Whole-Mount Immunofluorescence Staining, Confocal Imaging and 3D Reconstruction of the Sinoatrial and Atrioventricular Node in the Mouse

Summary

We provide a step-by-step protocol for whole-mount immunofluorescence staining of the sinoatrial node (SAN) and atrioventricular node (AVN) in murine hearts.

Abstract

The electrical signal physiologically generated by pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node (SAN) is conducted through the conduction system, which includes the atrioventricular node (AVN), to allow excitation and contraction of the whole heart. Any dysfunction of either SAN or AVN results in arrhythmias, indicating their fundamental role in electrophysiology and arrhythmogenesis. Mouse models are widely used in arrhythmia research, but the specific investigation of SAN and AVN remains challenging.

The SAN is located at the junction of the crista terminalis with the superior vena cava and AVN is located at the apex of the triangle of Koch, formed by the orifice of the coronary sinus, the tricuspid annulus, and the tendon of Todaro. However, due to the small size, visualization by conventional histology remains challenging and it does not allow the study of SAN and AVN within their 3D environment.

Here we describe a whole-mount immunofluorescence approach that allows the local visualization of labelled mouse SAN and AVN. Whole-mount immunofluorescence staining is intended for smaller sections of tissue without the need for manual sectioning. To this purpose, the mouse heart is dissected, with unwanted tissue removed, followed by fixation, permeabilization and blocking. Cells of the conduction system within SAN and AVN are then stained with an anti-HCN4 antibody. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and image processing allow differentiation between nodal cells and working cardiomyocytes, and to clearly localize SAN and AVN. Furthermore, additional antibodies can be combined to label other cell types as well, such as nerve fibers.

Compared to conventional immunohistology, whole-mount immunofluorescence staining preserves the anatomical integrity of the cardiac conduction system, thus allowing the investigation of AVN; especially so into their anatomy and interactions with the surrounding working myocardium and non-myocyte cells.

Introduction

Arrhythmias are common diseases affecting millions of people, and are the cause of significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite enormous advances in treatment and prevention, such as the development of cardiac pacemakers, treatment of arrhythmias remains challenging, primarily due to the very limited knowledge regarding underlying disease mechanisms^1,2,3. A better understanding of both the normal electrophysiology and the pathophysiology of arrhythmias may help to develop novel, innovative and causal treatment strategies in the future. Additionally, to comprehensive....

Protocol

Animal care and all experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Animal Care and Ethics committee of the University of Munich, and all the procedures undertaken on mice were approved by the Government of Bavaria, Munich, Germany (ROB-55.2-2532.Vet_02-16-106, ROB-55.2-2532.Vet_02-19-86). C57BL6/J mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratory.

NOTE: Figure 1 shows the instruments needed for the experiment.

Discussion

Cardiac anatomy has traditionally been studied using thin histological sections¹¹. However, these methods do not preserve the three-dimensional structure of the conduction system and thus, only provides 2D information. The whole-mount immunofluorescence staining protocol described here allows to overcome these limitations and can be routinely used for SAN and AVN imaging.

In comparison to standard methods such as conventional immunohistochemistry that require paraffin-e.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Anesthesia
Isoflurane vaporizer system	Hugo Sachs Elektronik	34-0458, 34-1030, 73-4911, 34-0415, 73-4910	Includes an induction chamber, a gas evacuation unit and charcoal filters
Modified Bain circuit	Hugo Sachs Elektronik	73-4860	Includes an anesthesia mask for mice
Surgical Platform	Kent Scientific	SURGI-M
In vivo instrumentation
Fine forceps	Fine Science Tools	11295-51
Iris scissors	Fine Science Tools	14084-08
Spring scissors	Fine Science Tools	91500-09
Tissue forceps	Fine Science Tools	11051-10
Tissue pins	Fine Science Tools	26007-01	Could use 27G needles as a substitute
General lab instruments
Orbital shaker	Sunlab	D-8040
Magnetic stirrer	IKA	RH basic
Pipette,volume 10 µL, 100 µL, 1000 µL	Eppendorf	Z683884-1EA
Microscopes
Dissection stereo- zoom microscope	VWR	10836-004
Laser Scanning Confocal microscope	Zeiss	LSM 800
Software
Imaris 8.4.2	Oxford instruments
ZEN 2.3 SP1 black	Zeiss
General Lab Material
0.2 µm syringe filter	Sartorius	17597
100 mm petri dish	Falcon	351029
27G needle	BD Microlance 3	300635
50 ml Polypropylene conical Tube	Falcon	352070
5ml Syringe	Braun	4606108V
Cover slips	Thermo Scientific	7632160
Eppendorf Tubes	Eppendorf	30121872
Chemicals
0.5 M EDTA	Sigma	20-158	Components of TEA
16% Formaldehyde Solution	Thermo Scientific	28908	use as a 4% solution
Acetic acid	Merck	100063	Components of TEA
Agarose	Biozym	850070
Bovine Serum Albumin	Sigma	A2153-100G
DPBS (1X) Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline	Gibco	14190-094
Normal goat serum	Sigma	NS02L
Sucrose	Sigma	S1888-1kg
Tris-base	Roche	TRIS-RO	Components of TEA
Triton X-100	Sigma	T8787-250ml	Diluted to 1% in PBS
Tween 20	Sigma	P2287-500ml
Drugs
Fentanyl 0.5 mg/10 mL	Braun Melsungen
Isoflurane 1 mL/mL	Cp-pharma	31303
Oxygen 5 L	Linde	2020175	Includes a pressure regulator
Antibodies
Goat anti-Rabbit IgG Alexa Fluor 488	Cell Signaling Technology	#4412	diluted to 1:200
Goat anti-Rat IgG Alexa Fluor 647	Invitrogen	#A-21247	diluted to 1:200
Hoechst 33342, Trihydrochloride, Trihydrate (DAPI)	Invitrogen	H3570	diluted to 1:1000
Rabbit Anti-Connexin-43	Sigma	C6219	diluted to 1:200
Rat anti-HCN4 (SHG 1E5)	Invitrogen	MA3-903	diluted to 1:200
Other
Plastic ring			Self-designed and 3D printed
Plasticine	Cernit	49655005
Silikonpasten, Baysilone	VWR	291-1220
Animals
Mouse, C57BL/6	The Jackson Laboratory