This research was funded in part by the National Institute of Health under award numbers R43GM137651, R61HL154249, R16GM146687, and NSF grant CBET 2150798. The authors thank the RIT Machine Shop for aluminum mold fabrication. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

This design can be used in various modes based on experimental requirements and the preferences of the end user. Prior to each experiment, consult the decision flow chart presented in Figure 2 to determine the necessary steps and modules for the protocol. For example, if the user intends to maintain the open-well format throughout an experiment to directly compare it with the Transwell-type system, the patterning stencil is not required for cell seeding. The core module is commercially avail...

A Reconfigurable Barrier Tissue Platform with Open-Well and Microfluidic Modes

<ol>
	<li>Claesson-Welsh, L., Dejana, E., McDonald, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Permeability+of+the+Endothelial+Barrier:+Identifying+and+Reconciling+Controversies.">Permeability of the Endothelial Barrier: Identifying and Reconciling Controversies.</a> Trends in Molecular Medicine. 27 (4), 314-331 (2021).</li><li>Vera, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+tissue+barrier+models+on+hydrogel+microfluidic+platforms.">Engineering tissue barrier models on hydrogel microfluidic platforms.</a> ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces. 13 (12), 13920-13933 (2021).</li><li>Wang, Y. I., Abaci, H. E., Shuler, M. 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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+experimental+models+of+the+blood-brain+barrier+for+CNS+drug+discovery.">New experimental models of the blood-brain barrier for CNS drug discovery.</a> Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery. 12 (1), 89-103 (2017).</li><li>Tan, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high-throughput+microfluidic+microphysiological+system+(PREDICT-96)+to+recapitulate+hepatocyte+function+in+dynamic,+re-circulating+flow+conditions.">A high-throughput microfluidic microphysiological system (PREDICT-96) to recapitulate hepatocyte function in dynamic, re-circulating flow conditions.</a> Lab on a Chip. 19 (9), 1556-1566 (2019).</li><li>Ayuso, J. M., Virumbrales-Mu&#241;oz, M., Lang, J. M., Beebe, D. 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K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+models+to+study+the+functions+of+the+blood-brain+barrier.">Experimental models to study the functions of the blood-brain barrier.</a> Bioengineering. 10 (5), 519 (2023).</li><li>McCloskey, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Modular+&#181;SiM:+A+mass+produced,+rapidly+assembled,+and+reconfigurable+platform+for+the+study+of+barrier+tissue+models+in+vitro.">The Modular &#181;SiM: A mass produced, rapidly assembled, and reconfigurable platform for the study of barrier tissue models in vitro.</a> Advanced Healthcare Materials. 11 (18), 2200804 (2022).</li><li>Mansouri, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+modular+&#181;sim+reconfigured:+integration+of+microfluidic+capabilities+to+study+in+vitro+barrier+tissue+models+under+flow.">The modular &#181;sim reconfigured: integration of microfluidic capabilities to study in vitro barrier tissue models under flow.</a> Advanced Healthcare Materials. 11 (21), 2200802 (2022).</li><li>Hudecz, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modelling+a+human+blood-brain+barrier+co-culture+using+an+ultrathin+silicon+nitride+membrane-based+microfluidic+device.">Modelling a human blood-brain barrier co-culture using an ultrathin silicon nitride membrane-based microfluidic device.</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 24 (6), 5624 (2023).</li><li>Joshi, I. 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T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high-throughput+microfluidic+bilayer+co-culture+platform+to+study+endothelial-pericyte+interactions.">A high-throughput microfluidic bilayer co-culture platform to study endothelial-pericyte interactions.</a> Scientific reports. 11 (1), 12225 (2021).</li><li>Wettschureck, N., Strilic, B., Offermanns, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Passing+the+vascular+barrier:+endothelial+signaling+processes+controlling+extravasation.">Passing the vascular barrier: endothelial signaling processes controlling extravasation.</a> Physiological Reviews. 99 (3), 1467-1525 (2019).</li><li>Wang, Y. I., Shuler, M. 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The aim of this protocol is to develop a practical method for incorporating flow capabilities into an open-well platform featuring an ultrathin nanomembrane. In this design, a magnetic latching approach is utilized, allowing switching between open-well and fluidic modes during experiments and combining the advantages of both approaches. Unlike conventional permanently bonded platforms, magnetic latching allows the platform to be disassembled at convenient points during the experimental workflow16<...

Vascular barriers serve as a critical interface that separates the blood compartment from the surrounding tissue. They play a critical role in preserving homeostasis by attracting immune cells, controlling molecular permeability, and shielding against the intrusion of pathogens into the tissue1,2. In vitro culture models have been developed to mimic the in vivo microenvironment, enabling systematic investigations into the factors and conditions that impact barrier properties in both healthy and diseased states3,4.
The most widely used approach for such culture models is the Transwell-like &#34;open-well&#34; configuration5, where a porous, track-etched culture membrane separates media-filled compartments (Figure 1A). In this format, cells can be seeded on either side of the membrane, and a wide range of experimental protocols has been developed. However, these systems are limited in their ability to provide the fluid flows essential for supporting barrier maturation and mimicking immune cell circulation seen in vivo5,6. Consequently, they cannot be used for studies requiring dynamic flows that introduce drug doses, mechanical stimulation, or fluid-induced shear stresses6,7,8.
To overcome the limitations of open-well systems, microfluidic platforms that combine porous culture membranes with individually addressable fluidic channels have been developed9. These platforms offer precise control over fluid routing, perfusion, and the introduction of chemical compounds, controlled shear stimulation, and dynamic cell addition capabilities7,10,11,12,13. Despite the advanced capabilities provided by microfluidic platforms, they have not seen widespread adoption in bioscience laboratories due to complex microfluidic protocols and their incompatibility with established experimental workflows4,10,14.
To bridge the gap between these technologies, we present a protocol that employs a magnetically reconfigurable, module-based system. This system can be easily switched between open-well and microfluidic modes based on the specific needs of the experiment. The platform features an open-well device, known as m-&#181;SiM (modular microphysiological system enabled by a silicon membrane), with a 100 nm thick culture membrane (nanomembrane). This nanomembrane possesses high porosity (15%) and glass-like transparency, as illustrated in Figure 1B. It physically separates the top compartment from a bottom channel, allowing for molecular transport across physiological length scales15. Unlike conventional track-etched membranes, which have known challenges in imaging live cells with bright-field imaging, the nanomembrane&#39;s favorable optical and physical properties enable clear visualization of cells on either side of the membrane surface15,16,17.
The present protocol outlines the fabrication of specialized seeding and flow modules and explains the magnetic reconfiguration of the platform. It demonstrates how the platform can be employed to establish endothelial barriers under both static and dynamic conditions. This demonstration reveals that endothelial cells align along the flow direction, with an upregulation of shear-sensitive gene targets under shear stimulation.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5 x 0.86 Micro Flow tubes</td>
			<td>Langer Instruments</td>
			<td>WX10-14 &#38; DG Series</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mm Disposable Biopsy Punches, Integra Miltex</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>95039-090</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1x PBS 7.4 pH</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10010023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 GAUGE IT SERIES DISPENSING TIP</td>
			<td>Jensen Global</td>
			<td>JG20-1.5X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>21 GAUGE NT PREMIUM SERIES ANGLED DISPENSING TIP</td>
			<td>Jensen Global</td>
			<td>JG21-1.0HPX-90</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3M 467 MP Pressure senstitive adhesive (PSA)</td>
			<td>DigiKey</td>
			<td>3M9726-ND</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3M 468 MP Pressure senstitive adhesive (PSA)</td>
			<td>DigiKey</td>
			<td>3M9720-ND</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AlexaFluor 488 conjugated phalloidin</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A12379&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Applied Biosystems&#160;TaqMan Fast Advanced Master Mix</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>4444556</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), Fraction V, 98%, Reagent grade, Alfa Aesar, Size = 10 g</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>AAJ64100-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clear Scratch- and UV-Resistant Cast Acrylic Sheet</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>8560K171</td>
			<td>12&#34; x 12&#34; x 1/16&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clear Scratch- and UV-Resistant Cast Acrylic Sheet</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>8589K31</td>
			<td>12&#34; x 12&#34; x 3/32&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clear Scratch- and UV-Resistant Cast Acrylic Sheet</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>8560K191</td>
			<td>12&#34; x 12&#34; x 7.64&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning Fibronectin, Human, 1 mg</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>47743-728</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover Glasses, Globe Scientific, L x W = 24 x 60 mm</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10118-677</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DOW SYLGARD 184 SILICONE ENCAPSULANT CLEAR 0.5 KG KIT</td>
			<td>Ellsworth Adhesives</td>
			<td>4019862</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGM-2 Endothelial Cell Growth Medium-2 BulletKit</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>CC-3162</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fixture A1&#38;A2</td>
			<td>SiMPore Inc.</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fixture B1&#38;B2</td>
			<td>SiMPore Inc.</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit with RNase Inhibitor</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>4374966</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C0035C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LIVE/DEAD Cell Imaging Kit (488/570)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>R37601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molecular Probes Hoechst 33342, Trihydrochloride, Trihydrate</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>H3570</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nickel-plated magnets (4.75 mm diameter, 0.34 kg pull force)</td>
			<td>K&#38;J Magnetics</td>
			<td>D31</td>
			<td>3/16&#34; dia.&#160;x 1/16&#34; thick</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde, 4% w/v aq. soln., methanol free, Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>aa47392-9M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peristaltic Pump</td>
			<td>Langer Instruments</td>
			<td>BQ50-1J-A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photoresist SU-8 developer solution</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9901158</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVDF syringe filters</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td>2542913</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicon wafer</td>
			<td>University wafer,USA</td>
			<td>1196</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SU-8 3050</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC0702369</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Target gene: eNOS (Hs01574659_m1)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>4331182</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Target gene: GAPDH (Hs02786624_g1)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>4331182</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Target gene: KLF2 (Hs00360439_g1)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>4331182</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermo Scientific&#160;Pierce 20x PBS Tween 20</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>28352</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transport Tube Sample White caps, 5 mL, Sterile</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>100500-422</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRI-reagent</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AM9738</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrathin Nanoporous Membrane Chip</td>
			<td>SiMPore Inc.</td>
			<td>NPSN100-1L</td>
			<td>The design is&#160; compatible with all of SiMPore membranes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>uSiM component 1</td>
			<td>SiMPore Inc.</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>uSiM component 2</td>
			<td>SiMPore Inc.</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transforming static barrier tissue models into dynamic microphysiological systems

Microphysiological systems are miniaturized cell culture platforms used to mimic the structure and function of human tissues in a laboratory setting. However, these platforms have not gained widespread adoption in bioscience laboratories where open-well, membrane-based approaches serve as the gold standard for mimicking tissue barriers, despite lacking fluid flow capabilities. This issue can be primarily attributed to the incompatibility of existing microphysiological systems with standard protocols and tools developed for open-well systems.
Here, we present a protocol for creating a reconfigurable membrane-based platform with an open-well structure, flow enhancement capability, and compatibility with conventional protocols. This system utilizes a magnetic assembly approach that enables reversible switching between open-well and microfluidic modes. With this approach, users have the flexibility to begin an experiment in the open-well format using standard protocols and add or remove flow capabilities as needed. To demonstrate the practical usage of this system and its compatibility with standard techniques, an endothelial cell monolayer was established in an open-well format. The system was reconfigured to introduce fluid flow and then switched to the open-well format to conduct immunostaining and RNA extraction. Due to its compatibility with conventional open-well protocols and flow enhancement capability, this reconfigurable design is expected to be adopted by both engineering and bioscience laboratories.

Author Spotlight: Developing a Unique Modular Microphysiological System to Mimic Human Barrier Tissue

Transforming Static Barrier Tissue Models into Dynamic Microphysiological Systems

We're developing modular microphysiological systems that mimic human barrier tissues. Our system is unique because it can be reconfigured from a static open well culture to a flow-enhanced system. This flexibility allows the platform to be used in both bioscience and engineering-focused laboratories.We present a protocol for creating a reconfigurable open well platform with flow-enhanced culture and lifestyle imaging. It is compatible with conventional bioscience protocols. Our reconfigurable design allows users to switch between the open well and microfluidic modes during an experiment, and allows the user to conduct each step using a format they are comfortable with.

The open-well core module is initially positioned within a specific cavity created by a lower housing and a coverslip, as illustrated in Figure 6A. Subsequently, the flow module, which includes a microchannel and access ports, is inserted into the well of the core module. The flow module is securely sealed against the silicon support layer of the membrane due to the magnetic attraction force between magnets embedded in the lower and upper housings, as depicted in Figure ...

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This protocol describes a reconfigurable membrane-based cell culture platform that integrates the open-well format with fluid flow capabilities. This platform is compatible with standard protocols and allows for reversible transitions between open-well and microfluidic culture modes, accommodating the needs of both engineering and bioscience laboratories.

Microphysiological systems are miniaturized cell culture platforms used to mimic the structure and function of human tissues in a laboratory setting. ...

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