Obtaining Quality Extended Field-of-View Ultrasound Images of Skeletal Muscle to Measure Muscle Fascicle Length

Summary

This study describes how to obtain high quality musculoskeletal images using the extended field-of-view ultrasound (EFOV-US) method for the purpose of making muscle fascicle length measures. We apply this method to muscles with fascicles that extend past the field-of-view of common traditional ultrasound (T-US) probes.

Abstract

Muscle fascicle length, which is commonly measured in vivo using traditional ultrasound, is an important parameter defining a muscle’s force generating capacity. However, over 90% of all upper limb muscles and 85% of all lower limb muscles have optimal fascicle lengths longer than the field-of-view of common traditional ultrasound (T-US) probes. A newer, less frequently adopted method called extended field-of-view ultrasound (EFOV-US) can enable direct measurement of fascicles longer than the field-of-view of a single T-US image. This method, which automatically fits together a sequence of T-US images from a dynamic scan, has been demonstrated to be valid and reliable for obtaining muscle fascicle lengths in vivo. Despite the numerous skeletal muscles with long fascicles and the validity of the EFOV-US method for making measurements of such fascicles, few published studies have utilized this method. In this study, we demonstrate both how to implement the EFOV-US method to obtain high quality musculoskeletal images and how to quantify fascicle lengths from those images. We expect that this demonstration will encourage the use of the EFOV-US method to increase the pool of muscles, both in healthy and impaired populations, for which we have in vivo muscle fascicle length data.

Introduction

Fascicle length is an important parameter of skeletal muscle architecture, which overall is indicative of a muscle’s ability to produce force^1,2. Specifically, a muscle’s fascicle length provides insight into the absolute range of lengths over which a muscle can generate active force^3,4. For example, given two muscles with identical values for all isometric force-generating parameters (i.e., average sarcomere length, pennation angle, physiological cross sectional area, contraction state, etc.) except for fascicle length, the muscle with the....

Protocol

Northwestern University’s Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved the procedures of this study. All participants enrolled in this work gave informed consent prior to beginning the protocol detailed below.
NOTE: The specific ultrasound system used in this study had EFOV-US capabilities and was adopted because we were able to review details about and validity assessments for the algorithm in the scientific literature^22,26; multiple other systems with EFOV-US also exist^18,20,30. A linear array transducer 14....

Results

Extended field-of-view ultrasound (EFOV-US) was implemented to obtain images from the long head of the biceps brachii and the tibialis anterior in 4 healthy volunteers (Table 1). Figure 1 shows what EFOV-US images of both muscles imaged in this representative imaging session and highlights important aspects of each image such as muscle aponeurosis, central tendon, fascicle path, etc. After the imaging session was over, 3 qualitatively “good” images (

Discussion

Critical steps in the protocol.

There are a few critical components to obtaining quality EFOV-US images that yield valid and reliable fascicle length measures. First, as indicated in method 1.1.2 it is essential that the sonographer take time to become familiar with the anatomy of the muscle being imaged as well as surrounding muscles, bones, and other soft tissue structures. This will improve the sonographer’s ability to image the correct muscle and determine if multipl.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
14L5 linear transducers	Siemens	10789396
Acuson S2000 Ultrasound System	Siemens	10032746
Adjustable chair (Biodex System)	Biodex Medical Systems	System Pro 4
Skin Marker Medium Tip	SportSafe	n/a	Multi-color 4 Pack recommended
Ultrasound Gel - Standard 8 Ounce Non-Sterile Fragrance Free Glacial Tint	MediChoice, Owens &Minor	M500812