MIT&#39;de Microsystems Teknoloji Laboratuvarları Biz temiz oda tesisi bu video filmi parçası için bize izin verdiği için teşekkür etmek istiyorum.

Hazırlık 1. Mask oluşturun <blockquote> Bir CAD yazılımı kullanarak, yüksek çözünürlüklü bir şeffaflık baskı için kanal tasarımı. Bu, &quot;maske&quot; olacaktır. </blockquote> Temiz oda: 2. Gofret temizleyin ve fırında İlk, Aseton ile fışkırtma gofret, sonra hızla Metanol ile, daha sonra Isopropanol. Son olarak, gofret Azot kullanarak kurutun. 5 dakika fırında (130 ° C) gofret pişirin. 3. Kaplama gofret Spin-kaplama makinesi merkezinde gofret yerleştirin. Şişe gofret üzerine dökün fotorezist (SU-8). SU-8 akım edelim ve ~ 10 saniye süreyle dinlenin Spin-lak açın ve 0 ile 5 sn içinde 500 rpm hız rampası, 10 s için 500 rpm&#39;de 10 sn içinde son hıza kadar rampa ve son hızda korumak için 30 saniye Son hızı kullanılan hedeflenen kaplama kalınlığı ve SU-8 bağlıdır. Ayrıntılar bulunabilir <a href="http://www.microchem.com/">http://www.microchem.com/</a> 4. Yumuşak bake Gofret kaplama sonra, 65 ° C ve daha sonra 95 ilk fırında ° C Pişirme süresi, kullanılan paslanmaz çeliğin hedeflenen kalınlık ve türüne göre değişir. Sonra, gofret, en az 5 dakika boyunca oda sıcaklığında bekletin. 5. Maruz kalma Maske gofret üstüne yerleştirin ve SU-8 kılavuzunda önerilen süre için UV ışığı gofret maruz. 6. Post-maruz kalma fırında Gofret pişirin 65 ° C ve daha sonra 95 ° C SU-8 manuel talimatları izleyerek. 7. Gofret Gelişmekte olan &quot;master&quot; (küf) elde etmek için Geliştirici (PMMA) ile dolu bir beher hazırlayın. Fotorezist Pozlanmamış parçası yıkanıp kadar çok nazikçe beher salınan behere gofret bırakın. Laboratuarımızda: 8. PDMS hazırlayın ve gofret üzerine dökün Bir kap içine 10:1 oranını PDMS sertleştirici ile karıştırın. Karıştırın ve homojen bir karışımı: Bu baloncuklar çok üretmek ve karışımı opak bir görünüm yapacak. &quot;Ana&quot; karışımı dökün. 9 - De-bubble vakum odasına Kabarcıklarını çıkarmak için, bir vakum odasına kadar tüm kabarcıklar gitti kapsayan master ve PDMS karışımı yerleştirilir. 10 Fırın Pişirme En az 12 saat, 65 ° C sertleşmesine PDMS fırında pişirin . 11. Delgeç Kanalların giriş ve çıkışları için ana ve zımba delikleri PDMS soyun. Temiz (gösterilmemiştir) 12. Plazma bağlar Kanallar PDMS katman ve 1 dakika boyunca oksijen plazma ile cam slayt hem de tedavi sonrası bir bardak slayt yapıştırılır. Deneyleri: Uzm # 1: mikro ölçekli besin katmanları deniz mikropların kemotaktik yanıt incelenmesi 1) deneme ayarlama <ol><li> Cam şırınga organizmalar ve substratlar </li><li> Mikroskop sahneye mikroakışkan kanal yerleştirin ve uygun giriş ve çıkışlarının boru eklemek </li><li> Rezervuar atık boru bağlayın. Borular tamamen basınç salınımlarını engellemek için, sıvı atık rezervuar sular altında emin olun. </li><li> Yeri şırınga ve şırınga pompası üzerine vana ve boru bağlantı </li><li> Işık koşullarında, büyütme, vb: mikroskop </li><li> Kanal uygun pozisyonda odaklanın </li><li> De-kabarcık kanal kullanılarak yapay deniz suyu ile doldurulmuş büyük şırınga </li><li> Şırınga pompası uygun akış hızını ayarlayın. Bu durumda kanal 220 mikron s -1 ortalama akış hızı karşılık gelen 2 ml / dk, </li></ol> 2) deney Koşu <ol><li> Bir besin degrade kanal kurmak için şırınga pompası Başlat </li><li> Akış stabilize ve besinlerin bir grup geliştirmiştir sonra şırınga pompası akışını durdurmak ve bu noktadan itibaren kayıt süresi başlar </li><li> Besin bant yanal diffüz başlar </li><li> Düzenli zaman aralıklarıyla, çerçeveli dizileri kaydetmek için &#39;film&#39; oluşturmak için görüntü analiz yazılımı kullanın </li><li> Yüzme organizmalar, sadece hareket eden nesneleri görüntülenebilmekte, böylece, sonraki iki kare arasındaki zaman farkı fotoğraf çekmek bize hareketli olmayan parçacıklar ve arka plan gürültüsü hareketli hücreleri ayırt etmek için izin Ayırım </li><li> P referans kanal hücrelerin pozisyonlarını belirlemek için film çekinbesin yama, osition </li><li> 10-20 dakika süreyle düzenli aralıklarla kayıt filmler pozisyonları ve organizmaların yüzme desen analiz </li><li> Farklı çerçeveler (her bir pikselin o piksel film süresi boyunca kaydedilen maksimum ışık yoğunluğu atama) organizmaların pozisyonlar üst üste görüntü analiz yazılımı kullanarak, yüzme hücreler için yörünge bilgi alabilirsiniz </li></ol> Uzm # 2: bir vortexZ yüzme deniz bakteriler üzerinde kayma etkileri araştırılması <ol><li> Farklı kanal geometrisi kullanarak, bakterilerin farklı kayma hızı oranlarının bir girdap yüzme davranışlarını gözlemleyebilirsiniz </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Azam, F., Malfatti, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbial+structuring+of+marine+ecosystems.">Microbial structuring of marine ecosystems.</a> Nature Reviews Microbiology. 5, 782-791 (2007).</li><li>Blackburn, N., Azam, F., Hagstrom, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatially+explicit+simulations+of+a+microbial+food+web.+.">Spatially explicit simulations of a microbial food web. .</a> Limnology and Oceanography. 42, 613-622 (1997).</li><li>Blackburn, N., Fenchel, T., Mitchell, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microscale+nutrient+patches+in+plankton+habitats+shown+by+chemotactic+bacteria.">Microscale nutrient patches in plankton habitats shown by chemotactic bacteria.</a> Science. 282, 2254-2256 (1998).</li><li>Keymer, J. E., Galajda, P., Muldoon, C., Park, S., Austin, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+metapopulations+in+nanofabricated+landscapes.">Bacterial metapopulations in nanofabricated landscapes.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 103, 17290-17295 (2006).</li><li>Mao, H., Cremer, P. S., Manson, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+sensitive,+versatile+microfluidic+assay+for+bacterial+chemotaxis.">A sensitive, versatile microfluidic assay for bacterial chemotaxis.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 100, 5449-5454 (2003).</li><li>Marcos, R., Stocker, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microorganisms+in+vortices:+a+microfluidic+setup.">Microorganisms in vortices: a microfluidic setup.</a> Limnology and Oceanography: Methods. 4, 392-398 (2006).</li><li>Park, S., Wolanin, P. M., Yuzbahyan, E. A., Lin, H., Darnton, N. C., Stock, J. B., Silberzan, P., Austin, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+topology+on+bacterial+social+interaction.">Influence of topology on bacterial social interaction.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100, 13910-13915 (2003).</li><li>Whitesides, G. M., Ostuni, E., Takayama, S., Jiang, X., Ingber, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soft+lithography+in+biology+and+biochemistry.">Soft lithography in biology and biochemistry.</a> Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering. 3, 335-373 (2001).</li></ol>

Deniz mikropların kendi yerel kimyasal ve fiziksel çevre ile etkileşim nasıl bir anlayış, okyanusların besin ve karbon döngüsü (Azam ve Malfatti 2007) planktonik mikroorganizma rolü daha tam ve kesin bir algı için zorunludur. Ancak, birçok önemli mikrobiyal etkileşimleri üzerinde küçük ölçeklerde (mm) nedeniyle, teknik sınırlamalar heterojen biyo-fiziko-kimyasal bir manzara içinde mikrobiyal davranışı ayrıntılı muayene engellemiştir okyanus yüzme mikropların yaşadığı tahmin. Mikroakiskan son gelişmeler...

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<td>PDMS, Sylgard 184</td>
<td>Silicone Elastomer Kit</td>
<td>Dow Corning, Midland, MI, USA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>http://www.ellsworth.com/sylgard.html</td>
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<td>SU8-2100</td>
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<td>MicroChem, Newton, MA, USA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Nikon Eclipse TE2000-E inverted microscope</td>
<td>Microscope</td>
<td>Nikon, Japan</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>PEEK tubing (0.762 mm ID, 1.59 mm OD)</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Upchurch Scientific, Oak Harbor, WA, USA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>www.upchurch.com</td>
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<td>Syringes (Luer-Lok Tip)</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Fitting Part P-704-01</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Upchurch Scientific, Oak Harbor, WA, USA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>To connect tubing to Luer-Lok Tip Syringes</td>
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<td>Syringe Pump (PHD 2000 Programmable)</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA, USA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>CCD Camera (PCO 1600)</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Cooke, Romulus, MI, USA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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chemotactic response of marine micro-organisms to micro-scale nutrient layers

Microscale kaynak yamalar yararlanmak için planktonik mikropların derecesi okyanus trophodynamics ve biyojeokimyasal akı önemli etkileri olacaktır. Ancak, yüzme mikropların yamalar kullanılabilirliği ve onları bulmak için bakteri yeteneğini sınırlayabilir moleküler difüzyon ve türbülanslı kayma da dahil olmak üzere fiziksel güçlerin etkilerini aşmak gerekir, okyanus besin yamalar yararlanmak için. Yakın zamana kadar, metodolojik sınırlamalar yamalı habitatlar ve gerçekçi küçük ölçekli akış koşulları içinde mikrobiyal davranışı doğrudan muayene engellemiştir. Bu nedenle, teorik tahminlerin çok okyanus mikrobiyal davranışı ile ilgili mevcut bilgi temin edilmiştir. 2 mikroakışkan oluşturmak için kullanılan cihazlar, (i) okyanus süreçleri ile ilgili boyutları ve Difuzyonun özellikleri ile besin yamaları microscale ve (ii) microscale geliştirmek için yumuşak litografik üretim teknikleri uyguladık okyanus mikrobiyal yiyecek arama davranışı üzerinde yeni bir bilgi elde etmek için okyanusta beklenen karşılık gelen kesme oranları ile vortekslerini. Bu mikroakışkan cihazlar, heterojen ve dinamik bir deniz manzarası içinde mikrobiyal yüzme ve kemotaktik davranış bir ilk doğrudan muayene izin var. Bireysel mikropların yüzme davranışına ek olarak, toplum düzeyinde agregatif yanıt gözlemlerken Epifloresans ve faz kontrast mikroskobu kombine kullanımı, fiziksel boyutları ve besin yamalar uzadıya özellikleri doğrudan muayene izin verir. Bu deneyler, fitoplankton, heterotrof bakteri ve phagotrophic protistler bazı türlerin çok kısa bir zaman çerçevesi içinde difüzyon microscale kaynak yamalar bulma ve istismar usta olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca kesme oranları orta derecede olduğunu göstermiştir, deniz bakteri kendi istekleriyle akışı ve yüzme çevreleri ile mücadele etmek mümkün. Ancak, yüksek kesme bir eşik düzeyinin ötesinde, bakteri kayma akması hizalanmış ve akış bozukluğu olmadan yüzme az yetenekli. Mikroakiskan sucul mikrobiyal ekoloji eğitim için yeni ve ucuz bir yaklaşım temsil eder ve doğru microscale ve yüzey eğimleri gerçekçi akış alanları oluşturmak için uygunluğu nedeniyle ideal etkileşim küçük ölçeklerde mikrobiyal davranış sınavlara uygulanabilir. Bu nedenle Mikroakiskan okyanusta mikroorganizmaların ekolojisi daha iyi bir anlayış elde etmek için değerli bir araç temsil ettiğini düşündürmektedir.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chemotactic Response of Marine Micro-Organisms to Micro-Scale Nutrient Layers at JoVE.com

Meiosis  | Biology Video Collection

Chemotactic Response of Marine Micro-Organisms to Micro-Scale Nutrient Layers

Kayma akışı içinde derme çatma bir besin bir deniz manzarası ve yüzme davranışı içinde bakteri deniz mikropların kemotaktik toplayıcı davranış eğitimi için mikroakışkan kanalları ve deneylerde bunların uygulanmasını imalat açıklanmıştır.

Mikro Ölçekli Besin Katmanlar Deniz Mikro-organizmalar kemotaktik Tepki

The degree to which planktonic microbes can exploit microscale resource patches will have considerable implications for oceanic trophodynamics and ...

chemotactic-response-marine-micro-organisms-to-micro-scale-nutrient

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

13.2K Görüntüleme.  MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Kayma akışı içinde derme çatma bir besin bir deniz manzarası ve yüzme davranışı içinde bakteri deniz mikropların kemotaktik toplayıcı davranış eğitimi için mikroakışkan kanalları ve deneylerde bunların uygulanmasını imalat açıklanmıştır.

Video: Chemotactic Response of Marine Micro-Organisms to Micro-Scale Nutrient Layers

Layers of Symbiosis - Visualizing the Termite Hindgut Microbial Community

Jared Leadbetter takes us for a nature walk through the diversity of life resident in the termite hindgut - a microenvironment containing 250 different species found nowhere else on Earth.  Jared reveals that the symbiosis exhibited by this system is multi-layered and involves not only a relationship between the termite and its gut inhabitants, but also involves a complex web of symbiosis among the gut microbes themselves.

Jared Leadbetter takes us for a nature walk through the diversity of life resident in the termite hindgut - a microenvironment containing 250 different species found nowhere else on Earth. Jared reveals that the symbiosis exhibited by this system is multi-layered and involves not only a relationship between the termite and its gut inhabitants, but also involves a complex web of symbiosis among the gut microbes themselves.

Symbiosis Katmanları - Termit Hindgut Mikrobiyal Topluluk görselleştirme

Jared Leadbetter takes us for a nature walk through the diversity of life resident in the termite hindgut - a microenvironment containing 250 different ...

Biyoloji

Micro-scale Engineering for Cell Biology

Hücre Biyolojisi Mikro ölçekli Mühendisliği

In vivo Imaging of Deep Cortical Layers using a Microprism

We present a protocol for in vivo imaging of cortical tissue using a deep-brain imaging probe in the shape of a microprism.  Microprisms are 1-mm in size and have a reflective coating on the hypotenuse to allow internal reflection of excitation and emission light.  The microprism probe simultaneously images multiple cortical layers with a perspective typically seen only in slice preparations.  Images are collected with a large field-of-view (~900 &mu;m).  In addition, we provide details on the non-survival surgical procedure and microscope setup.  Representative results include images of layer V pyramidal neurons from Thy-1 YFP-H mice showing their apical dendrites extending through the superficial cortical layer and extending into tufts.  Resolution was sufficient to image dendritic spines near the soma of layer V neurons.  A tail-vein injection of fluorescent dye reveals the intricate network of blood vessels in the cortex.  Line-scanning of red blood cells (RBCs) flowing through the capillaries reveals RBC velocity and flux rates can be obtained. This novel microprism probe is an elegant, yet powerful new method of visualizing deep cellular structures and cortical function in vivo.

In vivo Imaging of Deep Cortical Layers using a Microprism

Right-angle microprisms inserted into the mouse neocortex allows for deep imaging of multiple cortical layers with a viewpoint typically found in slice. One-millimeter microprisms offer a wide field-of-view (~900 &mu;m) and spatial resolutions sufficient to resolve dendritic spines. We demonstrate layer V neuronal imaging and neocortical vascular imaging using microprisms.

Derin Kortikal Katmanlar bir micropism kullanarak in vivo Görüntüleme

We present a protocol for in vivo imaging of cortical tissue using a deep-brain imaging probe in the shape of a microprism.  Microprisms are 1-mm in size ...

Using the optokinetic response to study visual function of zebrafish

Optokinetic response (OKR) is a behavior that an animal vibrates its eyes to follow a rotating grating around it. It has been widely used to assess the visual functions of larval zebrafish1-5. Nevertheless, the standard protocol for larval fish is not yet readily applicable in adult zabrafish. Here, we introduce how to measure the OKR of adult zebrafish with our simple custom-built apparatus using a new protocol which is established in our lab. Both our apparatus and step-by-step procedure of OKR in adult zebrafish are illustrated in this video. In addition, the measurements of the larval OKR, as well as the optomotor response (OMR) test of adult zebrafish, are also demonstrated in this video. This OKR assay of adult zebrafish in our experiment may last for up to 4 hours. Such OKR test applied in adult fish will benefit to visual function investigation more efficiently when the adult fish vision system is manipulated.
Su-Qi Zou and Wu Yin contributed equally to this paper.

Optokinetic response has been widely used to assess the visual functions of larval zebrafish. Nevertheless, the standard protocol for larval fish is not yet readily applicable in adults1-5. Here, we introduce how to measure the OKR of adult zebrafish using a new protocol which is established in our lab.

Zebrafish görme fonksiyonu çalışma optokinetik yanıt

Optokinetic response (OKR) is a behavior that an animal vibrates its eyes to follow a rotating grating around it. It has been widely used to assess the ...

Quantification of &gamma;H2AX Foci in Response to Ionising Radiation

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are induced by either endogenous metabolic processes or by exogenous sources, are one of the most critical DNA lesions with respect to survival and preservation of genomic integrity. An early response to the induction of DSBs is phosphorylation of the H2A histone variant, H2AX, at the serine-139 residue, in the highly conserved C-terminal SQEY motif, forming &gamma;H2AX1. Following induction of DSBs, H2AX is rapidly phosphorylated by the phosphatidyl-inosito 3-kinase (PIKK) family of proteins, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), DNA-protein kinase catalytic subunit and ATM and RAD3-related (ATR)2. Typically, only a few base-pairs (bp) are implicated in a DSB, however, there is significant signal amplification, given the importance of chromatin modifications in DNA damage signalling and repair. Phosphorylation of H2AX mediated predominantly by ATM spreads to adjacent areas of chromatin, affecting approximately 0.03% of total cellular H2AX per DSB2,3. This corresponds to phosphorylation of approximately 2000 H2AX molecules spanning ~2 Mbp regions of chromatin surrounding the site of the DSB and results in the formation of discrete &gamma;H2AX foci which can be easily visualized and quantitated by immunofluorescence microscopy2. The loss of &gamma;H2AX at DSB reflects repair, however, there is some controversy as to what defines complete repair of DSBs; it has been proposed that rejoining of both strands of DNA is adequate however, it has also been suggested that re-instatement of the original chromatin state of compaction is necessary4-8. The disappearence of &gamma;H2AX involves at least in part, dephosphorylation by phosphatases, phosphatase 2A and phosphatase 4C5,6. Further, removal of &gamma;H2AX by redistribution involving histone exchange with H2A.Z has been implicated7,8. Importantly, the quantitative analysis of &gamma;H2AX foci has led to a wide range of applications in medical and nuclear research. Here, we demonstrate the most commonly used immunofluorescence method for evaluation of initial DNA damage by detection and quantitation of &gamma;H2AX foci in &gamma;-irradiated adherent human keratinocytes9.

Quantification of &amp;#947;H2AX Foci in Response to Ionising Radiation

Quantification of DNA double-strand streaks using &gamma;H2AX formation as a molecular marker has become an invaluable tool in radiation biology. Here we demonstrate the use of an immunofluorescence assay for quantification of &gamma;H2AX foci after exposure of cells to radiation.

İyonlaştırıcı Radyasyon Cevabı γH2AX Foci Kantitasyonu

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are induced by either endogenous metabolic processes or by exogenous sources, are one of the most critical DNA ...

Measurement of Survival Time in Brachionus Rotifers: Synchronization of Maternal Conditions

Rotifers are microscopic cosmopolitan zooplankton used as models in ecotoxicological and aging studies due to their several advantages such as short lifespan, ease of culture, and parthenogenesis that enables clonal culture. However, caution is required when measuring their survival time as it is affected by maternal age and maternal feeding conditions. Here we provide a protocol for powerful and reproducible measurement of the survival time in Brachionus rotifers following a careful synchronization of culture conditions over several generations. Empirically, poor synchronization results in early mortality and a gradual decrease in survival rate, thus resulting in weak statistical power. Indeed, under such conditions, calorie restriction (CR) failed to significantly extend the lifespan of B. plicatilis although CR-induced longevity has been demonstrated with well-synchronized rotifer samples in past and present studies. This protocol is probably useful for other invertebrate models, including the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, because maternal age effects have also been reported in these species.

Measurement of Survival Time in Brachionus Rotifers: Synchronization of Maternal Conditions

Rotifers are microscopic zooplankton used as models in ecotoxicological and aging studies. Here we provide a protocol for powerful and reproducible measurement of survival time in Brachionus rotifers. Synchronization of culture conditions over several generations is of particular importance because maternal condition affects life history of offspring.

Hayatta kalma Süre deneyinde<em&gt; Brachionus</em&gt; Rotiferler: Maternal Koşullarının Senkronizasyon

Rotifers are microscopic cosmopolitan zooplankton used as models in ecotoxicological and aging studies due to their several advantages such as short ...

Hydroponics: A Versatile System to Study Nutrient Allocation and Plant Responses to Nutrient Availability and Exposure to Toxic Elements

Hydroponic systems have been utilized as one of the standard methods for plant biology research and are also used in commercial production for several crops, including lettuce and tomato. Within the plant research community, numerous hydroponic systems have been designed to study plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here we present a hydroponic protocol that can be easily implemented in laboratories interested in pursuing studies on plant mineral nutrition.
This protocol describes the hydroponic system set up in detail and the preparation of plant material for successful experiments. Most of the materials described in this protocol can be found outside scientific supply companies, making the set up for hydroponic experiments less expensive and convenient.
The use of a hydroponic growth system is most advantageous in situations where the nutrient media need to be well controlled and when intact roots need to be harvested for downstream applications. We also demonstrate how nutrient concentrations can be modified to induce plant responses to both essential nutrients and toxic non-essential elements.

Here, we present an easy-to-follow protocol to establish a successful hydroponic system for plant nutrition studies. This protocol has been extensively tested in Arabidopsis and can easily be adapted to other plant species to study specific nutritional requirements or the effect of non-essential elements on plant growth and development.

Topraksız: A yönlü Sistemi Toksik Elements Besin Uygunluk ve Pozlama Besin Tahsis ve Bitki Cevapları Eğitim için

Hydroponic systems have been utilized as one of the standard methods for plant biology research and are also used in commercial production for several ...

Characterization of Calcification Events Using Live Optical and Electron Microscopy Techniques in a Marine Tubeworm

Characterizing the first event of biological production of calcium carbonate requires a combination of microscopy approaches. First, intracellular pH distribution and calcium ions can be observed using live microscopy over time. This allows identification of the life stage and the tissue with the feature of interest for further electron microscopy studies. Life stage and tissues of interest are typically higher in pH and Ca signals. 
Here, using H. elegans, we present a protocol to characterize the presence of calcium carbonate structures in a biological specimen on the scanning electron microscope (SEM), using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to visualize elemental composition, using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) to determine the presence of crystalline structures, and using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to analyze the composition and structure of the material. In this protocol, a focused ion beam (FIB) is used to isolate samples with dimension suitable for TEM analysis. As FIB is a site specific technique, we demonstrate how information from the previous techniques can be used to identify the region of interest, where Ca signals are highest.

We demonstrate the use of various microscopy methods that are useful in observing the calcification of a tubeworm, Hydroides elegans, as well as locating and characterizing the first calcified material. Live microscopy and electron microscopy are used together to provide functional and material information that are important in studying biomineralization.

Bir Deniz Tubeworm Canlı Optik ve Elektron Mikroskobu Teknikleri Kullanılarak kalsifikasyon Olaylar Karakterizasyonu

Characterizing the first event of biological production of calcium carbonate requires a combination of microscopy approaches. First, intracellular pH ...

Detection of Ligand-activated G Protein-coupled Receptor Internalization by Confocal Microscopy

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is an optical imaging technique for high-contrast imaging. It is a powerful approach to visualize fluorescent fusion proteins, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP), to determine their expression, localization, and function. The subcellular localization of target proteins is important for identification, characterization, and functional analyses. Internalization is one of the predominant mechanisms controlling G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling to ensure the appropriate cellular responses to stimuli. Here, we describe an experimental method to detect the subcellular localization and internalization of GPCR in HEK293 cells with confocal microscopy. In addition, this experiment provides some details about cell culture and transfection. This protocol is compatible with a variety of widely available fluorescent markers and is applicable to the visualization of the subcellular localization of a majority of proteins, as well as of the internalization of GPCR. This technique should enable researchers to efficiently manipulate GPCR gene expression in mammalian cell lines and should facilitate studies on GPCR subcellular localization and internalization.

This protocol describes confocal microscopy detection of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) internalization in mammalian cells. It includes the basic cell culture, transfection, and confocal microscopy procedure and provides an efficient and easily interpretable method to detect the subcellular localization and internalization of fusion-expressed GPCR.

Aynı odaklı mikroskopi ile ligand-aktif G protein-eşli reseptör özümseme tespiti

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is an optical imaging technique for high-contrast imaging. It is a powerful approach to visualize fluorescent ...

Assessment of Dictyostelium discoideum Response to Acute Mechanical Stimulation

Chemotaxis, or migration up a gradient of a chemoattractant, is the best understood mode of directed migration. Studies using social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum revealed that a complex signal transduction network of parallel pathways amplifies the response to chemoattractants, and leads to biased actin polymerization and protrusion of a pseudopod in the direction of a gradient. In contrast, molecular mechanisms driving other types of directed migration, for example, due to exposure to shear flow or electric fields, are not known. Many regulators of chemotaxis exhibit localization at the leading or lagging edge of a migrating cell, as well as show transient changes in localization or activation following global stimulation with a chemoattractant. To understand the molecular mechanisms of other types of directed migration we developed a method that allows examination of cellular response to acute mechanical stimulation based on brief (2 - 5 s) exposure to shear flow. This stimulation can be delivered in a channel while imaging cells expressing fluorescently-labeled biosensors to examine individual cell behavior. Additionally, cell population can be stimulated in a plate, lysed, and immunoblotted using antibodies that recognize active versions of proteins of interest. By combining both assays, one can examine a wide array of molecules activated by changes in subcellular localization and/or phosphorylation. Using this method we determined that acute mechanical stimulation triggers activation of the chemotactic signal transduction and actin cytoskeleton networks. The ability to examine cellular responses to acute mechanical stimulation is important for understanding the initiating events necessary for shear flow-induced motility. This approach also provides a tool for studying the chemotactic signal transduction network without the confounding influence of the chemoattractant receptor.

Assessment of Dictyostelium discoideum Response to Acute Mechanical Stimulation

Here we describe methods for assessing cellular response to acute mechanical stimulation. In the microscopy-based assay, we examine localization of fluorescently-labeled biosensors following brief stimulation with shear flow. We also test activation of various proteins of interest in response to acute mechanical stimulation biochemically.

Dictyostelium discoideum yanıt-e doğru akut mekanik stimülasyon değerlendirilmesi

Chemotaxis, or migration up a gradient of a chemoattractant, is the best understood mode of directed migration. Studies using social amoeba Dictyostelium ...