A Friction Testing-Bioreactor Device for Study of Synovial Joint Biomechanics, Mechanobiology, and Physical Regulation

Summary

The present protocol describes a friction testing device that applies simultaneous reciprocal sliding and normal load to two contacting biological counterfaces.

Abstract

In primary osteoarthritis (OA), normal 'wear and tear' associated with aging inhibits the ability of cartilage to sustain its load-bearing and lubrication functions, fostering a deleterious physical environment. The frictional interactions of articular cartilage and synovium may influence joint homeostasis through tissue level wear and cellular mechanotransduction. To study these mechanical and mechanobiological processes, a device capable of replicating the motion of the joint is described. The friction testing device controls the delivery of reciprocal translating motion and normal load to two contacting biological counterfaces. This study adopts a synovium-on-cartilage configuration, and friction coefficient measurements are presented for tests performed in a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or synovial fluid (SF) bath. The testing was performed for a range of contact stresses, highlighting the lubricating properties of SF under high loads. This friction testing device can be used as a biomimetic bioreactor for studying the physical regulation of living joint tissues in response to applied physiologic loading associated with diarthrodial joint articulation.

Introduction

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating, degenerative joint disease that affects more than 32 million American adults, with a healthcare and socio-economic cost of over $16.5 billion¹. The disease has classically been characterized by the degradation of articular cartilage and subchondral bone; however, changes to the synovium have recently garnered appreciation as synovitis has been linked to OA symptoms and progression^2,3,4. In primary (idiopathic) OA, normal 'wear and tear' associated with aging inhibits cartilage's ability to sustain its ....

Protocol

Juvenile bovine knee joints, obtained from a local abattoir, were used for the present study. Studies with such bovine specimen samples are exempted from Columbia Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).

1. Designing the friction testing device

NOTE: A schematic representation of the friction testing device is shown in Figure 1. The device is built on a rigid base plate (not shown), which serves as a platform .......

Discussion

A dynamic mechanical environment exists within the joint as cartilage is subjected to compressive, tensile, and shear forces, and hydrostatic and osmotic pressures^44,45. Although cartilage is the main load-bearing tissue of the joint, the synovium also undergoes frictional interactions with the cartilage surface and with itself in regions where the tissue folds. The physical interactions between cartilage and synovium are likely responsible for transferring cells.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Aluminum foil	Reynolds Group Holdings	Reynolds Wrap	Sterile tissue harvest
Aluminum-framed acrylic enclosure	Custom made		Friction tester component
Autoclavable instant sealing sterilization pouches	Fisherbrand	01-812-54	Sterilization of tools
Autoclave	Buxton		Sterilization of tools
Beaker (250 mL)	Pyrex Vista	70000	Tissue harvest
Betadine (Povidone Iodine Prep Solution)	Medline Industries, LP	MDS093906	Sterile tissue harvest
Biological safety cabinet	Labconco	Purifier Logic+ Class II, Type A2 BSC	Sterile tissue harvest
Biospy punch	Steritool Inc.	50162	Tissue harvest
Box cutter	American Safety Razor Company	94-120-71	Tissue harvest
Circular acrylic-sillicone post (synovium)	Custom made		Tissue mounting
Culture media	Custom made		DMEM (Cat No. 11-965-118; Gibco) supplemented with 50 μg/mL L-proline (Cat. No. P5607; Sigma), 100 μg/mL sodium pyruvate (Cat. No. S8636; Sigma), 1% ITS (Cat. No. 354350; Corning), and 1% antibiotic–antimycotic (Cat. No. 15-240-062, Gibco)
Cyanoacrylate (Loctite 420 Clear)	Henkel	135455	Tissue mounting
Dead weights	OHAUS		Normal load
Ethanol 200 proof	Decon Labs, Inc.	2701	Dilute to 70 %
Fixed base	ThorLabs, Inc.	SB1T	Friction tester component
Forceps (synovium harvest)	Fine Science Tools	11019-12	Tissue harvest
Forceps (synovium mounting)	Excelta	3C-S-PI	Tissue mounting
Horizontal linear encoder (for translating stage)	RSF Electronics, Inc.	MSA 670.63	Friction tester component; system resolution of 1 µm
Hot glue gun and glue	FPC Corporation	Surebonder Pro 4000A	Tissue mounting
LabVIEW	National Instruments Corporation	LabVIEW  2010	Friction testing program
Load cell	JR3 Inc.	20E12A-M25B	Friction tester component; 0.0019 lbs resolution in x&y, 0.0038 lbs resolution in z
Loading platen	Custom made		Tissue mounting
O-ring	Parker	S1138AS568-009	Tissue mounting
Petri dish (60 mm)	Falcon	351007	Tissue mounting
PivotLok Work Positioner (tibia holder)	Industry Depot, Pivot Lok	PL325	Tissue harvest
Removable base	ThorLabs, Inc.	SB1B	Friction tester component
Ring stand			Tissue harvest
Scalpel blades	Havel's Inc.	FSC22	Tissue harvest
Scalpel handle	FEATHER Safety Razor Co., Ltd.	No. 4	Tissue harvest
Screwdriver	Wera	3334	Tissue harvest
Stage	JMAR		Friction tester component
Stepper motor	Oriental Motor Co., Ltd.	PK266-03B	Friction tester component
Suction tool	Virtual Industries, Inc.	PEN-VAC Vacuum Pen	Tissue mounting
Support rod	Custom made		Tissue mounting
Surgical scissors	Fine Science Tools	14061-09	Tissue mounting
Synovial fluid (bovine)	Animal Technologies, Inc.		Friction testing bath
Testing bath	Custom made		Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS) with protease inhibitors: 0.04% isothiazolone-base biocide (Proclin 950 Cat. No. 46878-U; Sigma) and 0.1% protease inhibitor - 0.05 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA (Cat. No. 0369; Sigma)
Tissue culture incubator	Fisher Scientific	Isotemp	Sterile culture
Vertical linear encoder (for loading stage)	Renishaw	T1031-30A	Friction tester component; 20 nm resolution
Voice coil actuator	H2W Technologies	NCC20-15-027-1RC	Friction tester component