Bu çalışma, Start-Up Hibe OKV verilen, Cornell Üniversitesi Ziraat Deney İstasyonu (CUAES) NYC-125.433 Hatch Grant ve Cornell tarafından desteklenmiştir.

Bölüm 1. Büyüyen bitkiler için sağlam bir ortamın hazırlanması. Biz genellikle kültür bitkilerinin konsantre Murasige ve Skoog (MS) orta,% 1 sakkaroz ve% 0.7 agar ile desteklenmiş. Bu bitkilerin sağlıklı tutmak için gerekli tüm maddeler içerir. MS 1L, medya, pH 5.7 hazırlamak için <ol><li> 1.5-2.0L otoklavlanabilir şişede 800 ml su içine 2.15 g MS tozu ekleyin. </li><li> Karıştırma çubuğu şişeye koyun ve karıştırarak plaka orta karıştırma MS tozu çözülür. </li><li> Karıştırma, damla damla, 1N KOH 5.7 MS ortamın pH ayarlamak için. </li><li> 10 g sakaroz, karıştırmaya devam edin. </li><li> 7 g agar ekle *. </li><li> 1000 ml hazırlanan orta son ses seviyesini ayarlayın ve otoklav ile sterilize edin .* </li><li> Karıştırarak bir plaka üzerine yerleştirin orta otoklavlanabilir ve karıştırma süre soğumasını, o agar şişenin dibinde çökelti olmaz. Orta ~ 60 ° C&#39;ye kadar soğutun </li><li> 100 mm Petri kapları dökün. 4 plakaları tutun ° C </li></ol> * İpucu 1: Agar çözülür teşebbüs etmeyin. Otoklav sırasında çözünür. İpucu 2: otoklav sırasında bir şişe karıştırma çubuğu tutun, daha sonra ihtiyacınız olacak. * İpucu 3: otoklavlanmış şişe 10 s ellerinizi Eğer orta yeterince soğutulur ve plakaları dökülmeye başlandı. Bölüm 2. Bitki materyali ve büyüme koşulları. <ol><li> Arabidopsis thaliana tohum sterilize <ol><li> 100 mg tohum Eppendorf mikrosantrifüj tüpler içine yerleştirin ve 1 ml% 70 etanol ekleyin. İyice karıştırın ve 2 dakika boyunca inkübe edin. , Tohumlar Spin süpernatantı aspire. </li><li> 1 ml% 1.8 çamaşır suyu çözeltisi *% 0.1 Tween-20 içeren. 10 dakika karıştırın. Tohum ve aspirat çamaşır suyu çözeltisi aşağı spin. </li><li> Bu adım, bir laminer akış kaputu yapılmalıdır. Tohum için 1 ml steril su ekleyin, iyice karıştırın. Su aspire, tohumlar aşağı Spin. Bu adımı 5 kere tekrarlayın. </li></ol></li><li> Adım 1 tabak (100 tohum / plaka) hazırlanan üzerine tohumlarını yaymak. </li><li> 24-48 saat boyunca 4 numaralı seribaşı plakaları tutun ° C tabakalaşma için karanlık. </li><li> 23/19 ° C açık / koyu sıcaklık rejimi büyüme odasında 14 gün 8 saat light/16 h koyu fotoperiyodun (250 mmol m -2 s -1 fotosentetik bir foton akı yoğunluğu) ile bitkilerin büyümesi ve% 75 bağıl nem. </li></ol> İpucu 1: Bleach çözüm seyreltme bir ev Clorox,% 6 oranında sodyum hipoklorit içeren ve bir final konsantrasyon% 0.1 Tween-20 ekleyerek. Bölüm 3. Arabidopsis fidecilikten protoplast izolasyonu. <ol><li> Dilim 2 filtre ile sterilize edilmiş TVL Çözüm 15 ml taze bir jilet ile 14 günlük fide gr. Biz tek kullanımlık steril Petri kutularına bitki materyali doğrayın. </li><li> 200 ml beher içine doğranmış dokuların Transferi, filtre ile sterilize edilmiş Enzim Çözüm girdap Enzim Çözümü ile dokuların karışımı, parafilm ve alüminyum folyo ile kaplayın izin beher 20 ml ekleyin. </li><li> 16-18 saat boyunca karanlıkta, oda sıcaklığında 35 dak bitki dokularında çalkalayınız </li><li> 50 ml Falcon tüp içine peynir bez 8 kat, W5 Çözüm öncesi ıslak üzerinden eleme yayımlanan protoplast toplayın. </li><li> W5 Çözüm 15 ml bez yıkama peynir bez bir kez daha Elek protoplast. </li><li> Bindirme protoplast dikkatlice W5 Çözüm 10 ml, şeker degrade, kimseyi rahatsız etmeyecek; santrifüj 7 dk 100 g. </li><li> Enzim Çözüm ve W5 Çözümü (Şekil 1B) arayüzü protoplast 10 ml toplayın ve yeni bir 50 ml Falcon tüp transferi. </li><li> 60 gr az 5 dakika için 15 ml W5 Çözüm, santrifüj Süpernatantı. </li><li> 60 g 5min Enzim Çözüm Çözüm, santrifüj 15ml W5 protoplast resuspending ücretsiz protoplast yıkayın </li><li> 1-3ml W5 Çözüm supernatant, tekrar süspansiyon pelet protoplast çıkarın. </li><li> Bir hemasitometre ile hücre sayımı protoplast verim değerlendirin. </li></ol> Bölüm 4. Reaktifler: TVL: sorbitol 0.3 M, 50 mM CaCl 2 Filtre sterilize ve -20 depolamak ° C Enzim Çözüm: 0.5 M sakkaroz, 10 mM MES-KOH [pH 5.7, 20 mM CaCl 2, 40 mM KCl,% 1 selülaz (Onozuka R-10),% 1 Macerozyme (R10). Filtre sterilize ve taze olarak kullanabilirsiniz. W5 Çözüm:% 0.1 (w / v) glikoz,% 0,08 (w / v) KCl,% 0.9 (w / v) NaCl,% 1,84 (w / v) CaCl 2, 2 mM MES-KOH pH 5.7. Filtre sterilize ve oda sıcaklığında muhafaza. Bölüm 5: Temsilcilik Sonuçları: Bölüm 1 ve 2 olarak açıklanan Arabidopsis kültür koşulları kullanarak sağlıklı fide, protoplast (Şekil 1A) izole etmek için uygun hale getirir. Protoplast sakaroz yoğunluk farkı görülmektedir saflaştırılmışent santrifüj ve W5 ve Enzim çözümleri (Şekil 1B) arayüzü toplanır. Bölüm 3&#39;te açıklanan protoplast izolasyon prosedürü kullanarak tipik bir gram taze fide sağlam protoplast 5-10 10 6 (Şekil 1C) hasat. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1149/Fig1.jpg" alt="Şekil 1" /> Şekil 1. Arabidopsis fidecilikten protoplast izolasyonu. A, Dokular Arabidopsis, 14 günlük fide değiştirilmiş bir yordam (Chen ve Halkier, 2000) tarafından toplanan ve protoplast dönüştürülür. B, protoplast sakaroz yoğunluk gradiyenti santrifüj saflaştırılmış ve enzim çözeltisi arayüz toplanır. W5 uffer (Beyaz oklar). C, protoplast Parlak alan mikroskobu. Microphotographs Zeiss Axioscope 2 artı mikroskop ile arabirim soğutmalı bir CCD kamera kullanılarak toplanmıştır.

<ol>
	<li>Cocking, E. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Method+for+the+Isolation+of+Plant+Protoplasts+and+Vacuoles.">A Method for the Isolation of Plant Protoplasts and Vacuoles.</a> Nature. 187, 962-963 (1960).</li><li>Chen, S., Halkier, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+glucosinolate+uptake+by+leaf+protoplasts+of+Brassica+napus.">Characterization of glucosinolate uptake by leaf protoplasts of Brassica napus.</a> J Biol Chem. 275, 22955-22960 (2000).</li><li>Robert, S., Zouhar, J., Carter, C., Raikhel, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+intact+vacuoles+from+Arabidopsis+rosette+leaf-derived+protoplasts.">Isolation of intact vacuoles from Arabidopsis rosette leaf-derived protoplasts.</a> Nat. Protocols. 2, 259-262 (2007).</li><li>Yoo, S. D., Cho, Y. H., Sheen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arabidopsis+mesophyll+protoplasts:+a+versatile+cell+system+for+transient+gene+expression+analysis.">Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts: a versatile cell system for transient gene expression analysis.</a> Nat Protoc. 2, 1565-1572 (2007).</li><li>Zhai, Z., Sooksa-nguan, T., Vatamaniuk, O. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishing+RNAi+as+a+reverse+genetic+approach+for+gene+functional+analysis+in+protoplasts.">Establishing RNAi as a reverse genetic approach for gene functional analysis in protoplasts.</a> Plant Phys. 149, 642-652 (2009).</li></ol>

Teknoloji Enterprise ve Ticarileştirme için Cornell Merkezi (CCTEC), Haziran 2008 ile bitki genlerinin fonksiyonel analizlerde kullanmak için bu yordamı açıklayan geçici patent davaları açmışlardır. Tamam Vatamaniuk, Zhai, bitki genlerinin hızlı fonksiyonel analizler için Z. Yöntemi: Hulasa yok 50341/015001.

Sağlıklı bitkiler ile sağlam protoplast yüksek verim sağlamak için start-up için çok önemlidir. Protoplast izole etmek için, filtre sterilize çözümleri kullanın. Protoplast kırılgan olduğunu unutmayın. Bu nedenle, protoplast ele pipetlemeyin veya onları fren şiddetle beri girdap onları karıştırmak yok. Bunun yerine, yavaş yavaş dönen veya santrifüj tüpüne taping protoplast karıştırın. En az 96 saat boyunca canlı açıklanan prosedür verim sağlam protoplast Bu nedenle, protoplast hü...

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<td>Murashige and Skoog Basal Salt Mixture (MS)</td>
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isolation of protoplasts from tissues of 14-day-old seedlings of arabidopsis thaliana

Protoplast bitki hücrelerinin hücre duvarlarının enzimatik çıkarmıştı. Farklı bitki dokularında protoplast izolasyonu ilk 40 yıldan fazla bir zaman önce bildirilmiştir<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt; Ve o zamandan beri, hücre içi proteinler lokalizasyonu, sağlam organelleri izolasyonu ve çift iplikli RNA enterferans (RNAi) tarafından hedeflenen gen inaktivasyonu gibi hücresel süreçleri, çeşitli çalışma adapte edilmiştir<sup&gt; 2-5</sup&gt;. Protoplast yalıtım protokollerin çoğu olgun Arabidopsis yaprak dokularında (örneğin 35 gün bitkiler)<sup&gt; 2-4</sup&gt;. Biz 14 gün eski Arabidopsis fide kullanılarak mevcut protokoller değiştirilebilir. Bu yöntemde, bir gram 14 günlük fide 5 10 vermiştir<sup&gt; 6</sup&gt; -10<sup&gt; 7</sup&gt; En az 96 saat bozulmadan kalır protoplast. Fidecilikten protoplast verimi olgun Arabidopsis yaprakları hazırlıkları ile karşılaştırılabilir, ancak 35-36 gün yerine 15 gün içinde, protoplast izolasyonu tamamlandı. Bu olgun bitkiler kullanılır protoplast izole etmek için gerekli olan zaman ve büyüme odası alanı azaltarak sağlar ve sağlam protoplast gerektiren mansap çalışmaları hızlandırır.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Protoplasts from Tissues of 14-day-old Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana at JoVE.com

Isolation of Protoplasts from Tissues of 14-day-old Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana

Bu video 14 günlük fide Arabidopsis dokuları bozulmadan protoplast izole etmek için bir prosedür gösterir. Izole protoplast en az 96h bozulmadan kalır ve bir aylık olgun bitkilerin yerine fide izole olduğunu göz önüne alındığında, bu yordamı sağlam protoplast gerektiren testleri hızlandırır.

14 gün eski Fideler Dokular protoplast izolasyonu Arabidopsis thaliana</em

Protoplasts are plant cells that have had their cell walls enzymatically removed. Isolation of protoplasts  from different plant tissues was first ...

isolation-protoplasts-from-tissues-14-day-old-seedlings-arabidopsis

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Isolation of Protoplasts from Tissues of 14-day-old Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana

35.7K Görüntüleme.  Cornell University. Bu video 14 günlük fide Arabidopsis dokuları bozulmadan protoplast izole etmek için bir prosedür gösterir. Izole protoplast en az 96h bozulmadan kalır ve bir aylık olgun bitkilerin yerine fide izole olduğunu göz önüne alındığında, bu yordamı sağlam protoplast gerektiren testleri hızlandırır.

Video: Isolation of Protoplasts from Tissues of 14-day-old Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana

Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds

In flowering plants, the embryo develops within a nourishing tissue - the endosperm - surrounded by the maternal seed integuments (or seed coat). As a consequence, the isolation of plant embryos at early stages (1 cell to globular stage) is technically challenging due to their relative inaccessibility. Efficient manual dissection at early stages is strongly impaired by the small size of young Arabidopsis seeds and the adhesiveness of the embryo to the surrounding tissues. Here, we describe a method that allows the efficient isolation of young Arabidopsis embryos, yielding up to 40 embryos in 1 hr to 4 hr, depending on the downstream application. Embryos are released into isolation buffer by slightly crushing 250-750 seeds with a plastic pestle in an Eppendorf tube. A glass microcapillary attached to either a standard laboratory pipette (via a rubber tube) or a hydraulically controlled microinjector is used to collect embryos from droplets placed on a multi-well slide on an inverted light microscope. The technical skills required are simple and easily transferable, and the basic setup does not require costly equipment. Collected embryos are suitable for a variety of downstream applications such as RT-PCR, RNA sequencing, DNA methylation analyses, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), immunostaining, and reporter gene assays.

Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds

We report an efficient and simple method to isolate embryos at early stages of development from Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. Up to 40 embryos can be isolated in 1 hr to 4 hr, depending on the downstream application. The procedure is suitable for transcriptome, DNA methylation, reporter gene expression, immunostaining and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses.

Erken evre Embriyolar verimli ve hızlı İzolasyon<em&gt; Arabidopsis thaliana</em&gt; Tohumlar

In flowering plants, the embryo develops within a nourishing tissue - the endosperm - surrounded by the maternal seed integuments (or seed coat). As a ...

Biyoloji

Histochemical Staining of Arabidopsis thaliana Secondary Cell Wall Elements

Arabidopsis thaliana is a model organism commonly used to understand and manipulate various cellular processes in plants, and it has been used extensively in the study of secondary cell wall formation. Secondary cell wall deposition occurs after the primary cell wall is laid down, a process carried out exclusively by specialized cells such as those forming vessel and fiber tissues. Most secondary cell walls are composed of cellulose (40&#8211;50%), hemicellulose (25&#8211;30%), and lignin (20&#8211;30%). Several mutations affecting secondary cell wall biosynthesis have been isolated, and the corresponding mutants may or may not exhibit obvious biochemical composition changes or visual phenotypes since these mutations could be masked by compensatory responses. Staining procedures have historically been used to show differences on a cellular basis. These methods are exclusively visual means of analysis; nevertheless their role in rapid and critical analysis is of great importance. Congo red and calcofluor white are stains used to detect polysaccharides, whereas M&#228;ule and phloroglucinol are commonly used to determine differences in lignin, and toluidine blue O is used to differentially stain polysaccharides and lignin. The seemingly simple techniques of sectioning, staining, and imaging can be a challenge for beginners. Starting with sample preparation using the A. thaliana model, this study details the protocols of a variety of staining methodologies that can be easily implemented for observation of cell and tissue organization in secondary cell walls of plants.

Histochemical Staining of Arabidopsis thaliana Secondary Cell Wall Elements

Plant cell wall composition varies between tissue types and can include lignin, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectin. Various staining techniques have been developed to visualize differences at the cell-type level. This paper is a compilation of commonly used cell wall staining techniques.

Histokimyasal boyama<em&gt; Arabidopsis thaliana</em&gt; Ortaöğretim Hücre Duvar Elemanları

Arabidopsis thaliana is a model organism commonly used to understand and manipulate various cellular processes in plants, and it has been used extensively ...

Rapid Analysis of Circadian Phenotypes in Arabidopsis Protoplasts Transfected with a Luminescent Clock Reporter

The plant circadian clock allows the anticipation of daily changes to the environment. This anticipation aids the responses to temporally predictable biotic and abiotic stress. Conversely, disruption of circadian timekeeping severely compromises plant health and reduces agricultural crop yields. It is therefore imperative that we understand the intricate regulation of circadian rhythms in plants, including the factors that affect motion of the transcriptional clockwork itself.
Testing circadian defects in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) traditionally involves crossing specific mutant lines to a line rhythmically expressing firefly luciferase from a circadian clock gene promoter. This approach is laborious, time-consuming, and could be fruitless if a mutant has no circadian phenotype. The methodology presented here allows a rapid initial assessment of circadian phenotypes. Protoplasts derived from mutant and wild-type Arabidopsis are isolated, transfected with a rhythmically expressed luminescent reporter, and imaged under constant light conditions for 5 days. Luminescent traces will directly reveal whether the free-running period of mutant plants is different from wild-type plants. The advantage of the method is that any Arabidopsis line can efficiently be screened, without the need for generating a stably transgenic luminescent clock marker line in that mutant background.

The circadian clock regulates about a third of the Arabidopsis transcriptome, but the percentage of genes that feed back into timekeeping remains unknown. Here we visualize a method to rapidly assess circadian phenotypes in any mutant line of Arabidopsis using luminescent imaging of a circadian reporter transiently expressed in protoplasts.

Bir Lüminesans Saat Reporter ile Arabidopsis Protoplasts transfekte içinde Sirkadiyen fenotipleri Hızlı Analizi

The plant circadian clock allows the anticipation of daily changes to the environment. This anticipation aids the responses to temporally predictable ...

Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Growth Behavior in Different Light Qualities

Plant biologists often need to observe the growth behavior of their chosen species. To this end, the plants need constant environmental and stable light conditions, which are preferably variable in quantity and quality so that studies under different setups can be conducted. These requirements are met by climatic chambers featuring light emitting diodes (LED) lights, which can &#8211; in contrast to fluorescent lights &#8211; be set to different wavelengths. LEDs are energy conserving and emit virtually no heat even at light intensities, which often constitutes a problem with other light sources. The presented protocol provides a step-by-step guidance of how to program a climatic chamber equipped with variable LED lights as well as describing several approaches for in depth analysis of growth phenotypes. Depending on the experimental set-up various characteristics of the growing plants can be observed and analyzed. Here we describe how to determine fresh weight, leaf area, photosynthetic activity, and stomatal density. We demonstrate that in order to obtain reliable data and draw valid conclusions it is mandatory to use a sufficient number of individuals for statistical evaluation. Taking too few plants for this kind of analysis results in high statistical errors and consequently in less clear interpretations of the data.

Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Growth Behavior in Different Light Qualities

Here, we present a protocol for studying plant growth behavior and especially phenotypes in a reproducible manner. We show how to provide variable and at the same time stable light conditions. Proper analyses depend on sufficient sample numbers and valid statistical evaluations.

Farklı ışık nitelikleri Arabidopsis thaliana büyüme davranış analizi

Plant biologists often need to observe the growth behavior of their chosen species. To this end, the plants need constant environmental and stable light ...

ERL1 Dinamiğinin Konfokal Görüntüleme ile Uzay-Zamansal Olarak İncelenmesi

Image-Based Methods to Study Membrane Trafficking Events in Stomatal Lineage Cells

In eukaryotic cells, membrane components, including proteins and lipids, are spatiotemporally transported to their destination within the endomembrane system. This includes the secretory transport of newly synthesized proteins to the cell surface or the outside of the cell, the endocytic transport of extracellular cargoes or plasma membrane components into the cell, and the recycling or shuttling transport of cargoes between the subcellular organelles, etc. Membrane trafficking events are crucial to the development, growth, and environmental adaptation of all eukaryotic cells and, thus, are under stringent regulation. Cell-surface receptor kinases, which perceive ligand signals from the extracellular space, undergo both secretory and endocytic transport. Commonly used approaches to study the membrane trafficking events using a plasma membrane-localized leucine-rich-repeat receptor kinase, ERL1, are described here. The approaches include plant material preparation, pharmacological treatment, and confocal imaging setup. To monitor the spatiotemporal regulation of ERL1, this study describes the co-localization analysis between ERL1 and a multi-vesicular body marker protein, RFP-Ara7, the time series analysis of these two proteins, and the z-stack analysis of ERL1-YFP treated with the membrane trafficking inhibitors brefeldin A and wortmannin.

Yazar Spotlight: Stoma Soy Hücrelerinde Membran Kaçakçılığı Olaylarını İncelemek için Görüntü Tabanlı Yöntemler  

Several commonly used methods are introduced here to study the membrane trafficking events of a plasma membrane receptor kinase. This manuscript describes detailed protocols including the plant material preparation, pharmacological treatment, and confocal imaging setup.

Stoma Soy Hücrelerinde Membran Kaçakçılığı Olaylarını İncelemek için Görüntü Tabanlı Yöntemler

In eukaryotic cells, membrane components, including proteins and lipids, are spatiotemporally transported to their destination within the endomembrane ...

Arabidopsis thaliana'da Polen Hidrasyon Profillerini Ölçmek İçin Geliştirilmiş Bir Yöntem

A High-Resolution, Single-Grain, In Vivo Pollen Hydration Bioassay for Arabidopsis thaliana

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants requires initial interaction between the pollen grain and the stigmatic surface, where a molecular dialog is established between the interacting partners. Studies across a range of species have revealed that a series of molecular checkpoints regulate the pollen-stigma interaction to ensure that only compatible, generally intraspecific pollen is successful in effecting fertilization. In species that possess a 'dry stigma', such as the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the first post-pollination, prezygotic compatibility checkpoint is the establishment of pollen hydration. 
This phase of pollination is tightly regulated, whereby signals from the pollen grain elicit the release of water from the stigma, thus permitting pollen hydration. The ability to accurately measure and track pollen hydration over time is key to the design of experiments directed at understanding the regulation of this critical step in reproduction. Published protocols frequently utilize flowers that have been excised from the parent plant, maintained on liquid or solid media, and bulk pollinated. 
This paper describes a noninvasive, in vivo pollination bioassay that permits minute-by-minute hydration tracking of individual A. thaliana pollen grains at high resolution. The assay is highly reproducible, able to detect very subtle variations of pollen hydration profiles, and thus is suitable for the analysis of mutants that affect pathways regulating pollination. Although the protocol is lengthier than those described for bulk pollinations, the precision and reproducibility it provides, along with its in vivo nature, make it ideal for the detailed dissection of pollination phenotypes.

Yazar Spot Işığı: Arabidopsis thaliana için Yüksek Çözünürlüklü, Tek Taneli, İn Vivo Polen Hidrasyon Biyotahlili  

An improved method to measure pollen hydration profiles in Arabidopsis thaliana is described here. The new method offers higher resolution, is noninvasive, and is highly reproducible. The protocol represents a new tool for a finer dissection of the processes that regulate the early stages of pollination.

Arabidopsis thaliana için Yüksek Çözünürlüklü, Tek Taneli, In Vivo Polen Hidrasyon Biyotahlili

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants requires initial interaction between the pollen grain and the stigmatic surface, where a molecular dialog is ...