In Vitro 3D Cell-Cultured Arterial Models for Studying Vascular Drug Targeting Under Flow

Summary

Here, we present a new protocol to study and map the targeted deposition of drug carriers to endothelial cells in fabricated, real-sized, three-dimensional human artery models under physiological flow. The presented method may serve as a new platform for targeting drug carriers within the vascular system.

Abstract

The use of three-dimensional (3D) models of human arteries, which are designed with the correct dimensions and anatomy, enables the proper modeling of various important processes in the cardiovascular system. Recently, although several biological studies have been performed using such 3D models of human arteries, they have not been applied to study vascular targeting. This paper presents a new method to fabricate real-sized, reconstructed human arterial models using a 3D printing technique, line them with human endothelial cells (ECs), and study particle targeting under physiological flow. These models have the advantage of replicating the physiological size and conditions of blood vessels in the human body using low-cost components. This technique may serve as a new platform for studying and understanding drug targeting in the cardiovascular system and may improve the design of new injectable nanomedicines. Moreover, the presented approach may provide significant tools for the study of targeted delivery of different agents for cardiovascular diseases under patient-specific flow and physiological conditions.

Introduction

Several approaches have recently been applied utilizing 3D models of human arteries^1,2,3,4,5. These models replicate the physiological anatomy and environment of different arteries in the human body in vitro. However, they have been mainly used in cell biology studies. Current studies on vascular targeting of particles to the endothelium include in silico computational simulations^6,7,8, in vit....

Protocol

NOTE: This protocol describes the fabrication of a 3D model of the carotid artery and can be applied to generate any other artery of interest by simply modifying the geometric parameters.

1. Design and fabrication of a 3D bifurcation of the human carotid artery model

1. Choose images from patients or previously studied geometries of the human carotid artery bifurcation, and create a computer-aided design model of the mold that needs to be printed.
   NOTE: The carotid artery bifur.......

Discussion

Current approaches to study vascular targeting of particles fall short in replicating the physiological conditions present in the human body. Presented here is a protocol to fabricate 3D-reconstructed models of human arteries to study particle targeting to the ECs lining the artery under physiological flow applied using a customized perfusion system. When choosing the material for 3D printing, it is best to use a clear plastic to avoid pigment transfer to the silicone model, which should be as transparent as possible. In.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
3D printer	FormLabs	PKG-F2-REFURB
Acetone, absolute (AR grade)
Connectors	Nordson Medical	FTLL013-1	Female Luer
		FTLL230-1	Female Luer
		FTLL360-1	Female Luer
		LP4-1	Male Luer Integral Lock
Damper	Thermo-Fisher Scientific	DS2127-0250	Nalgene Polycarbonate, Validation Bottle
Damper Cover	Thermo-Fisher Scientific	2162-0531	Nalgene Filling/Venting Closures
Elastosil Elastosil RT 601 A	Wacker	60003805
Elastosil RT 601 B	Wacker	60003817	The crosslinker
Endothelial Cell Media	ScienCell	1001
Fibrontectin	Sigma Aldrich	F0895-5mg
HUVEC	Lonza	CC-2519
Isopropyl alcohol, AR grade 99.5%			Remove plastic dust from the sanded model
Lacquer	Rust-Oleum		2X-Ultra cover Gloss Clear
Matlab	Mathworks		https://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab.html
Microscope	Nikon	SMZ25
Microscope Camera	Nikon	DS-Qi2
Peristaltic pump	Watson Marlow	530U IP31	With 2 pumpheads: 313D
Plastic tube clamp	Quickun	1-2240-stopvalve-2pcs
Polystyrene Particles	Thermo-Fisher Scientific	F8827	Diameter = 2 µm
Printer resin	FormLabs	RS-F2-GPCL-04
Rotator	ELMI Ltd.		Intelli-Mixer RM-2
Solidworks	SolidWorks Corp., Dassault Systèmes		https://www.solidworks.com/
Tubing	Watson Marlow	933.0064.016	Tubing for the pump: 6.4 mm ID
			All the other tubing: Silicon tubing: 4 mm ID