This work was supported by the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station (CUAES) NYC-125433 Hatch Grant and Cornell Start-Up Grant awarded to O.K.V.

Part 1. Preparation of solid medium for growing plants.
We typically culture plants on concentrated Murasige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1% sucrose and 0.7% agar. It contains all necessary ingredients to keep plants healthy.
For preparing 1L of MS, media pH 5.7
<ol>
	<li>Add 2.15 g of MS powder into 800 ml of water in 1.5 -2.0L autoclavable bottle.</li>
	<li>Place a stirring bar into the bottle and dissolve MS powder by stirring medium...

<ol>
	<li>Cocking, E. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Method+for+the+Isolation+of+Plant+Protoplasts+and+Vacuoles.">A Method for the Isolation of Plant Protoplasts and Vacuoles.</a> Nature. 187, 962-963 (1960).</li><li>Chen, S., Halkier, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+glucosinolate+uptake+by+leaf+protoplasts+of+Brassica+napus.">Characterization of glucosinolate uptake by leaf protoplasts of Brassica napus.</a> J Biol Chem. 275, 22955-22960 (2000).</li><li>Robert, S., Zouhar, J., Carter, C., Raikhel, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+intact+vacuoles+from+Arabidopsis+rosette+leaf-derived+protoplasts.">Isolation of intact vacuoles from Arabidopsis rosette leaf-derived protoplasts.</a> Nat. Protocols. 2, 259-262 (2007).</li><li>Yoo, S. D., Cho, Y. H., Sheen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arabidopsis+mesophyll+protoplasts:+a+versatile+cell+system+for+transient+gene+expression+analysis.">Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts: a versatile cell system for transient gene expression analysis.</a> Nat Protoc. 2, 1565-1572 (2007).</li><li>Zhai, Z., Sooksa-nguan, T., Vatamaniuk, O. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishing+RNAi+as+a+reverse+genetic+approach+for+gene+functional+analysis+in+protoplasts.">Establishing RNAi as a reverse genetic approach for gene functional analysis in protoplasts.</a> Plant Phys. 149, 642-652 (2009).</li></ol>

To ensure the high yield of intact protoplast it is very important to start-up with healthy plants. Use filter-sterilize solutions for isolating protoplasts. Remember that protoplasts are fragile. Therefore, when you are handling protoplasts, do not mix, pipet or vortex them vigorously since it will brake them. Instead, mix protoplasts by slowly rotating or taping the centrifuge tube. The described procedure yield intact protoplasts that are viable for at least 96 h. Therefore, protoplasts can be used to study a var...

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		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Murashige and Skoog Basal Salt Mixture (MS)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>M5524</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Agar</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>A1296</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Petri Dishes (100x15mm)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Kreckeler Scientific</td>
<td>82-4001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cellulase (Onozuka R&#x2010;10)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>RPI Corp</td>
<td>C32200</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Macerozyme (R10)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>RPI Corp</td>
<td>M22010</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cheesecloth wipes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>06-665-29</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Lab Rotator</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>1167152Q</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Allegra X&#x2010;15R Centrifuge</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>392932</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Axioskop2 Plus Microscope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Zeiss</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
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isolation of protoplasts from tissues of 14-day-old seedlings of arabidopsis thaliana

Protoplasts are plant cells that have had their cell walls enzymatically removed. Isolation of protoplasts from different plant tissues was first reported more than 40 years ago 1 and has since been adapted to study a variety of cellular processes, such as subcellular localization of proteins, isolation of intact organelles and targeted gene-inactivation by double stranded RNA interference (RNAi) 2-5. Most of the protoplast isolation protocols use leaf tissues of mature Arabidopsis (e.g. 35-day-old plants) 2-4. We modified existing protocols by employing 14-day-old Arabidopsis seedlings. In this procedure, one gram of 14-day-old seedlings yielded 5 106-107 protoplasts that remain intact at least 96 hours. The yield of protoplasts from seedlings is comparable with preparations from leaves of mature Arabidopsis, but instead of 35-36 days, isolation of protoplasts is completed in 15 days. This allows decreasing the time and growth chamber space that are required for isolating protoplasts when mature plants are used, and expedites the downstream studies that require intact protoplasts.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Protoplasts from Tissues of 14-day-old Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana at JoVE.com

Isolation of Protoplasts from Tissues of 14-day-old Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana

This video shows a procedure for isolating intact protoplasts from tissues of 14-day-old seedlings of Arabidopsis. Given that the isolated protoplasts remain intact for at least 96h and are isolated from seedlings instead of one-month-old mature plants, this procedure expedites assays requiring intact protoplasts.

Isolation of Protoplasts from Tissues of 14-day-old Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana

Protoplasts are plant cells that have had their cell walls enzymatically removed. Isolation of protoplasts  from different plant tissues was first ...

isolation-protoplasts-from-tissues-14-day-old-seedlings-arabidopsis

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35.6K ビュー.  Cornell University. このビデオでは、シロイヌナズナの14日齢の実生の組織から無傷のプロトプラストを単離するための手順を示しています。分離されたプロトプラストは、少なくとも96時間のためにそのまま残るし、代わりに一ヶ月の成熟植物の苗から分離されていることを考えると、この手順は、無傷プロトプラストを必要とするアッセイを迅速に処理されます。

ビデオ: Isolation of Protoplasts from Tissues of 14-day-old Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana

Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds

In flowering plants, the embryo develops within a nourishing tissue - the endosperm - surrounded by the maternal seed integuments (or seed coat). As a consequence, the isolation of plant embryos at early stages (1 cell to globular stage) is technically challenging due to their relative inaccessibility. Efficient manual dissection at early stages is strongly impaired by the small size of young Arabidopsis seeds and the adhesiveness of the embryo to the surrounding tissues. Here, we describe a method that allows the efficient isolation of young Arabidopsis embryos, yielding up to 40 embryos in 1 hr to 4 hr, depending on the downstream application. Embryos are released into isolation buffer by slightly crushing 250-750 seeds with a plastic pestle in an Eppendorf tube. A glass microcapillary attached to either a standard laboratory pipette (via a rubber tube) or a hydraulically controlled microinjector is used to collect embryos from droplets placed on a multi-well slide on an inverted light microscope. The technical skills required are simple and easily transferable, and the basic setup does not require costly equipment. Collected embryos are suitable for a variety of downstream applications such as RT-PCR, RNA sequencing, DNA methylation analyses, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), immunostaining, and reporter gene assays.

Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds

We report an efficient and simple method to isolate embryos at early stages of development from Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. Up to 40 embryos can be isolated in 1 hr to 4 hr, depending on the downstream application. The procedure is suitable for transcriptome, DNA methylation, reporter gene expression, immunostaining and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses.

In flowering plants, the embryo develops within a nourishing tissue - the endosperm - surrounded by the maternal seed integuments (or seed coat). As a ...

Histochemical Staining of Arabidopsis thaliana Secondary Cell Wall Elements

Arabidopsis thaliana is a model organism commonly used to understand and manipulate various cellular processes in plants, and it has been used extensively in the study of secondary cell wall formation. Secondary cell wall deposition occurs after the primary cell wall is laid down, a process carried out exclusively by specialized cells such as those forming vessel and fiber tissues. Most secondary cell walls are composed of cellulose (40&#8211;50%), hemicellulose (25&#8211;30%), and lignin (20&#8211;30%). Several mutations affecting secondary cell wall biosynthesis have been isolated, and the corresponding mutants may or may not exhibit obvious biochemical composition changes or visual phenotypes since these mutations could be masked by compensatory responses. Staining procedures have historically been used to show differences on a cellular basis. These methods are exclusively visual means of analysis; nevertheless their role in rapid and critical analysis is of great importance. Congo red and calcofluor white are stains used to detect polysaccharides, whereas M&#228;ule and phloroglucinol are commonly used to determine differences in lignin, and toluidine blue O is used to differentially stain polysaccharides and lignin. The seemingly simple techniques of sectioning, staining, and imaging can be a challenge for beginners. Starting with sample preparation using the A. thaliana model, this study details the protocols of a variety of staining methodologies that can be easily implemented for observation of cell and tissue organization in secondary cell walls of plants.

Histochemical Staining of Arabidopsis thaliana Secondary Cell Wall Elements

Plant cell wall composition varies between tissue types and can include lignin, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectin. Various staining techniques have been developed to visualize differences at the cell-type level. This paper is a compilation of commonly used cell wall staining techniques.

Arabidopsis thaliana is a model organism commonly used to understand and manipulate various cellular processes in plants, and it has been used extensively ...

Rapid Analysis of Circadian Phenotypes in Arabidopsis Protoplasts Transfected with a Luminescent Clock Reporter

The plant circadian clock allows the anticipation of daily changes to the environment. This anticipation aids the responses to temporally predictable biotic and abiotic stress. Conversely, disruption of circadian timekeeping severely compromises plant health and reduces agricultural crop yields. It is therefore imperative that we understand the intricate regulation of circadian rhythms in plants, including the factors that affect motion of the transcriptional clockwork itself.
Testing circadian defects in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) traditionally involves crossing specific mutant lines to a line rhythmically expressing firefly luciferase from a circadian clock gene promoter. This approach is laborious, time-consuming, and could be fruitless if a mutant has no circadian phenotype. The methodology presented here allows a rapid initial assessment of circadian phenotypes. Protoplasts derived from mutant and wild-type Arabidopsis are isolated, transfected with a rhythmically expressed luminescent reporter, and imaged under constant light conditions for 5 days. Luminescent traces will directly reveal whether the free-running period of mutant plants is different from wild-type plants. The advantage of the method is that any Arabidopsis line can efficiently be screened, without the need for generating a stably transgenic luminescent clock marker line in that mutant background.

The circadian clock regulates about a third of the Arabidopsis transcriptome, but the percentage of genes that feed back into timekeeping remains unknown. Here we visualize a method to rapidly assess circadian phenotypes in any mutant line of Arabidopsis using luminescent imaging of a circadian reporter transiently expressed in protoplasts.

The plant circadian clock allows the anticipation of daily changes to the environment. This anticipation aids the responses to temporally predictable ...

Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Growth Behavior in Different Light Qualities

Plant biologists often need to observe the growth behavior of their chosen species. To this end, the plants need constant environmental and stable light conditions, which are preferably variable in quantity and quality so that studies under different setups can be conducted. These requirements are met by climatic chambers featuring light emitting diodes (LED) lights, which can &#8211; in contrast to fluorescent lights &#8211; be set to different wavelengths. LEDs are energy conserving and emit virtually no heat even at light intensities, which often constitutes a problem with other light sources. The presented protocol provides a step-by-step guidance of how to program a climatic chamber equipped with variable LED lights as well as describing several approaches for in depth analysis of growth phenotypes. Depending on the experimental set-up various characteristics of the growing plants can be observed and analyzed. Here we describe how to determine fresh weight, leaf area, photosynthetic activity, and stomatal density. We demonstrate that in order to obtain reliable data and draw valid conclusions it is mandatory to use a sufficient number of individuals for statistical evaluation. Taking too few plants for this kind of analysis results in high statistical errors and consequently in less clear interpretations of the data.

Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Growth Behavior in Different Light Qualities

Here, we present a protocol for studying plant growth behavior and especially phenotypes in a reproducible manner. We show how to provide variable and at the same time stable light conditions. Proper analyses depend on sufficient sample numbers and valid statistical evaluations.

Plant biologists often need to observe the growth behavior of their chosen species. To this end, the plants need constant environmental and stable light ...

Spatiotemporal Investigation of ERL1 Dynamics via Confocal Imaging

Image-Based Methods to Study Membrane Trafficking Events in Stomatal Lineage Cells

In eukaryotic cells, membrane components, including proteins and lipids, are spatiotemporally transported to their destination within the endomembrane system. This includes the secretory transport of newly synthesized proteins to the cell surface or the outside of the cell, the endocytic transport of extracellular cargoes or plasma membrane components into the cell, and the recycling or shuttling transport of cargoes between the subcellular organelles, etc. Membrane trafficking events are crucial to the development, growth, and environmental adaptation of all eukaryotic cells and, thus, are under stringent regulation. Cell-surface receptor kinases, which perceive ligand signals from the extracellular space, undergo both secretory and endocytic transport. Commonly used approaches to study the membrane trafficking events using a plasma membrane-localized leucine-rich-repeat receptor kinase, ERL1, are described here. The approaches include plant material preparation, pharmacological treatment, and confocal imaging setup. To monitor the spatiotemporal regulation of ERL1, this study describes the co-localization analysis between ERL1 and a multi-vesicular body marker protein, RFP-Ara7, the time series analysis of these two proteins, and the z-stack analysis of ERL1-YFP treated with the membrane trafficking inhibitors brefeldin A and wortmannin.

Author Spotlight: Image-Based Methods to Study Membrane Trafficking Events in Stomatal Lineage Cells  

Several commonly used methods are introduced here to study the membrane trafficking events of a plasma membrane receptor kinase. This manuscript describes detailed protocols including the plant material preparation, pharmacological treatment, and confocal imaging setup.

In eukaryotic cells, membrane components, including proteins and lipids, are spatiotemporally transported to their destination within the endomembrane ...

An Improved Method to Measure Pollen Hydration Profiles in &lt;em&gt;Arabidopsis thaliana&lt;/em&gt;

A High-Resolution, Single-Grain, In Vivo Pollen Hydration Bioassay for Arabidopsis thaliana

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants requires initial interaction between the pollen grain and the stigmatic surface, where a molecular dialog is established between the interacting partners. Studies across a range of species have revealed that a series of molecular checkpoints regulate the pollen-stigma interaction to ensure that only compatible, generally intraspecific pollen is successful in effecting fertilization. In species that possess a 'dry stigma', such as the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the first post-pollination, prezygotic compatibility checkpoint is the establishment of pollen hydration. 
This phase of pollination is tightly regulated, whereby signals from the pollen grain elicit the release of water from the stigma, thus permitting pollen hydration. The ability to accurately measure and track pollen hydration over time is key to the design of experiments directed at understanding the regulation of this critical step in reproduction. Published protocols frequently utilize flowers that have been excised from the parent plant, maintained on liquid or solid media, and bulk pollinated. 
This paper describes a noninvasive, in vivo pollination bioassay that permits minute-by-minute hydration tracking of individual A. thaliana pollen grains at high resolution. The assay is highly reproducible, able to detect very subtle variations of pollen hydration profiles, and thus is suitable for the analysis of mutants that affect pathways regulating pollination. Although the protocol is lengthier than those described for bulk pollinations, the precision and reproducibility it provides, along with its in vivo nature, make it ideal for the detailed dissection of pollination phenotypes.

Author Spotlight: A High-Resolution, Single-Grain, In Vivo Pollen Hydration Bioassay for Arabidopsis thaliana  

An improved method to measure pollen hydration profiles in Arabidopsis thaliana is described here. The new method offers higher resolution, is noninvasive, and is highly reproducible. The protocol represents a new tool for a finer dissection of the processes that regulate the early stages of pollination.

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants requires initial interaction between the pollen grain and the stigmatic surface, where a molecular dialog is ...

Growth of Arabidopsis thaliana Plants and Preparation of Flowers for Pollen Hydration Assay

Growth of Arabidopsis thaliana Plants and Preparation of Flowers for Pollen Hydration Assay   

Begin by stratifying A.thaliana seeds in sterile Milli-Q water for three days at four degrees Celsius. Transfer the stratified seeds to the compost pots by pipetting the stratified seeds. Place the pots in an environmentally controlled growth chamber for approximately six weeks until the inflorescences are well established.To ensure synchronous flowering, sow the pollen donor and recipient plants and any other appropriate control plant lines together. One day prior to the bioassay, select these stage 12 floral buds from the recipient plant, Having unopened flower buds that will show the opening of the flower and the anther dehiscence on the following day. Next, place a glass slide under a stereo dissecting microscope.Tape the region of the stem close to the selected recipient flower on that glass slide. Using a pair of fine-tipped forceps, carefully tease open the flower bud and remove all the flower petals and anthers. Once done, ensure that the pistil is undamaged and the stigma is free of contaminating pollen.

﻿Preparation of Dual-Colored F1 Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana

Preparation of Dual-Colored F1 Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana  

To begin, grow homozygous transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants bearing ERL1-YFP and a red fluorescent protein, or RFP-labeled marker protein RFP ARA7 side-by-side in a growth room until flowering. On the young inflorescence of plant A, remove all the older flowers and calyx, except for one recently opened flower. Carefully remove the younger flowers and floral merostems.In the recently opened flower, remove the sepals, petals, and stamen using a pair of sharp tweezers, leaving only the pistil on the inflorescence. From plant B, take mature stamen from an opened flower and deposit the pollen grains into the stigma of the dissected pistil of plant A.Label this manually crossed flower, indicating its parents and the date of the genetic cross. When the calyx turns yellow or brown, harvest the F1 seeds to check for a successful F1 plant having yellow fluorescent protein, or YFP, and RFP signals.

Pharmacological Analysis of Dual-Colored F1 Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana

Pharmacological Analysis of Dual-Colored F1 Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana   

To begin the pharmacological analysis of dual-colored F1 Arabidopsis thaliana, dissect and remove the cotyledons of seven-day old transgenic seedlings. Add 500 microliters of a 30-micromolar Brefeldin A, or BFA solution, in a 1.5-milliliter micro-centrifuge tube. Immerse the dissected seedlings in it.Tightly attach a 10-milliliter syringe to the micro-centrifuge tube and apply a vacuum for one minute. Remove the syringe before incubating the sample in the solution for 30 minutes before imaging. Next, immerse the dissected seven-day old seedling into 25-millimolar wortmannin.Apply the vacuum for one minute before incubating the immersed sample for 30 minutes. Examining ERL-1 trafficking routes in transgenic plants showed that 30 minutes of exposure to Brefeldin A solution resulted in ERL-1-YFP detection in large compartments known as BFA bodies. It indicated that Brefeldin A could block ERL-1 trafficking suggesting recycling or endocytosis of ERL-1.When transgenics were treated with wortmannin for 30 minutes, ring-like structures called WM bodies were highlighted by ERL-1-YFP. It showed that ERL-1-YFP were transported to multivesicular bodies indicating that ERL-1 followed the route to vacuoles for degradation.

Sample Preparation and Confocal Imaging of Dual-Colored F1 Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana

Sample Preparation and Confocal Imaging of Dual-Colored F1 Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana   

To begin the sample preparation, dissect the true leaf from the pharmacologically treated Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic sample using a sharp razor blade. Place the true leaf on a glass slide in a drop of water with the abaxial side up. Slowly cover the true leaf with a cover slip without air bubbles.For imaging, set up the beam path by selecting a 514-nanometer laser for yellow fluorescent protein, or YFP excitation. Obtain high image quality by using high laser power. Turn on PMT or HYD and define the upper and lower emission band thresholds based on the spectrum for the YFP fluorophore.Set a detection window of 530 to 570 nanometers to collect the YFP signal. for the sequential image of the second color, click on the seek button and add a new channel. In seek two, select a 555-nanometer laser for the red fluorescent protein, or RFP excitation, and set a detection window of 570 to 630 nanometers to collect the RFP signal.Select a 63X, 1.2W core lens on the system for imaging the subcellular membrane traffic activity within stomatal precursor cells. Start the format with an image size of 1024 by 1024 pixels, then optimize it based on the zoom factor and the objective settings for a good resolution. Next, set up the speed of the scan head, starting with a speed of 400 hertz, and optimize this based on the specific situation of the samples.To zoom on a region of interest without changing the objective lens, enter a zoom factor of one and optimize this based on the specific needs of the experiment. The line average refers to the number of times each X line will be scanned to obtain an average result. Start with a 2X line average For imaging the membrane trafficking events and optimize as needed.select the XYT scan mode in the acquisition mode to enable the time series utility. Next, select the waiting period between the time points under time interval. Define the number of frames to be collected by selecting frames.Use the Z-stack scan mode with the maximum intensity projection to collect the three-dimensional information regarding the membrane trafficking event within The entire cell. Then select the XYZ scan mode in acquisition mode and then the Z-stack utility will become accessible. Select the Z wide option.Under the scan mode, define the Z stack's top and bottom images using the begin and end buttons. Next, define the thickness of the Z step by clicking on the Z step size. To process the image, click on the primary process tab in Confocal software.Under the open projects tab on the far left side, select the interested Z-stack file. Then, in the middle tab named process tools, select the projection function. Choose maximum in the dropdown panel of method and click on the apply button.A Z-stack projection image will be generated under the open projects tab. To generate the video from the time series images, click the file tab in Fiji software and open function to open all the time series images one by one in the correct order. Alternatively, drag the images onto image J to open the data in the correct order.Then find the stack function in the image tab and choose images to stack to generate a video. Once done, save the file in the avi format with the desired frame rate. In the true leaf of seven-day-old transgenic plants bearing ERL1 promoter ERL1 YFP, scattered cells were highlighted by the YFP signal where ERL1 YFP labeled the plasma membrane.Multiple punctate signals were also observed, suggesting that ERL1 was also localized to the endosomes. RFP Ara7 highlighted multiple punctate signals in almost all the cells, indicating the multivesicular bodies, or MVBs, in these cells. When RFP Ara7 merged with the ERL1 YFP signal, most punctates overlapped, suggesting that some ERL1 YFP molecules were transported to the MVBs.Time series of true leaves bearing ERL1 YFP and MVB marker protein RFP Ara7 showed that YFP-labeled endosomes moved together with RFP Ara7 within the stomatal lineage cells. It confirmed that ERL1 YFP was localized to the multivesicular bodies.