A subscription to JoVE is required to view this content. Sign in or start your free trial.
Dynamic computer-aided implant surgery (DCAIS) is a controlled implant surgical placement method performed without a surgical template using optical control. The real-time intraoperative control of movement and position of the surgical device simplifies the procedure and gives more freedom to the surgeon, providing similar precision as static navigation methods.
In modern implantology, the application of surgical navigation systems is becoming increasingly important. In addition to static surgical navigation methods, a guide-independent dynamic navigation implant placement procedure is becoming more widespread. The procedure is based on computer-guided dental implant placement utilizing optical control. This work aims to demonstrate the technical steps of a new dynamic computer-aided implant surgery (DCAIS) system (design, calibration, surgery) and check the accuracy of the results. Based on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans, the exact positions of implants are determined with dedicated software. The first step of the operation is the calibration of the navigation system, which can be performed in two ways: 1) based on CBCT images taken with a marker or 2) based on CBCT images without markers. Implants are inserted with the aid of real-time navigation according to the preoperative plans. The accuracy of the interventions can be evaluated based on postoperative CBCT images. The preoperative images containing the planned positions of the implants and postoperative CBCT images were compared based on the angulation (degree), platform, and apical deviation (mm) of the implants. To evaluate the data, we calculated the standard deviation (SD), mean, and standard error of the mean (SEM) of deviations within planned and performed implant positions. Differences between the two calibration methods were compared based on this data. Based on the interventions performed so far, the use of DCAIS allows for high-precision implant placement. A calibration system that does not require labeled CBCT recording allows for surgical intervention with similar accuracy as a system that uses labeling. The accuracy of the intervention can be improved by training.
To increase the accuracy of dental implant placement and reduce the complications, a range of navigation techniques based on imaging studies have been developed. Preoperative imaging and special 3D implant planning software can be used to plan the exact position of the dental implant1,2.
The aim of implant surgery navigation is to accomplish a more anatomically precise placement of the dental implant to achieve the most ideal position, to reduce the risk of possible iatrogenic complications (nerve, vascular, bone, and sinus injuries). The navigated surgery decreases the invasiveness of the intervention (flapless surgery), which can lead to fewer complaints and faster recovery. The accurate implant placement is based on prior prosthetic planning (it is possible to perform the operation on the basis of a preoperative tooth installation) and the optimal implant positioning can help avoid bone grafting.
Nowadays, there are two types of computer-assisted implant (CAI) surgical placement navigation systems-static and dynamic navigation systems. Static navigation is a controlled implant placement method using a preplanned and prefabricated surgical template. Dynamic navigation is a preplanned computer-guided implant surgical placement method without a surgical template using optical control. The control procedure uses point cloud-based image registration to merge the virtual images with the real environment by applying 3D image overlay3.
DCAI systems make possible real-time, objectified instrument control within a GPS-like framework. Typically, they use optical tracking to detect and track the position of (optical) reference markers placed over the patient and the surgical instruments, and provide continuous visual feedback on the implant surgical placement process1,2.
The movement and position of the surgical instrument during surgery can be monitored live on a three-dimensional image on a monitor. During the procedure, the camera system allows continuous monitoring and comparison of the position of the patient's jawbone and the position of the surgical instrument.
There are two types of dynamic navigation systems: one is the passive system, in which case the registration devices (reference bases) reflect light emitted from the light source back to the stereo cameras; the other is the active system, where the registration devices emit light which is followed by stereo cameras4,5.
The next level of dynamic navigation systems uses servo motors to guide the surgeon's hand with tactile stimuli so that the device with robotic arms can determine the surgeon's movements or even replace them completely in the distant future4,5,6,7.
Informed consent was obtained from every patient before surgery. After the interventions anonymized retrospective data was used in this study.
1. Steps in the traditional workflow of dynamic navigation systems using labeled clip calibration method (only for use on jawbone with teeth):
2. Steps in the dynamic navigation systems using the tracer calibration method (not labeled method):
To use DCAIS correctly, the system must be calibrated. There are several calibration methods that can affect the accuracy of the implant placement. This study aimed to assess the potential impact of different calibration methods on the accuracy of DCAIS.
Based on the interventions performed so far, the use of DCAIS allows a high-precision implant placement. In our early studies, we compared 41 clip calibrated dynamic navigated implant placements with 17 tracer calibrated dynamic navigated impl...
In the labeled clip-used dynamic navigation implant placement system, the traditional workflow is done by clip calibration. There are three radiopaque metal spheres on the surface of the clip, which are clearly visible on the CBCT scan. In the case of the tracer calibration method, these metal spheres containing clips are neither necessary for the CBCT scanning nor system calibration. In cases with existing teeth, both the labeled and unlabelled clips can be used (two different calibration methods). The clip is attached ...
All authors have disclosed any and all conflicts of interest.
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
DTX Implant Studio Software | Nobel Biocare | 106182 | 3D surgical planing software |
MeshLab | ISTI - CNR research center | 2020.12 | 3D mesh processing software |
Nobel Replace CC implant | Nobel Biocare | 37285 | Implant |
X-Guide | X-Nav - Nobel Biocare | SN00001310 | dinamic navigation surgery system |
X-Guide - XClip | X-Nav - Nobel Biocare | XNVP008381 | 3D navigation registration device |
X-Guide planing software | X-Nav - Nobel Biocare | XNVP008296 | 3D surgical planing and operating software |
X-Mark probe | X-Nav - Nobel Biocare | XNVP008886 | 3D navigation registration tool |
PaX-i3D Smart | Vatech | CBCT | |
Prolene 5.0 | 5.0 monofilament, nonabsorbable polypropylene suture |
Request permission to reuse the text or figures of this JoVE article
Request PermissionExplore More Articles
This article has been published
Video Coming Soon
Copyright © 2025 MyJoVE Corporation. All rights reserved