascular Biobank,Munich, Germany
GeneRead DNA FFPE Kit (Kit B)	Qiagen, Hilden, Germany	180134
Heating blocks, set to 80°C and 65°C	VWR,Darmstadt,Germany	460-0250
High Sensitivity D5000 reagents	Agilent, Waldbronn, Germany	5067-5593
High Sensitivity D5000 ScreenTape	Agilent, Waldbronn, Germany	5067-5592
Incubation Buffer	Promega, Walldorf, Germany	D920
Maxwell Blood Kit RSC including: Lysis Buffer, Elution Buffer, Proteinase K	Promega, Walldorf, Germany	AS1400
Maxwell RSC 48 Instrument	Promega, Walldorf, Germany	AS8500
Microcentrifuge	Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
NanoDrop 2000c Spectrometer	ThermoFisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany	ND-2000C
Optical caps	Agilent, Waldbronn, Germany	401425
Optical tube strips	Agilent, Waldbronn, Germany	401428
Pipettors and pipette tips	Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Prism 6 for statistics, version 6.01	GraphPad Inc., San Diego, California
Qubit 3.0 Fluorometer	ThermoFisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany	Q33216
TapeStation 4200	Agilent, Waldbronn, Germany
Tecan Infinite M200 Pro	Tecan, Männedorf, Swizerland	IN-MNANO