Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto dal Experiment Station Cornell University agricolo (CUAES) NYC-125433 Hatch Grant e Cornell Start-Up sovvenzione concessa a OKV

Parte 1. Preparazione del terreno solido per le piante in crescita. Noi di solito le piante sulla cultura concentrato Murasige e Skoog (MS) media integrato con 1% di saccarosio e lo 0,7% agar. Esso contiene tutti gli ingredienti necessari per mantenere le piante sane. Per preparare 1L di MS, media pH 5,7 <ol><li> Aggiungere 2,15 g di MS polvere in 800 ml di acqua in bottiglia da 1,5 2.0L autoclavabile. </li><li> Posizionare un bar mescolando nella bottiglia e si dissolvono in polvere MS agitando medio su un piatto mescolando. </li><li> Mescolando, aggiungere, goccia a goccia, KOH 1N per aggiustare il pH medio di MS a 5,7. </li><li> Aggiungere 10 g di saccarosio, continuare a mescolare. </li><li> Aggiungono 7 g di agar *. </li><li> Regolare il volume finale del terreno preparato a 1000 ml e sterilizzare in autoclave .* </li><li> Luogo autoclave medio su un piatto mescolando e raffreddarlo mescolando, in modo che agar non precipitare sul fondo della bottiglia. Raffreddare medio ~ 60 ° C. * </li><li> Versare 100 millimetri piastre Petri. Tenere le piastre a 4 ° C. </li></ol> * Suggerimento 1: Non tentare di sciogliere agar. Si solubilizzano durante la sterilizzazione in autoclave. * Suggerimento 2: Tenere la barra mescolando in una bottiglia durante la sterilizzazione, ne avrete bisogno in seguito. * Suggerimento 3: Se potete tenervi le mani sulla bottiglia in autoclave per 10 s, significa che il mezzo si raffreddi e si può cominciare a diffondere piatti. Parte 2. Materiale vegetale e condizioni di crescita. <ol><li> Sterilizzare i semi di Arabidopsis thaliana <ol><li> Mettere 100 mg di semi in provette da microcentrifuga eppendorf e aggiungere 1 ml di etanolo al 70%. Mescolare bene e incubare per 2 minuti. Spin semi giù, aspirare il sopranatante. </li><li> Aggiungere 1 ml di soluzione di candeggina al 1,8% * contenente 0,1% di Tween-20. Mescolare per 10 min. Spin down semi e soluzione di candeggina aspirare. </li><li> Questo passo deve essere fatto in una cappa a flusso laminare. Aggiungere 1 ml di acqua sterile per i semi, mescolare bene. Spin down semi, aspirare l&#39;acqua. Ripetere questa operazione per 5 volte. </li></ol></li><li> Diffondere i semi sul preparato nella fase 1 piastre (100 semi / piastra). </li><li> Conservare le piastre seminate per 24-48 ore a 4 ° C al buio per la stratificazione. </li><li> Coltivare piante per 14 giorni nella camera di crescita con 8 h light/16 h scuro fotoperiodo (con una densità di fotosintesi flusso di fotoni di 250 mmol m -2 s -1) a 23 / ​​19 ° C, luce / buio regime di temperatura e il 75% rispetto umidità. </li></ol> * Suggerimento 1: soluzione di Bleach è composto da una famiglia di diluizione Clorox, contenente ipoclorito di sodio al 6% e l&#39;aggiunta di Tween-20 a una concentrazione finale di 0,1%. Parte 3. Isolamento di protoplasti da piantine di Arabidopsis. <ol><li> Fetta 2 g di 14-giorno-vecchio piantine con una lama di rasoio fresco in 15 ml di soluzione sterilizzata per filtrazione, TVL. Noi tagliare materiale vegetale in piatti monouso sterili Petri. </li><li> Trasferimento tessuti tagliati in 200 ml bicchiere, aggiungere 20 ml di soluzione enzimatica, sterilizzata per filtrazione, agitare il bicchiere per far mescolare tessuti con soluzione enzimatica, coprire con parafilm e foglio di alluminio. </li><li> Agitare tessuti vegetali a 35 giri al buio a temperatura ambiente per 16-18 h. </li><li> Raccogliere la protoplasti rilasciata nel tubo da 50 ml Falcon mediante setacciatura a 8 strati di telo, pre-umido in W5 soluzione. </li><li> Protoplasti setaccio dal formaggio panno ancora una volta con il lavaggio il panno con 15 ml di soluzione W5. </li><li> Attentamente protoplasti sovrapposizione con 10 ml di soluzione W5, non disturbare il gradiente di zucchero; centrifugare per 7 minuti a 100 g. </li><li> Raccogliere 10 ml di protoplasti a livello di interfaccia di soluzione enzimatica e W5 Soluzione (Fig. 1B) e trasferirli in un nuovo tubo da 50 ml Falcon. </li><li> Aggiungere 15 ml di soluzione W5, centrifugare per 5 min a 60 g. Rimuovere il surnatante. </li><li> Lavare protoplasti privi di soluzione enzimatica da risospendere protoplasti in 15ml di soluzione W5, centrifugare per 5 min a 60 g </li><li> Rimuovere il surnatante, risospendere protoplasti pellet in 1-3ml W5 soluzione. </li><li> Valutare resa protoplasti da cellule contando con un emocitometro. </li></ol> Parte 4. Reagenti: TVL: 0,3 M sorbitolo; 50 mM CaCl 2 Filtro-sterilizzare e conservare a -20 ° C. Enzima Soluzione: 0,5 M saccarosio, 10 mM MES-KOH [pH 5,7], 20 mM CaCl 2, 40 mM KCl, 1% Cellulase (Onozuka R-10), 1% Macerozyme (R10). Filtro-sterilizzare e appena uso. W5 Soluzione: 0,1% (w / v) di glucosio, 0,08% (w / v) KCl, 0,9% (w / v) di NaCl, 1,84% (w / v) CaCl 2, 2 mM MES-KOH pH 5.7. Filtro-sterilizzare e conservare a temperatura ambiente. Parte 5: Risultati Rappresentante: Utilizzando condizioni di coltura Arabidopsis descritti nelle parti 1 e 2 piantine rende sani, adatti per isolare protoplasti (Fig. 1A). Protoplasti sono purificati dai gradienti di densità di saccarosioENT centrifugazione e raccolti a livello di interfaccia di W5 e soluzioni di enzimi (Fig. 1B). Utilizzando l&#39;isolamento di protoplasti procedura descritta nella parte 3 abbiamo raccolto tipicamente 5-10 ottobre 6 di protoplasti intatti (Fig. 1C) da un grammo di piantine fresche. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1149/Fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1" /> Figura 1. Isolamento di protoplasti da piantine di Arabidopsis. A, tessuti dal 14-giorni di età piantine di Arabidopsis sono stati raccolti e convertiti in protoplasti con una procedura modificata (Chen e Halkier, 2000). B, protoplasti sono stati purificati mediante centrifugazione gradiente di densità di saccarosio e raccolti a livello di interfaccia della soluzione enzimatica e W5 Uffer (frecce bianche). C, luminoso-campo della microscopia protoplasti. Microfotografie sono stati raccolti utilizzando una camera CCD raffreddata interfacciato con il Axioscope Zeiss 2 plus microscopio.

<ol>
	<li>Cocking, E. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Method+for+the+Isolation+of+Plant+Protoplasts+and+Vacuoles.">A Method for the Isolation of Plant Protoplasts and Vacuoles.</a> Nature. 187, 962-963 (1960).</li><li>Chen, S., Halkier, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+glucosinolate+uptake+by+leaf+protoplasts+of+Brassica+napus.">Characterization of glucosinolate uptake by leaf protoplasts of Brassica napus.</a> J Biol Chem. 275, 22955-22960 (2000).</li><li>Robert, S., Zouhar, J., Carter, C., Raikhel, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+intact+vacuoles+from+Arabidopsis+rosette+leaf-derived+protoplasts.">Isolation of intact vacuoles from Arabidopsis rosette leaf-derived protoplasts.</a> Nat. Protocols. 2, 259-262 (2007).</li><li>Yoo, S. D., Cho, Y. H., Sheen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arabidopsis+mesophyll+protoplasts:+a+versatile+cell+system+for+transient+gene+expression+analysis.">Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts: a versatile cell system for transient gene expression analysis.</a> Nat Protoc. 2, 1565-1572 (2007).</li><li>Zhai, Z., Sooksa-nguan, T., Vatamaniuk, O. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishing+RNAi+as+a+reverse+genetic+approach+for+gene+functional+analysis+in+protoplasts.">Establishing RNAi as a reverse genetic approach for gene functional analysis in protoplasts.</a> Plant Phys. 149, 642-652 (2009).</li></ol>

Il brevetto provvisorio che descrive la procedura per il suo utilizzo in analisi funzionali di geni della pianta è stato depositato presso la Cornell Center For Enterprise Technology e commercializzazione (CCTEC), giugno 2008. Docket Nessun 50341/015001: Vatamaniuk, OK e Zhai, Metodo Z. per una rapida analisi funzionali di geni della pianta.

Per garantire l&#39;alto rendimento di protoplasti intatti, è molto importante per start-up con piante sane. Utilizzare un filtro-sterilizzare le soluzioni per l&#39;isolamento protoplasti. Ricordate che protoplasti sono fragili. Pertanto, quando si sono movimentazione protoplasti, non si mescolano, o vortice pipettare vigorosamente perché li freni. Invece, mescolare protoplasti lentamente ruotando o con nastro adesivo il tubo di centrifuga. La procedura descritta protoplasti resa intatta che sono vitali per almeno 96...

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<td>Murashige and Skoog Basal Salt Mixture (MS)</td>
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isolation of protoplasts from tissues of 14-day-old seedlings of arabidopsis thaliana

Protoplasti sono cellule vegetali che hanno avuto le loro pareti cellulari enzimaticamente rimosso. Isolamento di protoplasti dai tessuti vegetali diversi per la prima volta segnalato più di 40 anni fa<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt; E da allora è stato adattato per studiare una serie di processi cellulari, come la localizzazione subcellulare di proteine, l&#39;isolamento di organelli intatti e mirata gene-inattivazione con un doppio filamento di RNA interference (RNAi)<sup&gt; 2-5</sup&gt;. La maggior parte dei protocolli di isolamento del protoplasti utilizzare tessuti foglia di Arabidopsis maturi (per esempio 35 giorni di età delle piante)<sup&gt; 2-4</sup&gt;. Abbiamo modificato i protocolli esistenti con l&#39;impiego di 14 giorni di età piantine di Arabidopsis. In questa procedura, un grammo di 14-giorno-vecchie piantine prodotto 5 10<sup&gt; 6</sup&gt; -10<sup&gt; 7</sup&gt; Protoplasti che rimangono intatte, almeno 96 ore. La resa di protoplasti da piantine è paragonabile con i preparati da foglie di Arabidopsis maturo, ma invece di 35-36 giorni, l&#39;isolamento di protoplasti si completa in 15 giorni. Ciò consente di diminuire il tempo e lo spazio camera di crescita che sono necessari per isolare protoplasti quando le piante mature sono utilizzati, e accelera gli studi a valle che richiedono protoplasti intatti.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Protoplasts from Tissues of 14-day-old Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana at JoVE.com

Isolation of Protoplasts from Tissues of 14-day-old Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana

Questo video mostra una procedura per isolare protoplasti intatti da tessuti di 14-giorno-vecchie piantine di Arabidopsis. Dato che il protoplasti isolati rimangono intatte per almeno 96 ore e sono isolati da piantine invece di piante mature di un mese-vecchia, questa procedura accelera i test che richiedono protoplasti intatti.

Isolamento di protoplasti da tessuti di 14-giorni di età piantine di Arabidopsis thaliana</em

Protoplasts are plant cells that have had their cell walls enzymatically removed. Isolation of protoplasts  from different plant tissues was first ...

isolation-protoplasts-from-tissues-14-day-old-seedlings-arabidopsis

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Isolation of Protoplasts from Tissues of 14-day-old Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana

35.9K Views.  Cornell University. Questo video mostra una procedura per isolare protoplasti intatti da tessuti di 14-giorno-vecchie piantine di Arabidopsis. Dato che il protoplasti isolati rimangono intatte per almeno 96 ore e sono isolati da piantine invece di piante mature di un mese-vecchia, questa procedura accelera i test che richiedono protoplasti intatti.

Video: Isolation of Protoplasts from Tissues of 14-day-old Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana

Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting of Plant Protoplasts

High-resolution, cell type-specific analysis of gene expression greatly enhances understanding of developmental regulation and responses to environmental stimuli in any multicellular organism. In situ hybridization and reporter gene visualization can to a limited extent be used to this end but for high resolution quantitative RT-PCR or high-throughput transcriptome-wide analysis the isolation of RNA from particular cell types is requisite. Cellular dissociation of tissue expressing a fluorescent protein marker in a specific cell type and subsequent Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) makes it possible to collect sufficient amounts of material for RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis/amplification and microarray analysis.
An extensive set of cell type-specific fluorescent reporter lines is available to the plant research community. In this case, two marker lines of the Arabidopsis thaliana root are used: PSCR::GFP (endodermis and quiescent center) and PWOX5::GFP (quiescent center). Large numbers (thousands) of seedlings are grown hydroponically or on agar plates and harvested to obtain enough root material for further analysis. Cellular dissociation of plant material is achieved by enzymatic digestion of the cell wall. This procedure makes use of high osmolarity-induced plasmolysis and commercially available cellulases, pectinases and hemicellulases to release protoplasts into solution.
FACS of GFP-positive cells makes use of the visualization of the green versus the red emission spectra of protoplasts excited by a 488 nm laser. GFP-positive protoplasts can be distinguished by their increased ratio of green to red emission. Protoplasts are typically sorted directly into RNA extraction buffer and stored for further processing at a later time.
This technique is revealed to be straightforward and practicable. Furthermore, it is shown that it can be used without difficulty to isolate sufficient numbers of cells for transcriptome analysis, even for very scarce cell types (e.g. quiescent center cells). Lastly, a growth setup for Arabidopsis seedlings is demonstrated that enables uncomplicated treatment of the plants prior to cell sorting (e.g. for the cell type-specific analysis of biotic or abiotic stress responses). Potential supplementary uses for FACS of plant protoplasts are discussed.

A method for isolating specific cell types from plant material is demonstrated. This technique employs transgenic marker lines expressing fluorescent proteins in particular cell types, cellular dissociation and Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting. Additionally, a growth setup is established here that facilitates treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings prior to cell sorting.

Fluorescenza separazione delle cellule attivate delle protoplasti impianto

High-resolution, cell type-specific analysis of gene expression greatly enhances understanding of developmental regulation and responses to environmental ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Floral-dip Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana to Examine pTSO2::&beta;-glucuronidase Reporter Gene Expression

The ability to introduce foreign genes into an organism is the foundation for modern biology and biotechnology. In the model flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the floral-dip transformation method1-2 has replaced all previous methods because of its simplicity, efficiency, and low cost. Specifically, shoots of young flowering Arabidopsis plants are dipped in a solution of Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying specific plasmid constructs. After dipping, the plants are returned to normal growth and yield seeds, a small percentage of which are transformed with the foreign gene and can be selected for on medium containing antibiotics. This floral-dip method significantly facilitated Arabidopsis research and contributed greatly to our understanding of plant gene function. In this study, we use the floral-dip method to transform a reporter gene, &beta;-glucuronidase (GUS), under the control of TSO2 promoter. TSO2, coding for the Ribonucleotide Reductase (RNR) small subunit3, is a cell cycle regulated gene essential for dNDP biosynthesis in the S-phase of the cell cycle. Examination of GUS expression in transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings shows that TSO2 is expressed in actively dividing tissues. The reported experimental method and materials can be easily adapted not only for research but also for education at high school and college levels.

Floral-dip Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana to Examine pTSO2::&#946;-glucuronidase Reporter Gene Expression

This article illustrates the floral-dip method of Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. By introducing a cell-cycle regulated promoter-reporter, pTSO2::&beta;-glucuronidase (GUS), into Arabidopsis, we illustrates how one detects GUS reporter expression in transgenic seedlings.

Floreale-dip Trasformazione Arabidopsis thaliana Per esaminare PTSO2:: β-glucuronidasi Reporter espressione genica

The ability to introduce foreign genes into an organism is the foundation for modern biology and biotechnology. In the model flowering plant Arabidopsis ...

Arabidopsis thaliana Polar Glycerolipid Profiling by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Coupled with Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC)

Biological membranes separate cells from the environment. From a single cell to multicellular plants and animals, glycerolipids, such as phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine, form bilayer membranes which act as both boundaries and interfaces for chemical exchange between cells and their surroundings. Unlike animals, plant cells have a special organelle for photosynthesis, the chloroplast. The intricate membrane system of the chloroplast contains unique glycerolipids, namely glycolipids lacking phosphorus: monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG)4. The roles of these lipids are beyond simply structural. These glycolipids and other glycerolipids were found in the crystal structures of photosystem I and II indicating the involvement of glycerolipids in photosynthesis8,11. During phosphate starvation, DGDG is transferred to extraplastidic membranes to compensate the loss of phospholipids9,12.
Much of our knowledge of the biosynthesis and function of these lipids has been derived from a combination of genetic and biochemical studies with Arabidopsis thaliana14. During these studies, a simple procedure for the analysis of polar lipids has been essential for the screening and analysis of lipid mutants and will be outlined in detail. A leaf lipid extract is first separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and glycerolipids are stained reversibly with iodine vapor. The individual lipids are scraped from the TLC plate and converted to fatty acyl methylesters (FAMEs), which are analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection (FID-GLC) (Figure 1). This method has been proven to be a reliable tool for mutant screening. For example, the tgd1,2,3,4 endoplasmic reticulum-to-plastid lipid trafficking mutants were discovered based on the accumulation of an abnormal galactoglycerolipid: trigalactosyldiacylglycerol (TGDG) and a decrease in the relative amount of 18:3 (carbons : double bonds) fatty acyl groups in membrane lipids 3,13,18,20. This method is also applicable for determining enzymatic activities of proteins using lipids as substrate6.

Arabidopsis thaliana Polar Glycerolipid Profiling by Thin Layer Chromatography TLC Coupled with Gas-Liquid Chromatography GLC

Composition of polar lipid extracts and the fatty acid composition of individual glycerolipids are determined in a simple and robust lipid profiling experiment. For this purpose, glycerolipids are isolated by thin layer chromatography and subjected to transmethylation of their acyl groups. Fatty acyl methylesters are quantified by gas-liquid chromatography.

Arabidopsis thaliana Profiling Glycerolipid Polar Cromatografia su strato sottile (TLC) Accoppiato con cromatografia gas-liquido (GLC)

Biological membranes separate cells from the environment. From a single cell to multicellular plants and animals, glycerolipids, such as ...

Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds

In flowering plants, the embryo develops within a nourishing tissue - the endosperm - surrounded by the maternal seed integuments (or seed coat). As a consequence, the isolation of plant embryos at early stages (1 cell to globular stage) is technically challenging due to their relative inaccessibility. Efficient manual dissection at early stages is strongly impaired by the small size of young Arabidopsis seeds and the adhesiveness of the embryo to the surrounding tissues. Here, we describe a method that allows the efficient isolation of young Arabidopsis embryos, yielding up to 40 embryos in 1 hr to 4 hr, depending on the downstream application. Embryos are released into isolation buffer by slightly crushing 250-750 seeds with a plastic pestle in an Eppendorf tube. A glass microcapillary attached to either a standard laboratory pipette (via a rubber tube) or a hydraulically controlled microinjector is used to collect embryos from droplets placed on a multi-well slide on an inverted light microscope. The technical skills required are simple and easily transferable, and the basic setup does not require costly equipment. Collected embryos are suitable for a variety of downstream applications such as RT-PCR, RNA sequencing, DNA methylation analyses, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), immunostaining, and reporter gene assays.

Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds

We report an efficient and simple method to isolate embryos at early stages of development from Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. Up to 40 embryos can be isolated in 1 hr to 4 hr, depending on the downstream application. The procedure is suitable for transcriptome, DNA methylation, reporter gene expression, immunostaining and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses.

Isolamento efficiente e rapida di embrioni nelle prime fasi di<em&gt; Arabidopsis thaliana</em&gt; Semi

In flowering plants, the embryo develops within a nourishing tissue - the endosperm - surrounded by the maternal seed integuments (or seed coat). As a ...

Metabolic Labeling and Membrane Fractionation for Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Suspension Cell Cultures

Plasma membrane microdomains are features based on the physical properties of the lipid and sterol environment and have particular roles in signaling processes. Extracting sterol-enriched membrane microdomains from plant cells for proteomic analysis is a difficult task mainly due to multiple preparation steps and sources for contaminations from other cellular compartments. The plasma membrane constitutes only about 5-20% of all the membranes in a plant cell, and therefore isolation of highly purified plasma membrane fraction is challenging. A frequently used method involves aqueous two-phase partitioning in polyethylene glycol and dextran, which yields plasma membrane vesicles with a purity of 95% 1. Sterol-rich membrane microdomains within the plasma membrane are insoluble upon treatment with cold nonionic detergents at alkaline pH. This detergent-resistant membrane fraction can be separated from the bulk plasma membrane by ultracentrifugation in a sucrose gradient 2. Subsequently, proteins can be extracted from the low density band of the sucrose gradient by methanol/chloroform precipitation. Extracted protein will then be trypsin digested, desalted and finally analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Our extraction protocol for sterol-rich microdomains is optimized for the preparation of clean detergent-resistant membrane fractions from Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures.
We use full metabolic labeling of Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cell cultures with K15NO3 as the only nitrogen source for quantitative comparative proteomic studies following biological treatment of interest 3. By mixing equal ratios of labeled and unlabeled cell cultures for joint protein extraction the influence of preparation steps on final quantitative result is kept at a minimum. Also loss of material during extraction will affect both control and treatment samples in the same way, and therefore the ratio of light and heave peptide will remain constant. In the proposed method either labeled or unlabeled cell culture undergoes a biological treatment, while the other serves as control 4.

Metabolic Labeling and Membrane Fractionation for Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Suspension Cell Cultures

Here we describe a robust method for the fractionation of plant plasma membranes into detergent resistant and detergent soluble membranes based on a mixture of unlabeled and in vivo fully 15N labeled Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures. The procedure is applied for comparative proteomic studies to understand signaling processes.

Metabolic Etichettatura e con membrana frazionamento per proteomica comparativa Analisi del<em&gt; Arabidopsis thaliana</em&gt; Culture sospensione cellulare

Plasma membrane microdomains are features based on the physical properties of the lipid and sterol environment and have particular roles in signaling ...

Histochemical Staining of Arabidopsis thaliana Secondary Cell Wall Elements

Arabidopsis thaliana is a model organism commonly used to understand and manipulate various cellular processes in plants, and it has been used extensively in the study of secondary cell wall formation. Secondary cell wall deposition occurs after the primary cell wall is laid down, a process carried out exclusively by specialized cells such as those forming vessel and fiber tissues. Most secondary cell walls are composed of cellulose (40&#8211;50%), hemicellulose (25&#8211;30%), and lignin (20&#8211;30%). Several mutations affecting secondary cell wall biosynthesis have been isolated, and the corresponding mutants may or may not exhibit obvious biochemical composition changes or visual phenotypes since these mutations could be masked by compensatory responses. Staining procedures have historically been used to show differences on a cellular basis. These methods are exclusively visual means of analysis; nevertheless their role in rapid and critical analysis is of great importance. Congo red and calcofluor white are stains used to detect polysaccharides, whereas M&#228;ule and phloroglucinol are commonly used to determine differences in lignin, and toluidine blue O is used to differentially stain polysaccharides and lignin. The seemingly simple techniques of sectioning, staining, and imaging can be a challenge for beginners. Starting with sample preparation using the A. thaliana model, this study details the protocols of a variety of staining methodologies that can be easily implemented for observation of cell and tissue organization in secondary cell walls of plants.

Histochemical Staining of Arabidopsis thaliana Secondary Cell Wall Elements

Plant cell wall composition varies between tissue types and can include lignin, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectin. Various staining techniques have been developed to visualize differences at the cell-type level. This paper is a compilation of commonly used cell wall staining techniques.

Colorazione istochimica di<em&gt; Arabidopsis thaliana</em&gt; Cellula secondaria Elementi da parete

Arabidopsis thaliana is a model organism commonly used to understand and manipulate various cellular processes in plants, and it has been used extensively ...

Affinity-based Isolation of Tagged Nuclei from Drosophila Tissues for Gene Expression Analysis

Drosophila melanogaster embryonic and larval tissues often contain a highly heterogeneous mixture of cell types, which can complicate the analysis of gene expression in these tissues. Thus, to analyze cell-specific gene expression profiles from Drosophila tissues, it may be necessary to isolate specific cell types with high purity and at sufficient yields for downstream applications such as transcriptional profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation. However, the irregular cellular morphology in tissues such as the central nervous system, coupled with the rare population of specific cell types in these tissues, can pose challenges for traditional methods of cell isolation such as laser microdissection and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Here, an alternative approach to characterizing cell-specific gene expression profiles using affinity-based isolation of tagged nuclei, rather than whole cells, is described. Nuclei in the specific cell type of interest are genetically labeled with a nuclear envelope-localized EGFP tag using the Gal4/UAS binary expression system. These EGFP-tagged nuclei can be isolated using antibodies against GFP that are coupled to magnetic beads. The approach described in this protocol enables consistent isolation of nuclei from specific cell types in the Drosophila larval central nervous system at high purity and at sufficient levels for expression analysis, even when these cell types comprise less than 2% of the total cell population in the tissue. This approach can be used to isolate nuclei from a wide variety of Drosophila embryonic and larval cell types using specific Gal4 drivers, and may be useful for isolating nuclei from cell types that are not suitable for FACS or laser microdissection.

Affinity-based Isolation of Tagged Nuclei from Drosophila Tissues for Gene Expression Analysis

Drosophila tissues often contain a heterogeneous mixture of cell types.&#160;To examine gene expression in specific cell types from a particular tissue, nuclei can be genetically tagged and subsequently isolated using an affinity-based approach. Isolated nuclei can be used for downstream applications such as gene expression analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation.

L&#39;isolamento a base di affinità di Tagged Nuclei di<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; tessuti per Gene Expression Analysis

Drosophila melanogaster embryonic and larval tissues often contain a highly heterogeneous mixture of cell types, which can complicate the analysis of gene ...

Rapid Analysis of Circadian Phenotypes in Arabidopsis Protoplasts Transfected with a Luminescent Clock Reporter

The plant circadian clock allows the anticipation of daily changes to the environment. This anticipation aids the responses to temporally predictable biotic and abiotic stress. Conversely, disruption of circadian timekeeping severely compromises plant health and reduces agricultural crop yields. It is therefore imperative that we understand the intricate regulation of circadian rhythms in plants, including the factors that affect motion of the transcriptional clockwork itself.
Testing circadian defects in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) traditionally involves crossing specific mutant lines to a line rhythmically expressing firefly luciferase from a circadian clock gene promoter. This approach is laborious, time-consuming, and could be fruitless if a mutant has no circadian phenotype. The methodology presented here allows a rapid initial assessment of circadian phenotypes. Protoplasts derived from mutant and wild-type Arabidopsis are isolated, transfected with a rhythmically expressed luminescent reporter, and imaged under constant light conditions for 5 days. Luminescent traces will directly reveal whether the free-running period of mutant plants is different from wild-type plants. The advantage of the method is that any Arabidopsis line can efficiently be screened, without the need for generating a stably transgenic luminescent clock marker line in that mutant background.

The circadian clock regulates about a third of the Arabidopsis transcriptome, but the percentage of genes that feed back into timekeeping remains unknown. Here we visualize a method to rapidly assess circadian phenotypes in any mutant line of Arabidopsis using luminescent imaging of a circadian reporter transiently expressed in protoplasts.

Analisi Rapida di fenotipi circadiani in Arabidopsis protoplasti transfettate con un luminescenti Clock Reporter

The plant circadian clock allows the anticipation of daily changes to the environment. This anticipation aids the responses to temporally predictable ...

Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Growth Behavior in Different Light Qualities

Plant biologists often need to observe the growth behavior of their chosen species. To this end, the plants need constant environmental and stable light conditions, which are preferably variable in quantity and quality so that studies under different setups can be conducted. These requirements are met by climatic chambers featuring light emitting diodes (LED) lights, which can &#8211; in contrast to fluorescent lights &#8211; be set to different wavelengths. LEDs are energy conserving and emit virtually no heat even at light intensities, which often constitutes a problem with other light sources. The presented protocol provides a step-by-step guidance of how to program a climatic chamber equipped with variable LED lights as well as describing several approaches for in depth analysis of growth phenotypes. Depending on the experimental set-up various characteristics of the growing plants can be observed and analyzed. Here we describe how to determine fresh weight, leaf area, photosynthetic activity, and stomatal density. We demonstrate that in order to obtain reliable data and draw valid conclusions it is mandatory to use a sufficient number of individuals for statistical evaluation. Taking too few plants for this kind of analysis results in high statistical errors and consequently in less clear interpretations of the data.

Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Growth Behavior in Different Light Qualities

Here, we present a protocol for studying plant growth behavior and especially phenotypes in a reproducible manner. We show how to provide variable and at the same time stable light conditions. Proper analyses depend on sufficient sample numbers and valid statistical evaluations.

Analisi del comportamento di crescita di Arabidopsis thaliana in diverse qualità di luce

Plant biologists often need to observe the growth behavior of their chosen species. To this end, the plants need constant environmental and stable light ...

A Simple Method for Isolation of Soybean Protoplasts and Application to Transient Gene Expression Analyses

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important crop species and has become a legume model for the studies of genetic and biochemical pathways. Therefore, it is important to establish an efficient transient gene expression system in soybean. Here, we report a simple protocol for the preparation of soybean protoplasts and its application for transient functional analyses. We found that young unifoliate leaves from soybean seedlings resulted in large quantities of high quality protoplasts. By optimizing a PEG-calcium-mediated transformation method, we achieved high transformation efficiency using soybean unifoliate protoplasts. This system provides an efficient and versatile model for examination of complex regulatory and signaling mechanisms in live soybean cells and may help to better understand diverse cellular, developmental and physiological processes of legumes.

We developed a simple and efficient protocol for the preparation of large quantities of soybean protoplasts to study complex regulatory and signaling mechanisms in live cells.

Isolamento di protoplasti da tessuti di 14-giorni di età piantine di Arabidopsis thaliana

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